8>8> Okjturk 3 ie Jgestitutigeco Ocw 8 :/32/8>8>

RLC] IZ JGEZ]I][]IGE
JGEZ]I][]IGECO
CO OCR7
It is tlk hcocejieb ga stctk pgwkr cbciest tlk
iemivimuco’s   rib
ribl
lts cem mkcos witl itl tlk
Oifitctige ga ^goitijco ^gwkr.
8>8> JGEZ]I][]
JGEZ]I][]IGECO
IGECO O CR 8 ]lkrk kxists ce   ietkreco jgeaoijt hktwkke
(OKJ][XK 3) 3)   ^goij
^goijkk ^gwk
^gwkr,
r, Kfie
Kfiekekett Mgfc
Mgfcieie cem
cem
]cxctige  cbciest 8)  tlk Xiblts ga Iemivimuco
Hy0 Ct ty. Keriq uk Q.
Q. mkoc Jruz,
Jruz, @r.
tg Oiak, Oihkrty cem ^rgpkrty.
^gsitivk riblts  ‚  wlct stctk gublt tg mg
Ekbctivk riblts ‚  wlct stctk gublt egt tg
mg

3 8

]LXKK IELKXKE] ^GRKXZ ]KZ]Z AGX ^GOIJK ^GRKX

•  ^GOIJK ^GRKX ‚
^GRKX ‚ pgwkr  pgwkr ga tlk Ztctk tg •  ^[HOIJ ^[X^GZK ‚
^[X^GZK ‚ ]lk  ]lk purpgsk ga
kecjt rkbuoctgry ocws tlct fcy ieariebk ge tlk ocw fust hk rkcsgechok cem agr
iemivimuco oihkrtiks, agr tlk jgffge bggm.
tlk hkekait ga tlk bkekrco puhoij4
•  KFIEKE] MGFCIE ‚  pgwkr ga tlk Ztctk
MGFCIE  ‚ pgwkr
tg tcdk privctk prgpkrty agr puhoij usk upge •  XKCZGECHO K FKCEZ ‚  ]lk
FKCEZ ‚ ]lk
pcyfket ga `ust jgfpkesctige.
fkces kfpogykm fust hk rkcsgechoy
•  ]C\C]IGE - pgwkr ga tlk Ztctk tg ifpgsk
akks cem gtlkr jlcrbks ietkemkm tg ekjksscry tg cjlikvk tlk purpgsk.
bkekrctk rkvkeuks agr tlk gpkrctiges ga
tlk bgvkrefket.

: =

]KZ]Z AGX KFIEKE] MGFCIE ]KZ]Z AGX ]C\C]IGE

• ]lkrk fust hk ce cjt ga ]CDIEB hy •  ]lk tcx fust hk agr c ^[HOIJ
tlk Ztctk4 ^[X^GZK4
^[X^GZK4
• ]lk prgpkrty tcdke fust hk •  ]lk tcx fust hk IF^GZKM hy tlk
^XG^KX]Y4
^XIQC]K ^XG^KX]Y4 okbisocturk4
• ]lk tcdieb fust hkhk agr c ^[HOIJ •  ]lk tcx fust hk KS[I]CHOK4
KS[I]CHOK4
^[X^GZK4
^[X^GZK4
•  ]lk tcx fust hk ifpgskm witlie tlk
• ]g hk vcoim, tlk gwekr ga tlk
prgpkrty fust hk bivke @[Z] tkrritgry ga tlk tcxieb cutlgrity4
JGF^KEZC]IGE.

; 1

Jgpyriblt hy Ctty Keriquk Q mkoc Jruz @r 3

8>8> Okjturk 3 ie Jgestitutigeco Ocw 8 :/32/8>8>

 Chct
 Ch ctie
ie b ^u
^uhh o ij Eui s ce
cejjk ]cx
]cx ag r ^uhoij Zjlggos
• C ocw wcs pcsskm cutlgrizieb tlk • C ocw wcs pcsskm ifpgsieb c 8% tcx
M^RL tg mkfgoisl gom cem ge tlk brgss iejgfk ga coo tcx pcykrs.
miocpimctkm libl-risk huiomiebs tlct crk ]lk auem bkekrctkm wioo hk uskm tg
:> ykcrs gom cem chgvk. ^kmrg gwes mkvkogp puhoij sjlggos. @uce, c tcx
c huiomieb tlct wcs mkfgoislkm
mkf goislkm pcykr csscios tlk vcoimity ga tlk ocw ge
hkjcusk ga tlk scim ocw. Lk csds ygu, tlk brguem tlct lk slguom egt hk
is tlk ocw vcoim7 Zlguom tlk fcmk tg pcy tlk tcx hkjcusk lk mgks
bgvkre fket pcy lif tlk vcouk ga egt skem lis jliomrke tg puhoij
lis huiomieb7 sjlggos. Lk csds ygu, is tlk ocw
vcoim7

2 <

 Cett i -Jcr
 Ce -Jcrch
chcg
cg O cw Yegt vs. Jgurt ga Cpp kc
kcos
os
•  Cutlgrkm hy tlke Zke. @gskpl Kstrcmc4 •  Yegt lcs c acrf ie Pcfhcoks cem lk sgom
:>> jcrchcgs tg c huykr ie Hctcebcs4
^urpgsk0 tg prkvket tlk iemisjrifiectk
•   ^urpgsk0
socubltkrieb ga jcrchcgs4 •  Cogeb tlk EOK\, tlk jcrchcgs wkrk
ietkrjkptkm cem agrakitkm4
Fkces 0 It prglihitkm tlk trcespgrt ga
•   Fkces0
•  Yegt mkfcems tlct tlk bgvkrefket slguom
jcrchcgs ie tlk ectigeco liblwcys agr tlk
pcy lif `ust jgfpkesctige agr tlk vcouk ga
purpgsk ga socubltkrieb gr gtlkr lis jcrchcgs.
jgffkrjico usk4
•  Lk csds ygu, is tl k ocw
ocw vcoim7 Zlguom
 ^kecoty 0 Agrakiturk
•  ^kecoty0 Agrakitur k ga tlk jcrchcgs. tlk bgvkrefket pcy lif tlk vcouk ga
lis jcrchcgs7
jcrchcgs7

9 3>

 Cett i-^g o o u t ig e O cw
 Ce
• C ocw wcs pcsskm rkquirieb
rkquirieb coo jcr gwekrs
tg surrkemkr tg tlk O]G coo fgtgr vklijoks
3> ykcrs gom cem chgvk.
•  ]lk purpgsk is tg prkvket cir pgooutige
jcuskm hy gom vklijoks.
^GOIJK
•  ]lk O]G wioo skoo tlk kebieks tg c `ued
slgp cem tlk hgmy ga tlk jcrs wioo hk
tlrgwe tg tlk skc cs crtiaijico jgrco rkkas. ^GRKX
• Is tlk ocw
ocw vcoim7 Zlguom tlk
bgvkrefket pcy tlk jcr gwe krs tlk
vcouk ga tlkir jcrs7

33 38

Jgpyriblt hy Ctty Keriquk Q mkoc Jruz @r 8

8>8> Okjturk 3 ie Jgestitutigeco Ocw 8 :/32/8>8>

• S0 Jce
Jce tlk Fcygr
Fcygr hk jgfpkookm hy writ ga Fcemcfus
Fcemcfus tg •   S0 Jce ce OB[, pursucet tg its pgoijk pgwkr, rkquirk
issuk c husiekss pkrfit7 privctk jkfktkriks ie tlk jity t g rkskrvk 1% ga tl kir tgtco
•   C0 EG.
EG. ocem crkc
crkc agr iemibkets 7
•   C fcygr
fcygr jceegt
jceegt hk jgfpkookm
jgfpkookm hy fcemcfu
fcemcfus s tg issuk
issuk c •   C0 EG.
EG.
husiek
husiekss
ss pkrfi
pkrfitt siejk
siejk tlk kxkrjis
kxkrjiskk ga tlk scfk is c •   ^goijk
^goijk pgwk
pgwkrr is usuc
usucooy
ooy kxkrjis
kxkrjiskm
km ie tlk agrf ga fkrkfkrk
mkokbctkm pgoijk pgwkr lkejk, misjrktigecry ie ecturk. rkbuoctige gr rkstrijtige ie tlk usk ga oihkrty gr prgpkrty agr 
•   Zkjtige
Zkjtige ===(h)(:)(i
===(h)(:)(iv)
v) ga tlk Ogjco Bgvkrefk
Bgvkrefket et Jgmk ga  tlk prgfgtige ga tlk bkekrco wkoacrk.
3993, wlkrkhy tlk pgwkr ga tlk rkspgemket fcygr tg issuk • It mgks egt ievgovk tlk tcdieb gr jgeaisjctige ga prgpkrty witl
oijkesk cem pkrfits is jirjufsjrihkm, is c fceiakstctige ga  tlk kxjkptige ga c akw jcsks wlkrk tlkrk is c ekjkssity tg
tlk mkokbctkm pgoijk pgwkr ga c fueijipco jgrpgrctige. jgeaisjctk privctk prgpkrty ie grmkr tg mkstrgy it -- cs agr 
•   Ekjks
Ekjksscr
scrioy
ioy,, tlk
tlk kxkrji
kxkrjisk
sk tlkrkg
tlkrkgaa jceeg
jceegtt hk mkkf
mkkfkm
km iestcejk, tlk jgeaisjctige ga ce iookbcooy pgssksskm crtijok,
fieistkrico. Cs tg tlk qukstige ga wlktlkr tlk pgwkr is vcoimoy sujl cs gpiuf cem airkcrfs.
kxkrjisk
kxkrjiskm,m, tlk fcttkr is witlie
witlie tlk prgviejk
prgviejk ga c writ ga  • ]lk qukstigekm grmiecejk
grmiecejk is egt c fkrk pgoijk rkbuoctige
rkbuoctige
jkrtigrcri, hut jkrtcieoy, egt ga fcemcfus. hut ce gutriblt
gutriblt jgeaisjcti
jgeaisjctige.
ge. It mkprivks
mkprivks c pkrsge
pkrsge ga lis
•  XIFCEMG Q. ECB[IOCE KFIZZIGE ]KZ]IEB JKE]KX, privctk
privctk prgpkrty
prgpkrty witlgut
witlgut muk prgjkss
prgjkss ga ocw cem witlgutwitlgut
B.X. EG. 39<<1>. @[OY 8:, 8>38 jgfpkesctige."  (Sukzge Jity v. Krijtc, 388 ZJXC 2;9 (39<:).

3: 3=

•   S0 Jce ce OB[, pursucet tg its pgoijk pgwkr, rkquirk • S0 Jce

Jce ce OB[,
OB[, pursucet tg its pgoij k pgwkr, coogt
coogt auem s
privctk jiekfcs ie tlk jity tg bivk c ;>% misjguet tg agr c Hur
Huricicoo Cs
Cssist
sistc
cejk ^r
^rgbr
gbrccf wlkwlkrk
rk hkhkrk
rkc
cvk
vkmm
fiegrs agr tlkir cmfissige tijdkts7 acfioiks crk bivke ^;>> kcjl7
•   C0 EG.
EG. •   C0 Yks.
Yks.
•   ]g ievgdk tlk kxkrjisk ga pgoijk pgwkr, egt geoy fust it •   JGC is egt cttuekm tg tlk jlcebieb ga tlk tifks. ^uhoij
cppkcr tlct tlk ietkrkst ga tlk puhoij bkekrcooy rkquirks ce purp
purpgs
gsk
k is egt egt uejg
uejgesesti
titu
tuti
tige
geco
co fkrk
fkrkoy
oy hkjc
hkjcus
usk
k it
ietkrakrkejk witl privctk riblts, hut tlk fkces cmgptkm fust iejimketcooy hkekaits c oifitkm eufhkr ga pkrsges.
hk rkcsgec
rkcsgechoy
hoy ekjkssc
ekjksscryry agr tlk cjjgfpoi
cjjgfpoislfk
slfket
et ga tlk • ]lk jcrk
jcrk agr tlk pggr is bkekrcooy rkjgbeizkm cs c puhoij
purpgsk cem egt uemuoy gpprkssivk upge iemivimucos. muty.
muty. ]lk suppgrt
suppgrt agr tlk pggr
pggr lcslcs ogeb
ogeb hkk
hkke ce
• ]lk okbisocturk fcy egt, uemkr tlk buisk ga prgtkjtieb
prgtkjtieb tlk cjjkptkm kxkrjisk ga pgoijk pgwkr ie tlk prgfgtige ga 
puhoij ietkrkst, crhitrcrioy ietkrakrk witl privctk husiekss, gr  tlk jgffge bggm.
ifpgsk ueusuco cem ueekjksscry
ueekjksscry rkstrijtiges upge ocwauo • ]lkrk
]lkrk is eg vigoct
vigoctig
igee ga tlk kquco
kquco prgtkj
prgtkjtig
tige
e jocus
jocusk k ie
gjjupctiges. jocssiayieb pcupkrs cs suh`kjt ga okbisoctige. ^cupkrs fcy
•  Ie gtlkr wgrms, tlk mktkrfiectige cs tg wlct is c prgpkr  hk rkcsgec
rkcsgechoy
hoy jocssiai
jocssiaikm.
km. Miaakrke
Miaakrkett brgups
brgups fcy rkjkivk
rkjkivk
kxkrjisk ga its pgoijk pgwkr is egt aieco gr jgejousivk, hut is vcryieb trkctfket.  T (Hiecy v. Mgfiebg, 8>3 ZJXC ;>< (3993)V.
suh`kjt
suh`kjt tg tlk supkrvis ige ga tlk jgurts .T (Hcocjuit
supkrvisige (Hcocjuit v. JAI
JAI ga 
 Cbus ce mko Egrt k, 31: ZJXC
ZJXC 3<8 (39<<)V.

3; 31

Fcy ce
ce OB[ kecjt ce grmie cejk tg pl csk gut Fcy ce OB[ rkbuoctk tlk slgrt ti fk pkrigms cem w csl rctks
rctks
ga fgtkos, tg prgtkjt puhoij fgrcos7
fgtkos, eiblt jouhs, cem gt lkr kstchoislfkets
kstchoislfkets tg
prgtkjt puhoij fgrcos7 • EG. ‟Iemivimu
‟Iemivimuco
co riblts fcy
fcy hk cmvkrskoy
cmvkrskoy caakjtkm
caakjtkm geoy
geoy tg tlk
kxtket tlct fcy aciroy hk rkquirkm hy tlk okbitifctk mkfcems
•  EG. Husiekssks fcy geoy hk rkbuoctkm hut ga puhoij ietkrkst gr puhoij wkoacrk.
jceegt cotgbktlkr hk prglihitkm. • Lgwkvkr wkoo-ietketigekm tlk Grmiecejk fcy hk, it is ie
kaakjt ce crhitrcry cem wlifsijco ietrusige ietg tlk riblts ga
• Zifpoy hkjcusk
hkjcusk tlkrk crk
crk eg “purk’ pocjks
pocjks tlk kstchoislfkets cs wkoo cs tlkir pctrges.
wlkrk tlkrk crk ifpurk fke.‖ • ]lk Grmiecejk ekkmokssoy rkstrcies tlk gpkrctige ga tlk
•  ]lct tlksk fgtkos cem jouhs crk uskm cs husiekssks ga tlk pktitigekrs cs wkoo cs rkstrijtieb tlk riblts
vkeuks agr prgstitutige is ga eg fgfket. ga tlkir pctrges witlgut suaaijiket `ustiaijctige.
skxuco iffgrcoity fcy tcdk pocjk ie tlk fgst • ]lk Grmiecejk rcsloy kquctks wcsl rctks cem rketiebgut c
rggf fgrk tlce twijk c mcy witl iffgrcoity witlgut
ieegjket ga pocjks
cjjgffgmctieb ieegjugus ietketiges.
• Jity ga Fceioc v. Ocbuig, @r., =;; ZJXC :>< (8>>;)
• Rlitk Oiblt Jgrp., vs. Jity ga Fceioc, ;21 ZJXC =31 (8>>9)

32 3<

Jgpyriblt hy Ctty Keriquk Q mkoc Jruz @r :

8>8> Okjturk 3 ie Jgestitutigeco Ocw 8 :/32/8>8>

• S0 Jce
Jce tlk Fcygr
Fcygr grm kr tlk mkfgoitig
mkfgoitig e ga c lgtko agr ocjd •   S0 ]l
]lkk Jity ga Fc
Fcridiec
ridiec kec
kecjtk
jtkm
m ce grmiecejk
grmiecejk tlc
tlctt
ga c husiekss pkrfit, witlgut cey `umijico prgjkkmiebs7 rkquirks
rkquirk s prgpkrty gwekrs tg ogwkr akejks, rk-huiom
rk-huiom it
•   C0 YKZ. witl 1 fktkrs skthcjd cem fcdk it <>% skk tlrgubl. Is
tlis grmiecejk vcoim7
•  Ie tlk kxkrjisk ga pgoijk pgwkr cem tlk bkekrco wkoacrk
jocusk,
jocusk, prgpkrty riblts ga iemivimucos fcy hk suh`kjtkm •   C0 EG.
EG. ]lk Ztctk fcy egt, uemkr tlk buisk ga pgoijk pgwkr,
tg rkstrciets cem hurmkes ie grmkr tg auoaio tlk gh`kjtivks pkrfcek
pkrfceketoy
etoy mivkst gwekrs
gwekrs ga tlk hkekaijico
hkekaijico usk ga tlkir 
tlkir 
ga tlk bgvkrefket. prgpk
prgpkrty
rty sgoko
sgokoy
y tg prkskr
prkskrvkvk gr kelc
kelcejk
ejk tlk
tlk ckstlk
ckstlktij
tij
• ]lk OBJ cutlgrizks
cutlgrizks OB[’s,  cjtieb tlrgubl tlkir ogjco jlika  cppk
cppkcrc
crcejejk
k ga tlk jgffue
jgffueityity.. ]lk ZJ ruokm
ruokm tlct
tlct tlk
kxkjutivks,
kxkjutivks, tg issuk mkfgoitige grmkrs.
grmkrs. Zkj. === (h) (:) (vi) grmie
grmiecej
cejk k is uerkcs
uerkcsgegech
chok
ok cem
cem gpprk
gpprkssi
ssivk
vk cs it wioo
wioo
ga tlk OBJ, wlijl wlijl kfpg
kfpgwk
wkrkm
rkm tlk fcyg
fcygrr tg grmkr
grmkr tlk suhstceticooy
suhstceticooy mivkst tlk prgpkrty gwekr ga tlk hkekaijico usk
ga tlkir prgpkrty sgokoy agr ckstlktij purpgsks.
jogsurk cem rkfgvco ga iookbcooy jgestrujtkm kstchoislfkets
agr acioieb tg skjurk tlk ekjksscry pkrfits. • ]lk rkco ietket ga tlk skthcjd
skthcjd rkquirkfket wcs tg fcdk tlk
• Gtlkrwisk stctkm, tlk bgvkrefket fcy kecjt okbisoctige tlct pcrdieb spcjk arkk agr usk hy tlk puhoij, jgesimkrieb tlct it
wguom eg ogebkr hk agr tlk kxjousivk usk ga ZZJ.
fcy ietkra
ietkrakr
krk
k witl
witl pkrsg
pkrsgec
ecoo oihkrt
oihkrty,
y, prgpk
prgpkrty
rty,, ocwau
ocwauoo
husiekssks cem gjjupctiges tg prgfgtk tlk bkekrco wkoacrk. • Zkjtige 9 ga Crtijok III
III ga tlk 39<2 Jgestitutige, prgvimks tlct
( Cquie
 Cq uie g v. Fuei jip coit y ga Fcocy, Cdoce Cd oce , B.X..X. Eg.
Eg. privctk prgpkrty slcoo egt hk tcdke agr puhoij usk witlgut `ust
833:;1, Zkptkfhkr 89, 8>3= ) jgfpkesctige.  TAkre cemg v. ZZJ, Fcrjl 38, 8>3:V 8>3:V

39 8>

• S0 Jce ]lk FFMC

FFMC issuk r kbuoc
kbuoctiges
tiges w itl p kec
kecotiks
otiks ie •   S0 Jce ]lk ^rksimket vcoimoy grmkr tlk jogsurk ga tlk
tlk kxkrjisk
kxkrjisk ga pg oijk pgwkr7 ketirk Isocem ga Hgrcjcy tlru c fkrk ^rgjocfctige, ie
• C0 EG.   ^goij
^goijk
k pgwk
pgwkr,
r, cs ce ielkr
ielkrket
ket cttrih
cttrihutk
utk ga  tlk kxkrjis
kxkrjis k ga pgoijk pgwkr7
sgvkrkibety, is tlk pgwkr vkstkm hy tlk Jgestitutige ie tlk • C0 YKZ.
YKZ. ]lis is c vcoim kxkrjisk
kxkrjisk ga ^goijk pgwkr.
okbisoctu
okbisocturk
rk tg fcdk,
fcdk, grmcie,
grmcie, cem kstchoi
kstchoisl
sl coo fceekr
fceekr ga  • ]lk ^rksimket’s  pgwkr mrcws cutlgrity argf tlk Jokce Cir 
wlgoksgfk cem rkcsgechok ocws, stctutks cem grmiecejks,  Cjt (XC Eg. 3>383 cem XC Eg. 982;) cem Crtijok II,
kitlk
kitlkrr witl
witl pkeco
pkecotik
tiks
s gr witlg
witlgut,
ut, egt
egt rkpube
rkpubece
cett tg tlk Zkjtiges 3; & 31 cem Crtijok \II, Zkjtige 8 ga tlk 39<2
Jgestitutige, cs tlky slcoo `umbk tg hk agr tlk bggm cem Jgestitutige.
wkoacrk ga tlk jgffgewkcotl, cem agr tlk suh`kjts ga tlk • ]lk puhoij purpgsk is tg prgtkjt puhoij
puhoij lkcotl cem keagrjk c
scfk.
lkcotlauo kjgogby ie tlk isocem.
• Lcvieb hkke ogmbkm prifcrioy ie tlk Ectigeco Okbisocturk,
Okbisocturk, it • ]lk fkces kfpogykm wkrk rkcsgechoy ekjksscryekjksscry hkjcusk
jceegt hk kxkrjiskm hy cey brgup gr hgmy ga iemivimucos egt
lk rggt jcusks ga tlk prghokfs tlct hkskt Hgrcjcy wcs
pgsskssieb okbisoctivk pgwkr. tgurist ieaoux. ]gurist crrivcos ie tlk isocem wkrk jokcroy acr 
• ]lk FFMC is egt c ogjco bgvkrefket ueit. It jceegt kxkrjisk fgrk tlce Hgrcjcy jguom lcemok.
okbisoctivk pgwkrs.  TFFMC vs. Bcrie, Cprio 3;, 8>>;V • TPchco vs. Mutkrtk, Akhrucry 38, 8>39
8>39VV

83 88

KFIEKE] MGFCIE
3. Ce kxprgpric
kxprgprictige
tige suit is iejcpc
iejcpchok
hok ga pkjueic
pkjueicry
ry
kstifctige.  Hcrcebcy Zce Xgquk v. Lkirs ga ^cstgr,
::= ZJXC 382 (8>>>)

KFIEKE] 8. Zkjtige 39 ga tlk OBJ rkquirks ce grmiecejk, egt c

rksgoutig
rksgoutige,
Zubuit
Zubuitce
e, agr tlk kxkrjisk
ce v. Jity
kxkrjisk ga kfieket
Jity ga Fcemc
Fcemcouy
ouyge
geb,
fieket mgfcie.
b, :8<
mgfcie.
:8< ZJXC
ZJXC 3:2
3:2

MGFCIE
(8>>>)
:. C vcoim cem
cem mkaieitk gaakr tg cjquirk
cjquirk tlk prgpkrty
prgpkrty is
ekjks
ekjkssc
scry
ry prigr tg tlk kxkrjisk
kxkrjisk ga tlk pgwkr
pgwkr ga 
kfieket mgfcie. ]lk gaakr fust egt hk cjjkptkm.
@ksus
@ksus is Ogrm Jlristice
Jlristice Zjlggo
Zjlggo Aguemctige,
Aguemctige, Iej. vs.
Fueijipcoity ga ^csib, BX 3;88:>, Cubust 9, 8>>;

8: 8=

Jgpyriblt hy Ctty Keriquk Q mkoc Jruz @r =

8>8> Okjturk 3 ie Jgestitutigeco Ocw 8 :/32/8>8>

^rgjkmurk agr Kfieket Mgfcie ^rgjkmurk agr Kfieket Mgfcie

• ]lk ocem fust hk c privctk prgpkrty4 • Ia tlk gwekr

gwekr rk`kjts tlk gaakr, tlk OB[ jce tlke
• It fust hk agr c puhoij purpgsk4 aiok c jgfpociet agr kxprgprictige ie tlk X]J.
• ]lk OB[ fust tlke mkpgsit tlk cfguet
• ]lkrk fust hk bkeuiek ekjkssity4
kquivcoket tg 3;% ga tlk acir fcrdkt vcouk ga
• ]lkrk fust
fust hk c prkvigus
prkvigus vcoim cem tlk prgpkrty tg hk kxprgprictkm hcskm ge its
mkaieitk gaakr tg huy tlk privctk prgpkrty jurrket tcx mkjocrctige.
ie RXI]IEB. It slcoo spkjiay tlk • ]lk OB[ fcy tlke ketkr tlk prgpkrty.
prgpkrty sgublt tg hk cjquirkm, tlk
•   ]lk Jgurt wioo mktkrfiek tlk cfguet ga `u
ga `u st
rkcsges agr tlk cjquisitige, cem tlk jgfpkesctige agr tlk prgpkrty kxprgprictkm.
prijk gaakrkm.
• ]lk gaakr is mkeikm gr rk`kjtkm4
rk`kjtkm4

8; 81

Fcy ce
ce OB[ kxprgprictk c prgpkrty a gr tlk hkekait ga c Fcy c
ce
e OB[ kxprgprictk c prgpkrty t g prgv imk c
spkjiaij lgfkgwek
lgfkgwekrsrs cssgjic
cssgjictige7
tige7 riblt-ga-wcy
riblt-ga-wcy tg c spkjiaij jgffueity7

•   EG. C ogjco
ogjco bgvkr
bgvkref
efke
kett ueit
ueit jceeg
jceegtt usk
usk tlk pgwkr
pgwkr ga  • Ie tlis jcsk, c hcrcebcy sgublt tg kxprgprictk privctk ocems
kfieket
kfieket mgfcie tg kxprgprictk
kxprgprictk c prgpkrty
prgpkrty fkrkoy agr tlk tg skjurk c riblt-ga-wcy agr rksimkets ga c suhmivisige.
purpgsk ga prgvimieb c spgrts cem rkjrkctigeco acjioity tg c • ]lk ZJ mkjocrkm tlct tlk aciourk
aciourk ga tlk suhmivisige gwekr tg
sfcoo
sfcoo brgup
brgup ga pkrsg
pkrsges,
es, sujl
sujl cs tlgsk
tlgsk hkoge
hkogebie
biebb tg prgvi
prgvimk
mk ce cjjks
cjjksss rgcm
rgcm mgks
mgks egt
egt sliat
sliat tlk
tlk hurmke
hurmke tg
lgfkgwekrs’ cssgjictige. hcrcebcy itskoa.
• ‟R lkrk  tlk tcdieb hy tlk Ztctk ga privctk prgpkrty is mgek • ]g mkprivk tlk privctk pkrsges ga tlkir prgpkrty
prgpkrty iestkcm ga 
agr tlk hkekait ga c sfcoo jgffueity wlijl skkds tg lcvk its jgfp
jgfpkoo
kooieb
ieb tlk suhmi
suhmivis
visige
ige gwek
gwekrr tg jgfp
jgfpoyoy witl
witl its
gwe spgrts cem rkjrkctigeco acjioity, egtwitlstcemieb tlct ghoibctige uemkr tlk ocw is ce chusk ga tlk pgwkr ga kfieket
tlkrk is sujl c rkjrkctigeco acjioity geoy c slgrt mistcejk mgfcie cem is pctketoy iookbco, wlijl fisusk ga puhoij auems
cwcy, sujl tcdieb jceegt hk jgesimkrkm tg hk agr puhoij agr c privctk purpgsk jguom cfguet tg c pgssihok jcsk ga 
usk. Its kxprgprictige is egt vcoim. ‖ fcovkrsctige.
• Fcsidi p v. Jity g a ^csib, =29 ZJXC
ZJXC :93 (8>>1)
(8>>1) • Hcrcebcy Ziem coce, Zce Akrecemg
Akrecemg , ^cfpcebc v. Jgur
Jgur t
ga Cpp kcos, ;3< ZJXC
ZJXC 1=9 (8>>2)

82 8<

• S0 Rlke
Rlke slguom
slguom tlk pcyfke
pcyfkett ga `ust jgfpkesct
jgfpkesctigeige hk • S0 Fcy
Fcy prksjriptige cem ocjlks hk uskm tg mkakct
mkakct ce cjtige
rkjdgekm argf  ‚  mctk ga pcyfket gr mctk ga tcdieb7 agr `ust jgfpkesc
jgfpkesctige
tige wlijl wcs aiokm ;> ykc
ykcrs
rs catkr tlk
• C0 ]lk vcouk ga tlk prgpkrty slgu om hk aixkm cs ga tlk mctk mctk ga tcdieb7
wlke it wcs tcdke cem
tcdke  cem egt tlk mctk ga pcyfket gr tlk mctk ga  • C0 EG.
EG. Ocjlks is priejipcooy
priejipcooy c mgjtriek ga kquity
kquity wlijl
wlijl is
aioieb ga tlk prgjkkmiebs. cppoikm tg cvgim rkjgbeizieb c riblt wlke tg mg sg wguom
•   Agr wlkr
wlkrkk prgp
prgpkrkrty
ty is tcdke
tcdke clkcm
clkcm ga tlk
tlk aioie
aioieb
b ga tlk
tlk rksuot ie c jokcroy iekquitchok situctige gr ie ce ie`ustijk.
jgemk
jgemkfe
fect
ctig
ige
e prgj
prgjkkkkmie
miebs
bs,, tlk
tlk vcou
vcouk
k tlkr
tlkrkg
kgaa fcy
fcy hk • ]lis mgjtriek aiems eg cppoijctige
cppoijctige ie tlis jcsk, siejk hgtl
kelcejkm hy tlk puhoij purpgsk agr wlijl it is tcdke4 tlk ketry kquity cem tlk ocw mirkjt tlct c prgpkrty gwekr slguom hk
hy tlk pocietiaa upge tlk prgpkrty fcy lcvk mkprkjictkm its jgfpkesctkm ia lis prgpkrty is tcdke agr puhoij usk.
vcouk tlkrkhy4 gr, tlkrk fcy lcvk hkke c ecturco iejrkcsk ie
•   Ekitlk
Ekitlkrr slcoo
slcoo prksjr
prksjript
iptige
ige cppoy
cppoy hkjcu
hkjcusksk ga tlk ogeb-ogeb-
tlk vcouk ga tlk prgpkrty argf tlk tifk it is tcdke tg tlk tifk
stcemieb ruok " tlct wlkrk privctk prgpkrty is tcdke hy tlk
tlk jgfpociet is aiokm, muk tg bkekrco kjgegfij jgemitiges.
Bgvkrefket agr puhoij usk witlgut airst cjquirieb titok
•   ]lk gwekr ga privctk prgpkrty
prgpkrty slguom hk jgfpkesctkm
jgfpkesctkm
tlkrktg kitlkr tlrgubl kxprgprictige gr ekbgtictkm scok,
geoy agr wlct lk cjtucooy
cjtucooy ogsks4 it is egt ietkemkm tlct lis
tl k   gwekr’s   cjtige
cjtige tg rkjgvk
rkjgvkrr tlk ocem
ocem gr tlk vcouk
jgfpkesctige slcoo kxtkem hkygem lis ogss gr ie`ury. Cem
tlkrkga mgks egt prksjrihk .‖(Zkjrktcry ga tlk M^RL v.
wlct lk ogsks is geoy tlk cjtuco vcouk ga lis prgpkrty ct tlk
tifk it is tcdke .(Zkjrktcry ga tlk M^RL v. Zps. ]kjsge ,
Zps. ]kjsge , B.X. Eg. 329::=, Cprio 83, 8>3;)
8>3; )
8>3; )
B.X. Eg. 329::=, Cprio 83, 8>3;)

89 :>

Jgpyriblt hy Ctty Keriquk Q mkoc Jruz @r ;

8>8> Okjturk 3 ie Jgestitutigeco Ocw 8 :/32/8>8>

•   S0 JgJgebrk
ebrkss
ss ke
kecjt
cjtkm
km XC <92=
<92= ocyieb
ocyieb mgwe buimieb •   S0 Rl
Rlct
ct tlke is tlk stcemcr
stcemcrm
m tg fkcsurk
fkcsurk tlk prgpk
prgpkr 
r 
priejipoks
priejipoks tg acj
acjioitc
ioitctk
tk tlk kxprgpric
kxprgprictige
tige ga privc
privctk
tk jgfpkesctige tg hk pcim7
prgpkrty
prgpk rty ce
cem
m pc
pcyfk
yfketet ga `ust jgfpk
jgfpkesc
esctige.
tige. Is tlis • C0   ]lk pcyfke
pcyfkett agr
agr prgpkr
prgpkrty
ty ie kxprg
kxprgpri
pricti
ctige
ge jcsks
jcsks is
hiemieb ge tlk jgurts7 keslriekm
keslriekm ie Zkjtige
Zkjtige 9, Crtijok
Crtijok III ga tlk 39<2 Jgestitutig
Jgestitutige,
e,
•   C0 EG.  ]lk mktkrfiectige ga `ust jgfpkesctige is prifcrioy wlijl fcemctks
fcemctks tlct eg privctk prgpkrty
prgpkrty slcoo hk tcdke agr 
c `umijico auejtige tlct fcy egt hk usurpkm hy cey gtlkr  puhoij usk witlgut pcyfket ga `ust jgfpkesctige.
hrcejl gr gaaijico ga tlk Xkpuhoij. • ]lk fkcsurk
fkcsurk ga `ust jgfpkesctige is egt tlk tcdkr's bcie,
•   Cey vcouctige agr  
agr   `ust jgfpkesctige ocim mgwe ie tlk h ut
ut t lk
lk g we
we kr
kr 's
's o gs
gs s.
s. Rk l cvcv k r uo
uo km
km t lc
lct ` us
us t
stctutks fcy skrvk geoy cs c buimieb priejipok gr gek ga  jgfpkesc
jgfpkesctige
tige fust egt kxtke kxtkem
m hkygem
hkygem tlk prgpkrty
prgpkrty
gwekr's ogss gr ie`ury.
tlk acjtgrs ie mktkrfieieb `ust jgfpkesctige hut it fcy
egt suhstitutk
suhstitutk tlk jgurt's gwe `umbfke
`umbfkett cs tg wlct
wlct • ]lis is tlk geoy wcy agr tlk jgfpkesctige
jgfpkesctige pcim tg hk truoy `ust,
cfguet slguom hk cwcrmkm cem lgw tg crrivk ct sujl egt geoy tg tlk iemivimuco
iemivimuco wlgsk prgpkrty
prgpkrty is tcdke, hut cosg tg
cfguet . tlk puhoij wlg slguomkrs tlk jgst ga kxprgprictige .
•   Kvke cs uemkrv
uemkrvcou
coucti
ctige
ge wguom
wguom mkprivk
mkprivk tlk gwekr
gwekr ga lis
• @ust jgfpkesctige
jgfpkesctige stcemcrms mkrivkm argf stctutks sujl cs
prgpkrty witlgut muk prgjkss, sg tgg wguom its gvkrvcouctige
XC <92=, crk egt hiemieb ge tlk Jgurts. (Xkpuhoij ga tlk
puhoij.  ( Xkpuhoij ga 
uemuoy acvgr lif tg tlk prk`umijk ga tlk puhoij. (
^lioippieks v. Fupcs , B.X. Eg. 3<3<98,
3<3<98, Zkptkfhkr
Zkptkfhkr <,
tlk ^lioippi eks v. Fupcs
Fupcs , Zkptkfh kr <, 8>3;)
8>3;)

:3 :8

S0 Is   ‟acir  fcrdkt
•   S0   fcrdkt   vcouk‖  ce m   ‟rkpocjkfket jgst‖ sifiocr 
kfieket mgfcie stcemcrms ga prgpkrty vcouctige7
• C0 Acir fcrdkt
fcrdkt vcouk is tlk suf ga fgekyfgeky tlct c pkrsge
pkrsge
mksirgus hut egt jgfpkookm tg huy, cem ce gwekr wiooieb hut egt
jgfpkookm tg skoo, wguom cbrkk ge cs c prijk tg hk bivke cem
rkjkivkm agr c prgpkrty.
• ]lk fkcsurk
fkcsurk is egt tlk tcdkr's
tcdkr's bcie hut tlk gwekr's ogss.
ogss.

]C\C]IGE
]g hk `ust, tlk jgfpkesctige
jgfpkesctige fust hk acir egt geoy tg tlk
gwekr hut cosg tg tlk tcdkr.
• Rliok `urisprumkejk rkquirks tlk
tlk ‟acir  fcrdkt
 fcrdkt vcouk‖ tg
vcouk‖  tg hk tlk
fkcsur
fkcsurkk ga rkjgv
rkjgvkry
kry ie kxprgp
kxprgpric
rictig
tigee jcsks,
jcsks, it is egt ce
chsgoutk cem kxjousivk stcemcrm gr fktlgm ga vcouctige.
• ]lkrk crk kxjkptigeco
kxjkptigeco jcsks wlkrk tlk prgpkrty lcs e g acir 
fcrdkt vcouk gr wlkrk tlk acir fcrdkt vcouk ga tlk prgp krty
is miaaijuot tg mktkrfiek.  ( Xkpuhoij ga tlk ^lioippieks v.
Fupcs , B.X. Eg. 3<3<98, Zkptkfhkr <, 8>3; )

:: :=

•   S0 Mg
Mg OB[’s  lcvk ce
 OB[’s lcvk ce iel krket pgwkr tg tcx7 •   S0 Jce tcxctige hk uskm cs c tggo tg ifpokfket tlk
• C0  OB[s lcvk eg ielkrket pgwkr tg tcx kxjkpt tg tlk kxtket pgoij k pgwkr ga ce OB[7
tlct sujl pgwkr fiblt hk mkokbctkm tg tlkf kitlkr hy tlk •   C0 YKZ.
hcsij ocw gr hy tlk stctutk. • ^goijk pgwkr, wlijl aogws argf tlk rkjgbeitige tlct scous
• [emkr
[emkr tlk 39<2 Jgestitutig e,   wlkrk
Jgestitutige, wlkrk tlkrk
tlkrk is ekitlk
ekitlkrr c pgpuoi kst suprkfc okx (tlk wkoacrk ga tlk pkgpok is tlk
brcet
brcet egr c  prglihitige hy stctutk, tlk tcx pgwkr fust suprkfk ocw), is tlk pokecry pgwkr
pgwkr vkstkm ie tlk okbisocturk
hk mkk
mkkfkm
fkm tg kxist   cotlgubl
cotlgubl Jgebrks
Jgebrkss s fcy prgvimk
prgvimk tg fcdk stctutks
stctutks cem grmiecejks
grmiecejks tg prgfgtk
prgfgtk tlk lkcotl,
lkcotl,
stctutgry oifitctiges cem buimkoieks. fgrcos, pkcjk, kmujctige, bggm grmkr gr scakty cem bkekrco
•   Kvkry OB[ is egw kfpgwkrkm
kf pgwkrkm cem cutlgrizkm tg jrkctk wkoacrk ga tlk pkgpok.
its gwe sgurjks ga rkvkeuk cem tg okvy tcxks , akks, cem • ^rgpkrty ribltsriblts ga iemivimucos fcy hk suh`kjtkm tg rkstrciets
rkstrciets
jlcrbk
jlcrbkss wlijl
wlijl slcoo
slcoo cjjru
cjjruk
k kxjou
kxjousiv
sivkoy
koy tg tlk
tlk ogjco
ogjco cem
cem hurmhurmke kess ie grmk
grmkrr tg auoa
auoaio
iooo tlk
tlk gh`k
gh`kjt
jtiv
ivks
ks ga tlk
tlk
bgvkrefket ueit cs wkoo cs tg cppoy its rksgurjks cem csskts bgvkr
bgvkref efke kett ie tlk kxkrj
kxkrjisk
isk ga pgoijk pgwkr.   Ie tlis
pgoijk pgwkr. tlis
agr prgmujtivk, mkvkogpfketco, gr wkoacrk purpgsks, ie tlk  `ur is mi jt ige , it is w koo-ke tr kejl km tlct tcx ctig e   fcy hk
kxkrjisk gr aurtlkrcejk ga tlkir bgvkrefketco gr prgpriktcry fcmk tlk ifpokfket
ifpokfket ga tlk  stctk’s pgoijk pgwkr.(Akrrkr 
 stctk’s pgoijk pgwkr.(
pgwkrs cem auejtiges. (Akrrkr
Akrrkr v. H cutistc, B.X. Eg. 83>;;3, v. Hcutistc, B.X. Eg. 83>;;3, @uek :>, 8>3; )
@uek :>, 8>3;)

:; :1

Jgpyriblt hy Ctty Keriquk Q mkoc Jruz @r 1

8>8> Okjturk 3 ie Jgestitutigeco Ocw 8 :/32/8>8>

•   S0 Jce tcxctige hk uskm cs c tggo tg ifpokfket tlk

pgoij k pgwkr ga ce OB[7
OB[7
• S0 Rl ct
ct cr k t lk
lk d ie
ie ms
ms g a O gj
gj co
co ]cx
•   C0 YKZ. Grmiecejks7
• Jokcroy, tlk ZL] jlcrbkm hy tlk Sukzge Jity Bgvkrefket
Bgvkrefket
is c tcx wlijl is witlie its pgwkr tg ifpgsk. ]lk jgookjtiges
• C0
fcmk
fcmk cjjruk
cjjruk tg its sgjic
sgjicoiz
oizkm
km lgusie
lgusieb
b prgbrc
prgbrcfs
fs cem •   3. ]lgsk ifpgsieb c akk gr tcx spkjiaijcooy
prg`kjts.
cutlgrizkm hy tlk Ogjco Bgvkrefket Jgmk agr 
• ]lk tcx
tcx is egt c purk kxkrjisk
kxkrjisk ga tcxieb pgw kr gr fkrkoy
tg rcisk rkvkeuk4
rkvkeuk4 it is o kvikm
kvikm witl c rkbuoctgry
rkbuoctgry purpgsk.
tlk ogjco bgvkrefket ueits tg ifpgsk.
]lk okvy is prifcrioy ie tlk kxkrjisk ga tlk pgoijk pgwkr 
agr tl k bkekrco
bkekrco wkoacrk ga tlk ketirk jity. • 8. ]lgsk ifpgsieb c akk gr tcx egt spkjiaijcooy
• It is brkctoy
brkctoy ifhukm witl puhoij
puhoij ietkrks
ietkrkst.
t. Xkfgvie
Xkfgvieb b souf keufkrctkm uemkr tlk OBJ gr tcxkm uemkr 
crkc
crkcss ie SukzSukzge
ge Jity
Jity is egt
egt geoy
geoy hkek
hkekai
aiji
jico
co tg tlk
tlk tlk prgvisiges ga tlk EIXJ gr gtlkr cppoijchok
uemk
uemkrprpri
rivi
viok
okbk
bkm
m cem
cem lgfk
lgfkokokss
ss jges
jgesti
titu
tuke
kets
ts hut
hut
ocws (Zkj. 3<1, OBJ)
cmvcetcbkgus tg tlk rkco prgpkrty gwekrs cs wkoo.  (Akrrkr v.
Hcutistc, B.X. Eg. 83>;;3, @uek :>, 8>3; )

:2 :<

•   S0 Rlg mktkrfieks tlk okbcoity gr prgprikty ga c • S0 Rlct

Rlct crk tlk rkquisit ks ga c vcoim tcx grmie cejk7
ogjco tcx grm iecejk gr rkvkeuk fkcsurk7 • C0
• C0  It is tlk Zkjrktcry ga @ustijk wlg slcoo mktkrfiek •   3.
3. ]lk prgjk
prgjkmu
murk
rk cppoi
cppoijc
jcho
hok
k tg ogjc
ogjcoo bgvkr
bgvkref
efke
kett
qukst
qukstige
igess ge tlk okbco
okbcoity
ity cem jgesti
jgestitut
tutig
igec
ecoit
oity
y ga  ghskrvkm. (Zkj. 3<2,
grmiecejks ie bkekrco slguom hk ghskrvkm.
grmiecejks gr rkvkeuk fkcsurks. OBJ)
•   ]lk cppkco fust hk aiokm witlie tlirty (:>) mcys
•   8. ^uhoij
^uhoij lkcriebs
lkcriebs crk rkquirkm
rkquirkm hkagrk
hkagrk cey ogjco
ogjco tcx
argf tlk kaakjtivity ga tlk tcx grmiecejk. kecjtkm (Zkj. 3<2, OBJ)
grmiecejk is kecjtkm (Zkj.
• ]lk Zkjrktcry ga @ustijk lcs sixty (1>) mcys argf tlk
mctk
mctk ga rkjk
rkjkip
iptt ga tlk
tlk cppk
cppkco
co tg issu
issuk
k c ruoi
ruoieb
eb44 • :. Ritlie 3> mcys catkr tlkir cpprgvco, puhoijctige ie auoo
gtlkrwisk, tlk cbbrikvkm pcrty fcy aiok cpprgprictk agr
agr : jgesk
jgeskjujuti
tivk
vk mcys
mcys ie c ekws
ekwspcpcpk
pkrr ga bkek
bkekrco
rco
prgjkkm
prgjkkmiebs
iebs witl c jgurt ga jgfpktket
jgfpktket `urismijtige
`urismijtige jirjuoctige. Ie tlk chskejk ga sujl ekwspcpkr ie tlk
(X]J). prgviejk, jity gr fueijipcoity, tlke tlk grmiecejk fcy hk
pgst
pgstkm
km ie ct okcs okcstt twg
twg jgesp
jgespijijug
ugus
us cem
cem puho
puhoij
ijoy
oy
• ]l k cp p kc
kco s lc
lco o e gt
gt l cv
cv k t lk
lk ka ak
akj t g a   pocjks (Zkj. 3<< & 3<9, OBJ)
cjjkssihok pocjks (Zkj.
suspkemieb tlk kaakjtivity grmiecejk .  (Zkj.
kaakjtivity ga tlk grmiecejk.
3<2 X.C. 231>)

:9 =>

• S0 Rl ctct i s t lk
lk ka a kj
kj t i a t lk
lk t cx
cx • S0 Fcy   OB[’s   prksjr
prksjrihk
ihk pk
pkec
ecotik
otiks
s agr tc
tcx
x
vigoctiges7
grmiecejk wcs egt puhoislkm ie auoo
•   C0 YKZ.
YKZ.
(geoy kxjkrpts / suffcry)7
• 3. Oifitkm cs tg tlk cfguet ga ifpgschok
ifpgschok aiek cs wkoo cs
tlk okebtl gr pkrigm ga ifprisgefket4
• C0  ]lk rkquirkfket ga puhoijctige ie auoo
•  8. ]lk Zcebbueice is cutlgrizkm tg prksjrihk aieks gr 
agr : jgeskjutivk mcys is fcemctgry
is  fcemctgry agr  gtlkr pkecotiks agr vigoctiges ga tcx grmiecejks, hut ie eg
c tcx grmiecejk tg hk vcoim. jcsk slcoo aieks hk okss tlce ^3,>>> egr fgrk tlce
^;,>>> egr slcoo tlk ifprisgefket hk okss tlce gek (3)
•   ]lk tcx grmiecejk wioo hk euoo cem fgetl egr fgrk tlce six (1) fgetls4
vgim   ia it aci
acios tg jgf
jgfpoy
poy witl sujl •   :. Zujl aiek gr gtlkr pkecoty slcoo hk ifpgskm ct tlk
puhoijctige rkquirkfket. (Jgjc-Jgoc v. misjrktige ga tlk jgurt4
• =. ]lk Zcebbueiceb
Zcebbueiceb Hcrcebcy
Hcrcebcy fcy prksjrihk c aiek ga 
Jity ga Fceioc, B.X. Eg. 313<9: @uek egt okss tlce ^3>> egr fgrk tlce ^3,>>>. (Zkj. ;31,
82, 8>>1) OBJ)

=3 =8

Jgpyriblt hy Ctty Keriquk Q mkoc Jruz @r 2

8>8> Okjturk 3 ie Jgestitutigeco Ocw 8 :/32/8>8>

^XIQC]K CJ]Z & ]LK H IOO GA XIBL]Z

•  S0 Rlke jce tlk Hioo ga Xiblts hk ievgdkm7

• C 0 Ie t lk lk ch s kej k g a b g vk vkr e f ke
ke tc
tco
ietkrakrkejk, tlk oihkrtiks bucrcetkkm hy tlk

H IO O GA Jgestitutige jceegt hk ievgdkm cbciest tlk

Ztctk.
• ]lk
]lk Hioo ioo ga Xibl
Xiblts
ts bucr
bucrce
cetk
tkk
k bgvk
bgvkreres
s tlk
tlk

XIBL]Z rkocti
rkoctige
gesli
slip p hktwk
hktwkke
ke tlk iemiv
iemivim
imuco
uco cemcem tlk
Ztctk. Its jgejkre is egt tlk rkoctige hktwkke
privctk iemivimucos. Rlct it mgks is tg mkjocrk
tlk

sgfk
sgfk agrhim
agrhimmkmkee zgeks
zgeks ie tlk
tlk privc
privctktk splkrk
splkrk
iecjjkss
iecjjkssihokihok tg cey pgwkr
pgwkr lgomkr.
lgomkr.   (^kgpok
(^kgpok v.
Fcrti, B.X. Eg. <3;13, @ce. 3<, 3993)

=: ==

^XIQC]K CJ]Z & ]LK H IOO GA XIBL]Z • S0 JGEZ]I][]IGECOI]Y GA MCQCG GXMIECEJK.

•   S0 Jce tlk Hioo ga Xiblts hk ievgdkm cbciest privctk • Grmiecejk Eg. >98-8>>> rkbuoctks tlk jgestrujtige cem
iemivimucos7 iestcoocti
iestcooctige
ge ga huiomieb
huiomieb cem gtlkr strujturks
strujturks sujl cs
• C0   Eg. Ie tlk chskejk ga bgvkrefketco
hioohgcrms witlie Mcvcg Jity
bgvkrefketco ietkrakrkejk, tlk
oihkrtiks bucrcetkkm hy tlk Jgestitutige jceegt hk ievgdkm. •   ]lk
]lk Grmi
Grmiec
ecej
ejk
k jgetr
jgetrcm
cmij
ijts
ts tlk
tlk prgvi
prgvisi
sige
ges
s ga tlktlk
^ut miaakrketoy, tlk Hioo ga Xiblts is egt fkcet tg hk ievgdkm Ectigeco
Ectigeco Huiomieb Jgmk, i.k., tlk Grmiecejk
Grmiecejk ifpgsks
cbciest cjts ga privctk iemivimucos.  (Yrcskbui vs. ^CO,  B.X. cmmitigeco
cmmitigeco rkquirkfkets
rkquirkfkets egt prgvimkm
prgvimkm ie tlk Ectigeco
Eg. 31<><3, Gjt. 32, 8>><) Huiomieb
Huiomieb Jgmk cem kvke kxpcemkm
kxpcemkm tlk cutlgrity
cutlgrity ga tlk
•   Egtk0  Lgwkvkr, tlk Zuprkfk Jgurt ie  Puouktc v. JC ,  B.X. jity huiomieb gaaijico ie tlk rkfgvco ga krrieb hioohgcrm
Eg. 3>2:<:, Akh. 8> 3991 , wlkrk tlk lushcem ievgdkm lis strujturks.
riblt
riblt tg privcjy
privcjy ga jgffue
jgffueijct
ijctige
ige cem jgrrkspg
jgrrkspgemke
emkejk
jk • ]lk Mcvcg Jity Jlcrtkr vkstkm tlk ogjco Zcebbueiceb
cbciest c privctk iemivimuco, lis wiak, wlg lcm agrjihoy tcdke
^ceoue
^ceouebsg
bsgmm witl
witl tlk okbisoc
okbisoctiv
tivkk pgwkr
pgwkr tg rkbuoc
rkbuoctk,
tk,
argf lis jchiekt cem prksketkm cs kvimkejk cbciest lif
prgl
prglih
ihit
it,, cem
cem aixaix oijk
oijkes
eskk akks
akks agr
agr tlk
tlk misp
mispoc
ocy,
y,
mgjufkets cem privctk jgrrkspgemkejk, lkom tlksk pcpkrs
iecmfissihok ie kvimkejk, uplgomieb tlk lushcem’s  riblt tg jgestrujtige, cem fcietkecejk ga hioohgcrms cem sifiocr 
privcjy. strujturks. Is Grmiecejk Eg. >98-8>>> jgestitutigeco7

=; =1

•   CEZRKX0
•   YKZ.
YKZ. ]lk ]lk pgwk
pgwkrr tg rkbuo
rkbuoct
ctk
k hiooh
hioohgc
gcrm
rms
s witl
witlie
ie its
its
tkrritgrico
tkrritgrico `urismijtige
`urismijtige lcs hkke mkokbctkm hy Jgebrkss
Jgebrkss
tg tlk jity bgvkrefket vic tlk Mcvcg Jity Jlcrtkr. ‟EG   ^K
^KXZGE ZLC O O H K
•   ]lis mirkjt cem spkjiaij brcet tcdks prkjkmkejk gvkr 
rkqui
rkquirk
rkfke
fkets
ts skt
skt agrt
agrtl
l ie cegt
cegtlkr
lkr ocw
ocw ga bkekr
bkekrco
co MK^XIQKM GA OIAK, OIHKX]Y,
cppoijctige, ie tlis jcsk tlk Ectigeco Huiomieb Jgmk.
GX ^XG^KX]Y RI]LG[] M[K
• Ztctkm miaakrketoy, tlk jity bgvkrefket mgks egt ekkm tg
rkakr
rkakr tg tlk
tlk prgjk
prgjkmu
murk
rkss ocim
ocim mgwe
mgwe ie tlk
tlk Ecti
Ectige
geco
co ^XGJKZZ GA O CR.‖
Huiomieb Jgmk tg kxkrjisk tlis pgwkr.
•   ]lus, tlk jgesistkejy
jgesistkejy hktwkke
hktwkke Grmiecejk
Grmiecejk Eg. >98-
8>>> witl tlk Ectigeco Huiomieb Jgmk is irrkokvcet tg tlk (Crt. III,
III, Zkj
Zkj 3, 39<2
39<2 Jgesti tut ige )
vcoimity ga tlk agrfkr.
• Kvcsjg
vcsjg v. Fgetc
Fgetcek
ekz,
z, BX Eg.
Eg. 399328,
Akhru cry 83, 8>3<
8>3<
=2 =<

Jgpyriblt hy Ctty Keriquk Q mkoc Jruz @r <

8>8> Okjturk 3 ie Jgestitutigeco Ocw 8 :/32/8>8>

S0 Rlct
Rlct is muk prgjkss7 S0 Rlct
Rlct is m uk prgjkss7
 C0 Muk prgjkss fkces0  C 0  Agr c wgrdkr's
wgrdkr's misfissco tg hk jgesimkrkm
jgesimkrkm vcoim, it
fust jgfpoy witl hgtl prgjkmurco
prgjkmurco cem suhstcetivk
suhstcetivk
3. ]lct tlkrk slcoo hk c ocw prksjrihkm ie
muk
muk prgj
prgjkskss.
s. ]lk
]lk okbc
okbcoi
oity
ty ga tlk
tlk fcee
fceekr
kr ga 
lcrfg
lcrfgeyey witl
witl tlk
tlk bkek
bkekrc
rcoo pgwk
pgwkrs
rs ga tlk
tlk misfissco jgestitutks prgjkmurco muk prgjkss, wliok
okbisocturk4 tlk
tlk okbc
okbcoit
oity
y ga tlk
tlk cjt
cjt ga misfi
misfiss
ssco
co jges
jgesti
titu
tutk
tks
s
8. ]lct it slcoo hk rkcsgechok ie its gpkrctige4 suhstcetivk muk prgjkss.
•  ]lct it slcoo hk keagrjkm cjjgrmieb tg tlk ^rgjkmurco muk prgjkss ie misfissco jcsks jgesists
ga tlk twie rkquirkfkets ga egtijk cem lkcrieb.
rkbuocr fktlgms ga prgjkmurk prksjrihkm,
Zuhstcetivk muk prgjkss, ge tlk gtlkr lcem, rkquirks
cem
tlct misfissco hy tlk kfpogykr hk fcmk uemkr c
• ]lct it slcoo hk cppoijchok coidk
coidk tg coo jitizkes  `ust gr cutlgrizkm jcusk uemkr Crtijoks 8<8 tg 8<=
ga tlk Ztctk gr tg coo ga c jocss. (^kgpok v. ga tlk Ochgr Jgmk. TZdippkrs
 T Zdippkrs [eitkm ^cjiaij, Iej. v. Mczc,
Mczc , B.X.
32;;;<, Akhrucry <, 8>38,
Eg. 32;;;<, Akhrucry 8>38, 11; ZJXC =38.V
Jcyct, B.X. Eg. O-=;9<2, Fcy ;, 39:9)

=9 ;>

M[K ^XGJKZZ
]lk
]lk kssk
ksskej ejk
k ga muk
muk prgj
prgjks
kss
s is c rkcs
rkcsge
gech
chok
ok
gppg
gppgrt
rtue
ueit
ity
y tg hk lkcr
lkcrm
m cem
cem suhf
suhfit
it kvim
kvimke
kejk
jk ie
suppgrt ga gek's mkakesk. Bivk kxcfpoks ga cjts ga tlk stctk wlijl
Rlct
Rlct tlk ocw prgsjr
prgsjrihk
ihks,
s, tlkrka
tlkrkagrk
grk,, is tlk ocjd ga 
ieari ebk tlk muk prgjkss jocusk0
gppgrtueity tg hk lkcrm.

 C pcrty wlg gpts egt tg cvcio ga tlk gppgrtueity tg 3. ie its suhstcetivk

suhstcetivk cspkjt cem
ceswkr jceegt jgfpocie ga prgjkmurco muk prgjkss.
]lkrk jce hk eg mkeico ga muk prgjkss wlkrk c pcrty
lcm tlk gppgrtueity
gppgrtueity tg pcrtijipctk
pcrtijipctk ie tlk prgjkkmiebs
prgjkkmiebs 8. ie its prgjkmurco
prgjkmurco cspkjt7
cspkjt7
hut aciokm tg mg sg tlrgubl lis gwe acuot. (GAKOIC
LKXXK
LKXXKX
XC-AK
C-AKOI
OI\
\, Xkprk
Xkprksk
sketk
etkm
m hy @GQI
@GQI]C
]C
LKXXKXC-ZKÓC, vs. JG[X] GA C^^KCOZ, B.X.
Eg. 3=:2:1. Cubust 33, 8>>=.)

;3 ;8

Zubbkstkm Ceswkr0

3 .)
.) C o cw
cw v i go
go ct ks  suhstcetivk muk prgjkss  wlke it is
ct ks 8.)
8.) Ie Ztct
Ztctk
k ^rgs
^rgskj
kjut
utgr
grs
s v. Furg
Furg,, 8:1
8:1
uerkcsgechok gr uemuoy gpprkssivk.
Agr kxcfpok, ^rksimketico Mkjrkk Eg. 3232, 3232, wlijl jcejkookm coo ZJXC ;>;, it wcs lkom tlct tlk misfissco ga c
t l k f g rt
rt b cb
cb ks
ks c em em o i ke
ke s g a c m kh
kh tg
tg r , w cs
cs j g es
es i mk
mk rk
rk m jcsk witlgut tlk hkekait ga c lkcrieb cem
uejgestitutigeco agr hkieb gpprkssivk.
witlgut cey egtijk tg tlk prgskjutige vigoctkm
Oidkwisk, cs s tctkm ie Krfitc-Fcoctk
Krfitc-Fcoctk Lgtko cem Fgtko Gpkrctgrs
Gpkrctgrs prgjkss.
prgjkmurco muk prgjkss.
 Css gj icti ge, Iej. v. Jity Fcygr ga Fceio c, 8> ZJXC <=9, c ocw
wlijl is vcbuk sg tlct fke ga jgffge ietkooibkejk fust bukss
ct its fkce
fkceiebieb cem miaakr
miaakr cs tg its cppoijc
cppoijctige
tige vigoct
vigoctks
ks
suhstcetivk muk prgjkss. Oidk
Oidkwi
wisk
sk,, cs lkom
lkom ie ^kgp
^kgpok
ok v. Jgur
Jgurtt ga 
 Cppkcos, 818 ZJXC =;8, tlk ocjd ga 
 Cs lkom ie ]cecmc v. ]uvk rc, 3=1 ZJXC ==1, muk prg jkss ifpcrticoity ga tlk `umbk wlg wioo mkjimk c
rkquirks tlct tlk ocw hk puhoislkm.
jcsk vigoctks prgjkmurco muk prgjkss.

;: ;=

Jgpyriblt hy Ctty Keriquk Q mkoc Jruz @r 9

8>8> Okjturk 3 ie Jgestitutigeco Ocw 8 :/32/8>8>

S[KZ]IGE0 Ge Cprio 1, 391:,

391:, ^goijk
^goijk Gaaijkr Fcrig Bctmuoc
Bctmuoc wcs  Cot lg ubl tl k JHI mi m eg t jg emu jt ce ie vkst ib cti ge, tlk
jlcrbkm hy tlk Fcygr witl Brcvk Fisjgemujt cem Qigoctige ga Ocw rkjgrms
rkjgrms slgw tlcttlct hgtl tlk Fueijipco
Fueijipco Hgcrm cem tlk
hkagrk tlk Fueijipco Hgcrm.
Aisjco's
Aisjco's Gaaijk kxlcustivkoy
kxlcustivkoy lkcrm tlk jcsk witl hgtl
pcrtik
pcrtikss caagrmk
caagrmkm
m cfpok
cfpok gppgrtueit
gppgrtueity y tg cmmujk
cmmujk tlkir 
]lk Hgcrm
Hgcrm ievkstib
ievkstibct
ctkm
km Bctmuo
Bctmuoc
c hut hkagrk
hkagrk tlk jcsk jguom
jguom hk kvimkejk cem crbuk tlkir jcusk.
mkjimkm, tlk Jity jlcrtkr
jlcrtkr wcs cpprgvkm.

]lk Jity Aisjco, jitieb Zkjtige :> ga tl k jity jl crtkr, csskrtkm

csskrtkm tlct lk ]lk ^goijk
^goijk Jgffissi ge aguem Bctmuoc buioty ge tlk hcsis
wcs cutlgri
cutlgrizk
zkmm tlkrku
tlkrkuemk
emkrr tg ievkstibc
ievkstibctk
tk jity gaaijkr
gaaijkrs
s cem ga tlk rkjgrms agr wcrmkm hy tlk JHI.
JHI.
kfpogykks.

]lk jcsk cbciest Bctmuoc wcs tlke agrwcrmkm tg lif, cem c rk- Bctmuoc jlcookebkm tlk cmvkrsk mkjisige ga tlk ^goijk
ievkstibctige wcs jgemujtkm. ]lk gaaijk ga tlk Aisjco suhskquketoy Jgffissig
Jgffissigee tlkgrizieb
tlkgrizieb tlct lk wcs
wcs mkprivk
mkprivkm
m ga muk
rkjgffkemkm misfissco. prgjkss.

Ge @ceucry 33, 3911, tlk Jity Fcygr rkturekm tlk rkjgrms ga tlk jcsk
tg tlk Jity Aisjco agr tlk suhfissige ga ce cpprgprictk rksgoutige hut Suk
Sukstiges
stiges00 Is tlk ^goijk
goijk Jgff
Jgffiss
issige
ige hguem
hguem hy tlk
eg rksgoutige wcs suhfittkm. aiemiebs ga tlk Jity Aisjco7

Ge Fcrjl :, 391<,
391<, tlk Jity Aisjco trcesfittkm tlk rkjgrms tg tlk Jity Is Bctmuoc's prgtkstctige ga ocjd gr ege-ghskrvcejk ga 
Fcygr rkjgffkemieb tlct aieco cjtige tlkrkge hk fcmk hy tlk Jity muk prgjkss wkoo-brguemkm7 Kxpocie ygur ceswkrs.
Hgcrm ga Ievkstibctgrs (JHI).

;; ;1

Zubbkstkm Ceswkr0 S[KZ]IGE0 Ge Egvkfhkr

Egvkfhkr 2, 399>,
399>, eiek ocwykrs
ocwykrs ga tlk Okbco
Mkpcrtfket ga Y Hced wlg wkrk coo uemkr Arkm ]grrk, sket c
]lk
]lk ^goijk
^goijk Jgffiss
Jgffissig
ige
e is egt hguem
hguem hy tlk jgfpociet tg fcecbkfket cjjusieb ]grrk ga chusivk jgemujt cem
aiemiebs ga tlk Jity Aisjco. fisfcecbkfket.

A ur
ur e is
is l km
km w i tl
tl c j g py
py g a t l k j g f p oc
oc ie
ie t , ] g r rk
rk m ke
ke i km
km t l k
Ie Fcebuhct
Ie Fcebuhct v. mk Jcstrg , 31: ZJXC 1><, it wcs lkom tlct jlcrbks. ]wg mcys octkr, tlk ocwykrs cem ]grrk wkrk jcookm tg c
tlk ^goijk Jgffissige
Jgffissige is egt prglihitkm argf fcdieb its jgeakrke
jgeakrkejk jk ie tlk gaaijk ga tlk Hgcrm JlcirfcJlcirfce e tg bivk tlkir 
gwe aiemiebs ge tlk hcsis ga its gwe kvcouctige ga tlk rkspkjtivk simks ga tlk jgetrgvkrsy. Lgwkvkr, eg cbrkkfket wcs
rkcjlkm tlkrkct.
rkjgrms.
Hced Mirkjtgr
Mirkjtgr Xgfuog Fgrkt wcs tcsdkm tg oggd aurtlkr ietg tlk
Oidkwisk,
Oidkwisk, tlk prgtkstctige ga ocjd ga muk prgjkss is egt fcttkr. Lk fkt
fkt witl tlk ocwykrs tgbktlkr witl ]grrk skvkrco tifks
hut tg eg cvcio.
wkoo-brguemk
wkoo-brguemkm,
m, siejk tlk lkcriebs hkagrk tlk Fueijipco
Hgcrm cem tlk Jity Aisjco gaakrkm Bctmuoc tlk jlcejk tg
Fgrkt
Fgrkt tlke suhfittk
suhfittkm
m c rkpgrt
rkpgrt sustcieieb
sustcieieb tlk jlcrbks
jlcrbks ga tlk
hk lkcrm. ocwykrs.
]lkrk is eg mkeico ga muk prgjkss ia tlk mkjisige wcs
rkemk
rkemkrkm
rkm ge tlk hcsis ga kvimk
kvimkejk
ejk jgetciek
jgetciekm
m ie tlk ]lk Hgcrm Jlcirfce wrgtk ]grrk tg ieagrf lif tlct tlk hced lcm
rkjgrm cem misjo gskm tg tlk pcrtiks caakjtkm.
caakjtkm. j l gs
gs ke
ke t l k j g fp
fp cs
cs si
si g ec
ec tk
tk g p ti
ti g e g a " w ci
ci t ie
ie b " a g r ] gr
gr r k'
k' s
rksibectige.

;2 ;<

]grrk wcs csdkm, witlgut hkieb misfisskm, tg ture gvkr 

tlk mgjufkets ga coo jcsks lcemokm hy lif tg cegtlkr 
gaaijico
gaaijico ga tlk hced
hced hut ]grrk rkauskm
rkauskm tg rksibe cem
rkqukstkm agr c "auoo lkcrieb". (c) Rcs ]g r r k " jg
jg e s t r u j t i vko y
m i s f i s s km " h ka g r k lk a i o km li s
Mcys
Mcys octkr, lk rkitkrctkm
rkitkrctkm lis rkqukst
rkqukst agr c "auoo lkcrieb",
lkcrieb",
jocifieb tlct lk lcm hkke "jgestrujtivkoy misfisskm". jgfpociet7

Fgrkt cssurkm ]grrk tlct lk is "arkk tg rkfcie ie tlk

kfpogy ga tlk hced" kvke ia lk lcs eg pcrtijuocr wgrd (h)
(h) Bivke
ivke tlk fuotipok
fuotipok fkk
fkktiebs lkom
lkom
cssibefket.
cfgeb tlk hced gaaijicos, tlk ocwykrs
 Cat kr ceg tl kr rkqu kst ag r c " auo o lkcri eb " w cs ib egr km, cem ]grrk, is it jgrrkjt agr lif tg scy
]grrk
]grrk aiokm c jgfpociet
jgfpociet w itl tlk crhitrcti
crhitrctige
ge hrcejl
hrcejl ga 
EOXJ agr io okbco misfissco. tlct lk wcs egt bivke ce gppgrtueity tg
hk lkcrm7 Kxpocie ygur ceswkrs.
Xkcjtieb
Xkcjtieb tlkrktg, tlk hced tkrfiectkm
tkrfiectkm tlk skrvijks
skrvijks ga 
]g rr
rr k.
k. Su ks
ks titi ge
ge s0
s0

;9 1>

Jgpyriblt hy Ctty Keriquk Q mkoc Jruz @r 3>

8>8> Okjturk 3 ie Jgestitutigeco Ocw 8 :/32/8>8>

Zubbkstkm Ceswkr0
S[KZ]IGE0 ]lk ]lk ^lio
^lioip
ippi
piek
ek ^grt
^grtss Cutl
Cutlgrgrit
ity
y (^^C
(^^C))
Bkekrco Fcecbkr issukm ce cmfieistrctivk grmkr tg tlk
c) ]grrk
]grrk wcs
wcs jges
jgestru
trujti
jtivko
vkoy
y misfi
misfissk
sskm,
m, cs
cs lkom
lkom kaakjt tlct coo kxistieb rkbuocr cppgietfkets tg lcrhgr piogt
ie   Kquitchok
Kquitchok Hcedi
Hcedieb
eb Jgrp
Jgrpgrc
grctige
tige v. Ec
Ectigeco
tigeco pgsitiges slcoo rkfcie vcoim geoy up tg Mkjkfhkr :3 ga tlk
Jgffissige, 82: ZJXC :;8.
Ochgr Xkoctiges Jgffissige, jurrket ykcr.
 Coogwieb ce kfpogykk tg rkpgrt agr wgrd witlgut
hkieb cssibekm cey wgrd jgestitutks jgestrujtivk Lkejkagrtl coo cppgietfkets tg lcrhgr piogt pgsitiges slcoo
misfissco. hk geoy agr c tkrf ga gek ykcr argf mctk ga kaakjtivity,
suh`kjt tg ykcroy rkekwco gr jcejkooctige
jcejkooctige hy tlk ^^C catkr 
jgemujt ga c ribim kvcouctige ga pkragrfcejk.
h) ]grr
]grrkk is jgrr
jgrrkj
kjtt ie scyieb
scyieb tlc
tlctt lk wcs
wcs egt
bivke tlk jlcejk tg hk lkcrm. ]lk fkktiebs ie tlk ^iogtcbk cs c prgakssige fcy hk prcjtijkm geoy hy muoy
ecturk ga jgesuotctiges cem jgeakrkejks jceegt hk oijkeskm iemivimucos, wlg lcvk tg pcss aivk bgvkrefket
jgesim
jgesimkrk
krkm
m cs vcoim
vcoim suhsti
suhstitut
tutks
ks agr tlk prgpkr 
prgpkr  prgakssigeco kxcfiectiges.
ghskrvcejk ga egtijk cem lkcrieb.

13 18

]lk Lcrhgr
Lcrhgr ^iogt
^iogt Cssgjic
Cssgjictige
tige jlcook
jlcookebk
ebkmm tlk vcoimit
vcoimity
y ga scim
scim
Zubbkstkm Ceswkr0
cmfieistrctivk grmkr crbuieb tlct it vigoctkm tlk lcrhgr piogts' riblt
tg kxkrjisk tlkir
tlkir prgakssige cem tlkir riblt tg muk prgjkss ga ocw
cem tlct tlk scim cmfieistrctivk grmkr wcs issukm witlgut prigr  ]lk riblt ga tlk lcrhgr piogts t g muk prgjkss wcs vigo ctkm. Cs
Cs lkom
ie  Jgrgec vs. [eitkm Lcrhgr ^iogts Cssgjictige ga tlk ^lioippieks,
egtijk cem lkcrieb.
8<: ZJXC :3 (3992) piogtcbk cs c prgakssige is c prgpkrty riblt
prgtkjtkm hy tlk bucrcetkk ga muk prgjkss.
]lk ^^C
^^C jguetkrkm
jguetkrkm tlct tlk cmfieistrctivk
cmfieistrctivk grmkr wcs vcoim cs it
wcs issukm ie tlk kxkrjisk
kxkrjisk ga its cmfieistrc
cmfieistrctivk
tivk jgetrgo cem ]lk prk-kvcouctige
prk-kvcouctige jcejkooctige ga tlk oijkesks ga t lk lcrhgr piogts
supkrvisige g vkr lcrhgr piogts uemkr ^^C's
^^C's okbisoctivk jlcrtkr, cem kvkry ykcr is uerkcsgechok cem vigoctkm tlkir riblt tg suhstcetivk
tlct ie issuieb tlk grmkr cs c ruok gr rkbuoctige, it wcs pkragrfieb muk prgjkss.
its kxkjutivk gr okbisoctivk,
okbisoctivk, cem egt c qucsi-@umijico auejtige.
]lk rkekwco is mkpkemket ge tlk kvcouctige catkr tlk oijkesks
lcvk hkke jcejkookm. ]lk issucejk ga tlk cmfieistrctivk grmkr 
Muk prgjkss ga ocw is jocssiaikm iet g twg diems , ecfkoy, prgjkmurco cosg
cosg vigoct
vigoctkm
km prgjkmurc
prgjkmurcoo muk prgjkss,
prgjkss, siejk eg prigr
prigr puhoij
puhoij
muk prgjkss cem suhstcetivk muk prgjkss ga ocw. lkcrieb wcs jgemujtkm.

Rcs tlkrk, gr, wcs tlkrk eg vigoctige ga tlk lcrhgr piogts' riblt tg  Cs lko m ie Jgff iss ige kr ga Ietkr eco Xkvkeu k vs . Jgur t ga 
kxkrjisk tlkir prgakssige cem tlkir riblt tg muk prgjkss ga ocw7  Cpp kcos, 813 ZJXC 8:2 (399<), wlke c r kbuo ctig e is hki eb iss ukm
uemkr tlk qucsi-okbisoctivk cutlgrity ga ce cmfieistrctivk cbkejy,
tlk rkquirkfkets
rkquirkfkets ga egtijk,
egtijk, lkcrieb cem puhoijctige fust hk
ghskrvkm.

1: 1=

S[KZ]IGE0  ]ke puhoij sjlggo tkcjlkrs ga Jcoggjce Jity

okat tlkir jocssrggfs tg `gie c stridk, wlijl ocstkm agr gek
fgetl, tg csd agr tkcjlkrs' hkekaits. Ge cppkco, tlky rkitkrctkm tlk crbufkets
tlky
tlky rcis
rciskm
km hkag
hkagrk
rk tlk
tlk cmfie
cmfieis
istr
trct
ctiv
ivk
k
]lk Mkpcrtfket ga Kmujctige, Juoturk cem Zpgrts jlcrbkm
tlkf cmfieistrctivkoy, agr wlijl rkcsge tlky wkrk rkquirkm hgmiks, ecfkoy0
tg cesw
ceswkr
kr cem
cem agrfc
agrfcooy
ooy ievks
ievkstib
tibct
ctkm
km hy c jgffi
jgffittk
ttkk
k
jgfpgsk
jgfpgskm m ga tlk Mivisige
Mivisige Zupkrie
Zupkrietke
tkemket
mket ga Zjlggos
Zjlggos cs
Jlcir
Jlcirfc
fce,e, tlk Mivis
Mivisige
ige Zupkr
Zupkrvis
visgr
gr cs fkfh
fkfhkrkr cem c (c) ]lky
]lky wkrk mkpri
mkprivkm
vkm ga muk
muk prgjkss
prgjkss
tkcjlkr, cs cegtlkr fkfhkr. ga ocw cs tlk Ievkstibctieb Jgffittkk wcs
Ge tlk hcsis
hcsis ga tlk
tlk kvimk
kvimkej
ejk
k cmmuj
cmmujkmkm ct tlk agrfco
agrfco ifprgpkroy jgestitutkm hkjcusk it mim egt
ievkstibctige wlijl cfpoy kstchoislkm tlkir buiot, tlk Mirkjtgr  iejoumk c tkcjlkr ie rkprksketctige ga tlk
rkemk
rkemkrkm
rkm c mkjisi
mkjisige
ge fktie
fktieb
b gut tg tlkf
tlkf tlk pkec pkecoty
oty ga 
rkfgvco argf gaaijk. tkcjlkrs' grbceizctige cs rkquirkm hy tlk
Fcbec Jcrtc agr ^uhoij Zjlggo ]kcjlkrs
]lk mkjisige wcs caairfkm hy tlk MKJZ Zkjrktcry cem tlk (X.C. Eg. =12>, Zkj. 9). Mkjimk.
Jivio Zkrvijk Jgffissige.

1; 11

Jgpyriblt hy Ctty Keriquk Q mkoc Jruz @r 33

8>8> Okjturk 3 ie Jgestitutigeco Ocw 8 :/32/8>8>

Zubbkstkm Ceswkr0
M[K ^XGJKZZ
]lk tkcjlkrs wkrk mkprivkm ga muk prgjkss ga ocw. ]lk
]lk kssk
ksskej ejk
k ga muk
muk prgj
prgjks
kss
s is c rkcs
rkcsge
gech
chok
ok
[emkr
[emkr Zkjtige
Zkjtige 9 ga tlk Fcbec
Fcbec Jcrtc
Jcrtc agr ^uhoij
^uhoij Zjlggo
Zjlggo gppg
gppgrt
rtue
ueit
ity
y tg hk lkcr
lkcrm
m cem
cem suhfit
suhfit kvimk
kvimkejk
ejk ie
]kcjlk
]kcjlkrs,
rs, gek ga tlk fkfhkrs
fkfhkrs ga tlk jgffittkk
jgffittkk fust hk c
tkcjlkr wlg is c rkprksketctivk ga tlk ogjco, gr ie its chskejk, suppgrt ga gek's mkakesk.
cey kxistieb prgviejico gr ectige co grbceizctige ga tkcjlkrs.
tkcjlkrs.
Rlct tlk ocw prgsjrih
prgsjrihks,
ks, tlkrkagr
tlkrkagrk,
k, is tlk ocjd ga 
 Cjj grm ie b tg   Achkooc v. Jgurt ga Cppkcos,
Cppkcos , 8<: ZJXC 8;1 gppgrtueity tg hk lkcrm.
(399
(3992)
2),, tg hk jgesimkrkm
jgesimkrkm tlk cutlgrizk
cutlgrizkm
m rkprksketc
rkprksketctivk
tivk ga 
sujl grbceiz
grbceizcti
ctige,
ge, tlk tkcjlk
tkcjlkrr fust hk jlgske
jlgske hy tlk  C pcrty wlg gpts egt tg cvcio ga tlk gppgrtueity tg
grbceizctige itskoa cem egt hy tlk Zkjrktcry ga Kmujctige,
Juoturk cem Zpgrts. ceswkr jceegt jgfpocie ga prgjkmurco muk prgjkss.
]lkrk jce hk eg mkeico ga muk prgjkss wlkrk c pcrty
Ziejk ie cmfieistrctivk prgjkkmiebs, muk prgjkss rkquirks lcm tlk gppgrtueity
gppgrtueity tg pcrtijipctk
pcrtijipctk ie tlk prgjkkmiebs
prgjkkmiebs
tlct
tlct tlk trihueco
trihueco hk vkstkm
vkstkm witl `urismijtige
`urismijtige cem hk sg hut aciokm tg mg sg tlrgubl lis gwe acuot. (GAKOIC
jgestitutkm cs tg caagrm c pkrsge jlcrbkm cmfieistrctivkoy c LKXXK
LKXXKXC
XC--AKOI
AKOI\,
\, Xkprk
Xkprksk
sketk
etkm
m hy @GQI
@GQI]]C
rkcsgechok bucrcetkk ga ifpcrticoity, ia tlk tkcjlkr wlg is c
fkfhkr
fkfhkr ga tlk jgffittkk wcs egt cppgietkm
cppgietkm ie cjjgrmcejk
LKXXKXC-ZKÓC, vs. JG[X] GA C^^KCOZ, B.X.
witl
witl tlk ocw, cey prgjk
prgjkk
kmieb
mieb hkag
hkagrk
rk it is tciet
tcietkm
km witl
witl Eg. 3=:2:1. Cubust 33, 8>>=.)
mkprivctige ga prgjkmurco muk prgjkss.

12 1<

S0   Bocxg lcs c pgoijy cbciest kfpogykks  C0 Eg. ]lkrk is rkcsgechok

 C0 Eg. rkcsgechok ekjkssity agr Bocxg
fcrryieb kfpogykks ga rivco jgfpceiks. tg prgt
rgtkjt its trcmk skjrkts cbcies iest
]lis is wkoo degwe tg cem cjjkptkm hy jgfp
jgfpk ktitg
titgrs
rs.. ]lk
]lk pgoi
pgoijy
jy is rkcs
rkcsge
gechchok
ok
kfpogykks. hkjc
hkjcus
uskk tlk
tlk plcr
plcrfcfcjk
jkut
utij
ijco
co iemu
iemust
stry
ry is
 Ce kfpog
kfp og ykk vigo
vi go ctkm tlis
tl is ru ok mkspi
mks pi tk libloy
libloy jgfpk
jgfpktittitivk
ivk.. (Mue
(Muejc
jcee Cssg
Cssgji
jict
ctig
ige
e ga 
Kfpogykks v. Bocxg, B.X. Eg. 31899=, Zkpt. 32, 8>>=)
s kv kr co w cr
cr e i eb
eb s . Lk, w cs
cs t lu
lu s
misfisskm. Lk jlcookebkm tlk pgoijy ge Ie tlk chskejk ga bgvkrefketco ietkrakrkejk,
tlk brguem tlct it vigoctkm lis riblt tg muk tlk oihkrtiks bucrcetkkm hy tlk Jgestitutige
p rg
rg jk
jks s cs l k w cs cs m kp
kp ri
ri vk
vkm g a l is is jceegt hk ievgdkm. ^ut miaakrketoy, tlk Hioo ga 
kfpogyfk
kfpogyfket et hcskm
hcskm ge ce uerkcsgec
uerkcsgechok hok Xiblts is egt fkcet tg hk ievgdkm cbciest
ruok tlct cosg
cosg vigo ctkm
ctkm lis r iblt tg fcrry. cjts ga privctk iemivimucos.   (Yrcskbui vs. ^CO,
B.X. Eg. 31<><3, Gjt. 32, 8>><)
Is lk jgrrkjt7

19 2>

S0 Is lklkcr
crieb
ieb cowc
owcys
ys ekjk
ekjkssc
sscry
ry hkagrk
hkagrk rib
riblts
lts crk S0 Is tlkrk c likrcrjly ga riblts7
ifpcirkm7
• C0   Yks. Rliok
Rliok tlk
tlk Hioo
Hioo ga Xibl
Xiblts
ts cosg
cosg prgt
prgtkj
kjts
ts
 C0 Eg. Ie tl k ago ogw ieb ie st cejks , c lkcri eb is egt
rkquirkm0 prgpkrty riblts, tlk prifcjy ga lufce riblts gvkr 
• Chctkfket ga euiscejk pkr sk. prgpkrty riblts is rkjgbeizkm.
• Brcetieb hy jgurts ga prgvisigeco rkfkmiks. •   ^rg
^rgpk
pkrt
rty
y cem
cem prgp
prgpkr
krty
ty ribl
riblts
ts jce
jce hk ogst ogst tlru
tlru
• Jcsks ga prkvketivk suspkesige. prksjriptige4 hut lufce riblts crk ifprksjriptihok.
• Xkfgvco ga tkfpgrcry kfpogykks ie tlk bgvkrefket •  Ie tlk likrcrjly ga jivio oihkrtiks, tlk riblts ga arkk
skrvijk. kxprks
kxprkssige
sige cem ga csskfh
csskfhoy oy gjjupy
gjjupy c prkakr
prkakrrkm
rkm
• Issucejk ga wcrrcets ga mistrciet cem/gr okvy hy tlk HIX pgsitige cs tlky crk kssketico tg tlk prkskrvctige
Jgffissigekr. cem vitcoity ga gur jivio cem pgoitijco iestitutiges.
• Jcejkooctige ga tlk pcsspgrt ga c pkrsge jlcrbkm witl c
• (^lioippiek Hoggfieb Fioos Kfpogykks Grbceizctige
jrifk.
v. ^lioippiek Hoggfieb Fioos Jg., Iej., B.X. Eg. O-
• Zuspkesig
Zuspkesigee ga c hced’s gpkrctige
gpkrctiges s hy tlk Fgektcry
Fgektcry Hgcrm
upge c prifc acjik aiemieb ga oiquimity prghokfs ie sujl hced. 392:).
:339; @uek ;, 392:).

23 28

Jgpyriblt hy Ctty Keriquk Q mkoc Jruz @r 38

8>8> Okjturk 3 ie Jgestitutigeco Ocw 8 :/32/8>8>

S0 Kxpocie tlk vgim agr vcbukekss mgjtriek7 • S0 Rlct

Rlct is tlk Gvkrhrkcmtl
Gvkrhrkcmtl Mgjtri ek7
 C0   It lgom
lgoms
s tlct
tlct c ocw
ocw is vcbu
vcbukk wlke
lke it ocjd
ocjds
s • C0   ]lk gvkr gvkrhr
hrkc
kcmt
mtl
l mgjt
mgjtri
riek
ek mkjr
mkjrkk
kks
s tlct
tlct c
jgfprkl
jgfprklkeskesivk
ivk stcemc
stcemcrms
rms tlct
tlct fke ga jgffge
jgffge bgvkre
bgvkrefke
fketco
tco purpgs
purpgskk fcy egt hk cjlikv
cjlikvkm
km hy
ietkooibkejk
ietkooibkejk fust ekjksscrioy bukss ct its jgffge
jgffge fkces
fkces wlijl
wlijl swkkp
swkkp ueekjks
ueekjksscrscrioy
ioy hrgcmoy
hrgcmoy cem
fkceieb cem miaakr cs tg its cppoijctige. tlkrkhy ievcmk tlk crkc ga prgtkjtkm arkkmgfs.
• Ie sujl iestcejk, tlk stctutk is rkpubecet tg tlk Egtk0  It is ce cecoytijco tggo mkvkogpkm agr tkstieb
•   Egtk0 It
Jgestitutige hkjcusk0 ge tlkir acjk stctutks ie arkk spkkjl jcsks. Jocifs
ga acjico
acjico gvkr
gvkr hrkcmt
hrkcmtl
l crk ketkrtci
ketkrtciekm
ekm ie jcsks
jcsks
• It vigoctks muk prgjkss agr aciourk tg
tg cjjgrm pkrsges,
ievgovieb stctutks wlijl, hy tlkir tkrfs, skkd tg
kspkjicooy tlk pcrtiks tcrbktkm hy it, acir egtijk ga
rkbu
rkbuoc
octk
tk geoy
geoy spgd
spgdke
ke wgrms
grms cem
cem cbci
cbcie,
e, tlct
tlct
wlct jgemujt tg cvgim
gvkrhrkcmtl jocifs, ia ketkrtciekm ct coo, lcvk hkke
• It okcvks ocw keagrjkrs ce uehrimokm misjrktige ie jurtciokm
jurtciokm wlke ievgdkm cbciest
cbciest grmiecry
grmiecry jrifieco
jrifieco
jcrryieb gut its prgvisiges (^kgpok
prgvisiges (^kgpok v. mk oc ^ikmrc, ocws tlct crk sgublt tg hk cppoikm tg prgtkjtkm
B.X. Eg. 38<222, @ce. 8=, 8>>3) jgemujt.

2: 2=

• S0 Jce
Jce jrifieco stctutks hk mkjocrkm
mkjocrkm ievcoim agr  •   S0
S0 JcJce e tlk Lufce
Lufce Zk Zkjurity
jurity Cjt hk mkjocrkm
mkjocrkm
hkieb gvkrhrgcm7 i ev
evco im
im cs i ts
ts m ka
ka ie
ie it ig e g a    ‟tkrrgrisf‖ is
it ig
C0  Eg. ]lk gvkrhrkcmtl mgjtriek is egt ietkemkm a gr 
• C0 Eg. ietriesijcooy vcbuk cem tgg hrgcm7
tkstieb tlk vcoimity ga c ocw tlct rkaokjts okbitifctk • CeswkCeswkr0r0 Eg. ]lk vcbuke
vcbukekss kss cem gvkrhr
gvkrhrkcm
kcmtl
tl
stctk ietkrkst ie fcietcieieb jgfprklkesivk jgetrgo mgjtrieks, cs brguems agr c acjico jlcookebk, crk egt
gvkr lcrfauo, jgestitutigecooy ueprgtkjtkm jgemujt. cppoij
cppoijcho
chok
k tg pkeco
pkeco ocws.
ocws. C acjico
acjico jlcooke
jlcookebk
bk is
•   Jocifs
Jocifs ga acjico
acjico gvkrhr
gvkrhrkcm
kcmtl
tl crk ketkrt
ketkrtcie
ciekm
km ie coogwkm tg hk fcmk tg c vcbuk stctutk cem tg gek
jcsks ievgovieb stctutks wlijl, hy tlkir tkrfs, skkd wlijl
wlijl is gvkrhrgcm
gvkrhrgcm hkjcusk ga pgssihokpgssihok "jliooieb
tg rkbuoct
rkbuoctkk geoy spgdke
spgdke wgrms
wgrms cem cbcie,
cbcie, tlct
tlct kaakjt" upge prgtkjtkm spkkjl.
gvkrhrkcmtl jocifs, ia ketkrtciekm ct coo, lcvk hkke •   ]lus,
]lus, tlk gvkrhrkcmt
gvkrhrkcmtl l cem vcbukekss
vcbukekss mgjtrieks
mgjtrieks
jurtciokm
jurtciokm wlke
wlke ievgdkm
ievgdkm cbciest grmiecry jrifieco lcvk spkjico cppoijctige geoy tg arkk spkkjl jcsks.
ocws tlct crk sgublt tg hk cppoikm tg prgtkjtkm ]lky
]lky crk crk iecpt
iecpt agr
agr tkst
tkstie
ieb
b tlk
tlk vcoim
vcoimit
ity
y ga pkec
pkecoo
jgemuj
jgemujt.t. (Xgfuco
Xgfucomkz
mkz v. JGFK
JGFKOKJOKJ,, B.X.
B.X. Eg. stctutks. (Zgutlkre Lkfisplkrk Kebcbkfket Ektwgrd,
8>><)
312>33, Mkj. 33, 8>><) Iej., v. Ceti-]krrgrisf Jguejio, B.X. Eg. 32<;;8, Gjtghkr 
;, 8>3>)

2; 21

• S0 JGEZ]I][]IGECOI]Y GA J[XAKR GXMIECEJKZ. • CEZRKX0 (QGIM AGX QCB[KEKZZ EG] C^^OIJC HOK)
• Agoogwieb tlk jcfpcibe ga ^rksimket Xgmribg Xgc Mutkrtk tg •   Ie tlis jcsk,,   pktiti
tlis jcsk pktitigek
gekrs'
rs' ievgjc
ievgjctig
tigee ga tlk vgim
vgim agr 
ifpokfke
ifpokfkett c ectigew
ectigewimkimk jurakw
jurakw agr fiegrs,
fiegrs, skvkrco
skvkrco ogjco
ogjco vcbukekss
vcbukekss mgjtriek is ifprgpkr , jgesimkrieb tlct tlky mg
bgvkrefkets ie Fktrg Fceioc stcrtkm tg strijtoy ifpokfket egt prgpkroy
prgpkroy imketiay
imketiay cey prgvisig
prgvisige
e ie cey ga tlk Jurakw
tlkir jurakw grmiecejks ge fiegrs tlrgubl pgoijk gpkrctiges Grmiecejks,
Grmiecejks, wlijl, hkjcusk ga its vcbuk tkrfiegogby, acios tg
wlijl wkrk puhoijoy degwe cs pcrt ga "Gpoce Xgmy‖. prgvi
prgvimk
mk acir
acir wcre
wcreieb
ieb cem egtij
egtijk
k tg tlk
tlk puhoi
puhoij
j ga wlct
wlct is
•   Z^CXD ”   ce cssgjictige ga ygueb cmuots cem fiegrs ” prglihitkm gr rkquirkm sg tlct gek fcy cjt cjjgrmieboy.
aiokm
aiokm c pktitige
pktitige,, crbuieb
crbuieb tlct tlk Jurakw Grmiecejks
Grmiecejks crk • Kssketicooy,
Kssketicooy, pktitigekrs geoy hkwcio tlk ocjd ga keagrjkfket
uejgesti
uejgestituti
tutigec
gecoo hkjcusk
hkjcusk tlky0
tlky0 (c) rksuot
rksuot ie crhitrcr
crhitrcry
y cem pcrcf
pcrcfktk
ktkrs
rs tg buimk
buimk tlk
tlk ogjco
ogjco cutlgr
cutlgriti
itiks
ks ie tlk prgpk
prgpkr 
r 
misjrifiectgry
misjrifiectgry keagrjkfket, cem tlus, acoo uemkr tlk vgim agr  cpprklkesige ga suspkjtkm jurakw gaakemkrs.
vcbuk
vcbukeks
eksss mgjtr
mgjtriek
iek44 (h) suaa
suaakr
kr argf
argf gvkrh
gvkrhrkc
rkcmtl
mtl hy • ]lky mg egt csskrt
csskrt cey jgeausige
jgeausige cs tg wlct jgemujt
jgemujt tlk
prgsjrihieb
prgsjrihieb gr ifpcirieb okbitifctk cjtivitiks ga fiegrs murieb suh`kjt grmiecejks prglihit gr egt prglihit hut geoy pgiet tg
jurakw lgurs4 (j) mkprivk fiegrs ga tlk riblt tg oihkrty cem tlk
tlk grmiec
grmiecej
ejks'
ks' ocjd
ocjd ga keagr
keagrjkf
jkfket
ket buimk
buimkoie
oieks
ks.. ]lksk
]lksk
tlk riblt tg trcvko witlgut suhstcetivk muk prgjkss4 cem (m) fcttkrs crk pgoijy jgesimkrctiges. ]lkrk is eg muk prgjkss
mkprivk pcrkets ga tlkir ecturco cem prifcry riblt ie rkcrieb jgesimkrctige.
tlk ygutl witlgut suhstcetivk muk prgjkss. • (Z^CXD v. Sukzge
Sukzge Jity, Cubu st <, 8>32)
8>32)
• Crk tlk jurakw grmiecejks jgestitutigeco7

22 2<

Jgpyriblt hy Ctty Keriquk Q mkoc Jruz @r 3:

8>8> Okjturk 3 ie Jgestitutigeco Ocw 8 :/32/8>8>

• CEZRKX0 (GQKXHXKCM]L
(GQKXHXKCM]L EG]
EG] C^^OIJCHOK) • CEZR
CEZRKX0
KX0 (Xiblt
(Xiblt ga ^crkets tg Xkcr
Xkcr tlkir jli omrke)
• ]lk
]lk Jgur
Jgurtt rk`k
rk`kjt
jts
s pkti
pktiti
tige
gekr
krs'
s' ievg
ievgjc
jcti
tige
ge ga tlk
tlk •   Cs
Cs gur
gur Jges
Jgesti
titu
tuti
tige
ge itsk
itskoa
oa prgv
prgvim
imks
ks,, tlk
tlk Ztct
Ztctk
k is
gvkrhrkcmtl mgjtriek, jgesimkrieb tlct pktitigekrs lcvk fcemctkm tg suppgrt pcrkets ie tlk kxkrjisk ga tlksk
egt jocifk
jocifkm
m cey trcesbrks
trcesbrkssigsige
e ga tlkir
tlkir riblts
riblts tg arkk
arkk riblts
riblts cem
cem mutik
mutiks.
s. Ztctk
Ztctk cutlg
cutlgrit
rity
y is tlkrk
tlkrkagr
agrk,
k, egt
egt
spkkjl gr cey ielihitige ga spkkjl-rkoctkm jgemujt. kxjousiv
kxjousivk
k ga, hut rctlkr,
rctlkr, jgfpokfk
jgfpokfketcretcryy tg pcrketc
pcrketcoo
•   ]lk
]lk cppoijc
ppoijctig
tige
e ga tlk gvkrhr
gvkrhrkkcmtl mgjtrie
mgjtriek
k is supkrvisige.
oifi tkm tg c acjico diem ga jlcookebk cem, gwieb tg tlk •  Cs pcrkes pctrick, tlk Ztctk lcs tlk ielkrket riblt
bivke rctigecok ga c acjico jlcookebk, cppoijchok geoy cem muty tg cim pcrkets
pcrkets ie tlk fgrco mkvkogpfket
mkvkogpfket
tg arkk spkkjl jcsks.  ]lct hkieb scim, tlis Jgurt aiems ga tlkir jliomrke, cem, tlus, cssufks c suppgrtieb suppgrtieb
it ifprgpkr tg uemkrtcdk ce gvkrhrkcmtl cecoysis ie tlis rgok agr pcrkets tg auoaioo tlkir pcrketco ghoibctiges.
jcsk, tlkrk hkieb eg jocifkm jurtciofket ga arkk spkkjl.
•   ]lk Jurakw Grmiecejks
Grmiecejks crk hut kxcfpok
kxcfpoks
s ga okbco
okbco
•   Ge tlk jgetrcry,
jgetrcry, lgwkvkr,
lgwkvkr, tlis Jgurt
Jgurt aiems
aiems prgpkr
prgpkr tg
rkstrijtig
rkstrijtiges
es mksibek
mksibekmm tg cim pcrkets ie tlkir
tlkir rgok ga 
kxcf
kxcfie iek
k tlk
tlk cssc
csscio
iokm
km rkbu
rkbuoc
octi
tige
ges
s uemk
uemkrr tlk
tlk stri
strijt
jt
prgfgtieb tlkir jliomrke's wkoo-hkieb.
sjrutiey tkst. (Z^C
(Z^CXDXD v. Sukz
Sukzgege Jity, Cubust <,
8>32) • (Z^CXD
(Z^CXD v . Sukzge
Sukzge Jity, Cub ust <, 8>32
8>32))

29 <>

• CEZR
CEZRKX0
KX0 (Kquco
(Kquco ^rgtkjtige) • CEZR
CEZRKX0 KX0 (Kquco
(Kquco ^rgtkjtige )
•   ]lk rkstrijtig
rkstrijtiges
es skt hy tlk Jurakw
Jurakw Grmiece
Grmiecejks
jks tlct •   Ritl
Ritl rksp
rkspkj
kjtt tg tlk
tlk ribl
ribltt tg trcv
trcvko
ko,, fiegr
fiegrss crk
crk
cppoy
cppoy sgokoy
sgokoy tg fiegrs
fiegrs crk oidkwis
oidkwisk
k jgestituti
jgestitutigec
gecooy
ooy rkqu
rkquir
irkm
km hy ocwocw tg ghtc
ghtcie
ie c jokcr
jokcrce
cejk
jk argf
argf tlk
tlk
pkrfissihok. MZRM hkagrk tlky jce trcvko tg c agrkibe jguetry hy
•  Ie tlis rkoctige, tlis Jgurt rkjgbeizks tlct fiegrs mg tlkf
tlkfsk
skov
ovks
ks gr witl
itl c pkrs
pkrsge
ge gtlk
gtlkrr tlce
tlce tlki
tlkir 
r 
pgsskss cem ke`gy jgestitutigeco riblts, ut tlk kxkrjisk pcrkets.
ga tlksk riblts is egt jg-kxtkesivk cs tlgsk ga cmuots. •   ]lksk oifitctiges
oifitctiges mkfgestrct
mkfgestrctk k tlct tlk Ztctk lcs
• ]lky crk cowcys suh`kjt tg tlk cutlgrity gr justgmy ga  hrgcmk
hrgcmkrr cutlgr
cutlgrity
ity gvkr
gvkr tlk fiegrs
fiegrs'' cjtivit
cjtivitiks
iks tlce
tlce
cegtlkr, sujl cs tlkir pcrket/s cem/gr bucrmice/s, cem gvkr sifiocr cjtiges ga cmuots, cem gvkrcoo, rkaokjt tlk
tlk Ztctk.   Cs pcrkes pctrick, tlk Ztctk rkbuoctks Ztctk's bkekrco ietkrkst ie tlk wkoo-hkieb ga fiegrs.
cem, tg c jkrtc
jkrtcie
ie kxtket,
xtket, rkstri
rkstrijts
jts tlk fiegrs'
fiegrs'
•   ]lu
]lus,s, tlk
tlk Ztct
Ztctkk fcy ifpgs
ifpgsk k oifit
oifitct
ctige
iges
s ge tlktlk
kxkrj
kxkrjisk
isk ga tlkir riblts, sujl
tlkir riblts, sujl cs ie tlki
tlkirr caac
caacir
irs
s
fieg
fiegrsrs'' kxkr
kxkrjis
jisk
k ga ribl
riblts
ts kvke
kvke tlgu
tlgubl
bl tlks
tlksk
k
jgejkr
jgejkreie
eiebb tlk riblt
riblt tg vgtk,
vgtk, tlk riblt
riblt tg kxkjut
kxkjutk k
jget
jgetrc
rcjt
jts,
s, cem
cem tlk
tlk ribl
ribltt tg kebc
kebcbk
bk ie bcie bcieau
auoo oifitctiges mg egt bkekrcooy cppoy tg cmuots.
kfpogyfket. (Z^CXD v. Sukzge Jity, Cubust <, 8>32) • (Z^CXD
(Z^CXD v . Sukzge
Sukzge Jity, Cub ust <, 8>32
8>32))

<3 <8

• CEZRKX0 (XIBL] ]G ]XCQKO) • CEZRKX0 (XIBL] ]G ]XCQKO)

•   Cs tlk 39<2
39<2 Jgestit
Jgestituti
utige
ge itskoa
itskoa rkcms,
rkcms, tlk Ztctk
Ztctk fcy •  Ie tlk prksket jcsk, kcjl ga tlk grmiecejks fust hk
ifpgsk oifitctiges ge tlk kxkrjisk ga tlis riblt, prgvimkm ecrrgwoy
ecrrgwoy tciogrkm
tciogrkm cs tg kesurk fieifco
fieifco jgestrciet
jgestrciet egt
tlct tlky0   (3)
(3) skrvk tlk ietkrkst ga ectigeco
ectigeco skjurity, geoy ge tlk fiegrs' riblt tg trcvko hut cosg ge tlkir gtlkr 
puhoij scakty,
scakty, gr puhoij lkcotl4
lkcotl4 cem (8)
(8) crk prgvimkm hy jgestitutigeco riblts.
ocw.
•   Ie suf,
suf, wliok
wliok tlk Jgurt aiems tlct coo tlrkk Jurak Jurakw
w
•   [emkr
[emkr tlk strijt sjrutiey
sjrutiey tkst,
tkst, tlk bgvkrefk
bgvkrefket et lcs tlk Grmiec
Grmiecejk
ejkss lcvk pcsskm
pcsskm tlk airst prgeb ga tlk strijt
jctige  (i) is ekjksscry tg
hurmke ga prgvieb tlct tlk jocssiai jctige (i) sjrutiey tkst ”   tlct is, tlct tlk Ztctk lcs suaaijiketoy
sjrutiey
cjlikvk c jgfpkooieb Ztctk ietkrkst, cem (ii) is tlk okcst slgwe c jgfpkooieb ietkrkst tg prgfgtk `uvkeiok scakty
rkstrijtivk fkces tg prgtkjt sujl ietkrkst gr tlk fkces cem prkvket `uvkeiok jrifk ie tlk jgejkrekm ogjcoitiks,
jlgske is ecrrgwoy tciogrkm tg cjjgfpoisl tlk ietkrkst .
geoy tlk Sukzge Jity Grmiecejk lcs pcsskm tlk skjgem
•   Cotlgubl
Cotlgubl trkctk
trkctkm
m miaakr
miaakrke
ketoy
toy argf
argf cmuot
cmuots,
s, tlk agrkbg
agrkbgieb
ieb prgeb ga tlk strijt sjrutiey tkst, cs it is tlk geoy issucejk
stcemcrm
stcemcrm cppoiks tg rkbuoctiges
rkbuoctiges ge fiegrs cs tlky crk stioo gut ga tlk tlrkk wlijl prgvimks agr tlk okcst rkstrijtivk
cjjgrm
cjjgrmkmkm tlk arkkmg
arkkmgf f tg pcrtij
pcrtijipc
ipctk
tk ie cey okbiti
okbitifctk
fctk fkces tg cjlikvk tlis ietkrkst.
cjtivity, wlktlkr it hk sgjico, rkoibigus, gr jivij.
• (Z^CXD
(Z^CXD v. Sukzge Jity, Cubu st <, 8>32)
8>32)
• (Z^CXD
(Z^CXD v. Sukzge Jity, Cubu st <, 8>32)
8>32)

<: <=

Jgpyriblt hy Ctty Keriquk Q mkoc Jruz @r 3=

8>8> Okjturk 3 ie Jgestitutigeco Ocw 8 :/32/8>8>

‟EGX   ZLC
ZLCOO
OO CE
CEY
Y ^KXZGE
KS[CO HK
^XG]
^XG]KJ
KJ]I
MKEIKM
]IGE
GE GA ]L
]LK
KS [ C O
K OCR.‖
^XG]KJ]IGE
(Crt. III, Zkj 3, 39<2
39<2 Jgest
Jgestitu
itutig
tig e)

<; <1

•   S0 Rlct is tlk jgejkpt ga kquco prgtkjtige ga  •   S0

S0 JcJce
e c ]r]rutl
utl Jg Jgffi
ffissig
ssigee hk ks kstc
tchois
hoislk
lkm
m
tlk ocws7 spkjiaijcooy tg ievkstibctk cookbkm irrkbuocritiks
• C0   It fkces
fkces tlct
tlct coo pkrsge
pkrsges
s gr tliebs
tliebs sifiocroy
sifiocroy ie tlk Crrgyg Cmfieistrctige7
situctkm slguom hk trkctkm coidk, hgtl cs tg riblts • C0   Eg. tlk
tlk Crrgy
Crrgyg g cmfie
cmfieisistr
trct
ctig
ige
e is hut
hut `ust
`ust c
jgeakrrkm cem rkspgesihioitiks ifpgskm. fkfh
fkfhk kr ga c jocjocss,
ss, tlct
lct is,
is, c joc
jocss ga pcst
pcst
•  It bucrcetkks kqucoity, egt imketity ga riblts. It mgks cmfieistrctiges. It is egt c jocss ga its gwe.
egt agrhim misjrifiectige cs tg pkrsges cem tliebs • Egt
Egt tg iejou
iejoumk
mk pcst
pcst cmfi
cmfiei
eist
strc
rcti
tige
ges
s sifio
sifiocr
croy
oy
tlct crk miaakrket. situctkm jgestitutks crhitrcriekss wlijl tlk kquco
• Rlct
Rlct it agr agrhims
hims crk
crk misti
istiej
ejti
tige
ges
s hcsk
hcskmm ge prgtkjtige jocusk jceegt scejtige.
ifpkr
ifpkrfi
fiss
ssiho
ihok
k jrit
jritkr
kric
ic uerk
uerkoc
octk
tkmm tg c prgpprgpkr 
kr  • Zujl
Zujl misj
misjri
rifi
fiec
ecti
tieb
eb miaa
miaakr
krke
keti
tict
ctig
ige
e jokc
jokcro
roy
y
okbisoc
okbisoctiv
tivk
k purpgs
purpgsk,k, gr jocss
jocss gr misjrif
misjrifiect
iectgry
gry rkvkrhkrctks tg ochko tlk jgffissige cs c vklijok
okbisoctige, wlijl misjrifiectks cbciest sgfk cem agr viemijtivkekss cem skokjtivk rktrihutige. (Hircgbg
rktrihutige. (Hircgbg
acvgrs gtlkrs wlke hgtl crk sifiocroy situctkm. v. ]lk ^lioippiek ]rutl Jgffissige ga 8>3>, B.X.
Eg. 3989:;, Mkj. 2, 8>3>)

<2 <<

• S0 Rlclctt crk tlk rkquisitk

rkquisitks
s agr c vc
vcoim
oim •  S0 Mgks kquco prgtkjtige ga tlk ocws cppoy
jocssiaijctige7 tg hgtl jitizkes cem coikes7
coikes7
BX0  It cppoiks tg coo pkrsges, hgtl jitizkes cem
BX0 It
coikes. ]lk Jgestitutige pocjks tlk jivio riblts ga 
• C0 ]lk jocssiaijctige fust0
coik
coikes
es ge kquc
kqucoo aggt
aggtie
iebb witl
witl tlgs
tlgskk ga tlktlk
• Xkst ge suhstcetico
suhstcetico mistiejtiges jitizkes.
•  Hk bkrfcek tg tlk purpgsk ga tlk ocw \^E0   Ztctu
Ztctutk
tks
s fcy
fcy vcoi
vcoimo
moy
y oifi
oifitt tg jiti
jitizk
zkes
es
• Egt hk oifitkm tg kxistieb jgemitiges geoy4 kxjousivkoy tlk ke`gyfket ga riblts gr priviokbks
jgeekjtkm witl puhoij mgfcie, tlk puhoij wgrds,
•   Cppoy
Cppoy kqucooy
kqucooy tg coo fkfhk
fkfhkrs
rs ga tlk
tlk scfk
scfk
gr tlk ecturco rksgurjks ga tlk Ztctk.  Coikes mg
jocss.
egt ke`gy tlk scfk prgtkjtige cs rkbcrms pgoitijco
•  (^kgpok v. Jcyct, B.X. Eg. O-=;9<2, Fcy ;, riblts.   (Iejlgeb
(Iejlgeb v. Lkrecemkz
Lkrecemkz,, B.X.
B.X. Eg. O-299;,
O-299;,
39:9) Fcy :3, 39;2)

<9 9>

Jgpyriblt hy Ctty Keriquk Q mkoc Jruz @r 3;

8>8> Okjturk 3 ie Jgestitutigeco Ocw 8 :/32/8>8>

•  S0 Mgks kquco prgtkjtige ga tlk ocws cppoy S0 C aoiblt

aoiblt stkwc
stkwcrmk
rmkss
ss wcs
wcs misfissk
misfisskmm hy tlk ciro
ciroiek
iek
tg hgt l jiti zk
zkes
es cem coikes7 jgfpcey
jgfpc ey agr lkr aci
aciourk
ourk tg jgfp
jgfpoyoy witl tlk wkiblt
wkiblt oifit
prksjrihk
prk sjrihkm
m uemkr tlk jgfpcey
jgfpcey pgoijy. Zl Zlk
k sukm
sukm tlk
jgfpcey ge tlk brguem tlct tlk wkiblt oifit pgoijy is
BX0  It cppoiks tg coo pkrsges, hgtl jitizkes cem
• BX0 It misjifiectgry cem vigoctivk ga tlk kquco
kquco prgtkjtige jocusk
ga tlk Jgestitutige. Rioo lkr suit prgspkr7
prgspkr7
coikes. ]lk Jgestitutige pocjks tlk jivio riblts ga 
coik
coikes
es ge kquc
kqucoo aggt
aggtie
ieb
b witl
witl tlgs
tlgskk ga tlktlk  Ceswkr0 Eg. ]lk Jgurt scim0 ‟Ie   tlk tlk chsk
chskejk
ejk ga 
jitizkes. bgvkref
bgvkrefketc
ketcoo ietkrakrk
ietkrakrkejk
ejk,, tlk oihkrtik
oihkrtiks
s bucrcet
bucrcetkkm
kkm hy tlk
Jgestitu
Jgestitutige
tige jceegt hk ievgdkm.
ievgdkm. ^ut miaakrketoy
miaakrketoy,, tlk Hioo ga 
Xiblts
Xiblts is egt fkcet tg hk ievgdkm cbciest cbciest cjts ga privctk
•   \^E0   Ztctu
Ztctutk
tkss fcy
fcy vcoi
vcoimo
moy
y oifit
oifit tg jiti
jitizk
zkes
es iemivimucos.
kxjousivkoy tlk ke`gyfket ga riblts gr priviokbks Kquco
Kquco prgtkjt
prgtkjtige
ige krkjts
krkjts eg slikom
slikom cbciest
cbciest privctk
privctk jgemujt
jgemujt,,
jgeekjtkm witl puhoij mgfcie, tlk puhoij wgrds, lgwkvkr misjrifiectgry
misjrifiectgry gr wrgebauo. ^rivctk cjtiges, eg fcttkr 
gr tlk ecturco rksgurjks ga tlk Ztctk lgw kbrkbigus, jceegt vigoctk tlk kquco prgtkjtige bucrcetkk. ‖
(Yrcsukbui v . ^lio . Ciro ieks, Iej., ;19 ZJXC =12 (8>><
(8>><))
))

93 98

S0 XC 981
9818
8 acvgrs
acvgrs geoy wgfk
wgfke e cem
cem mkeik
mkeiks
s tlk scfk
scfk S0 Zkj.
Zk j. ;.8:
;.8: ga tlk XL-IX
XL-IXXX prgvimks tlct sdio okm
rkoikaa ga prgtkjtige tg fke. Is tlis jgestitutigeco7
rkoik puhoij lkcotl prgakssigecos crk rkquirkm tg ifpokfket
tlk XL ocw hut privcprivctk
tk lk
lkco
cotl
tl prgak
prgakssige
ssigecos
cos jc
jcee
 Ceswkr0 YKZ. ]lk uekquco pgwkr rkoctigeslip
rkoctigeslip hktwkke
wgfke
wgfke cem fke is c suhstcet
suhstcetico
ico mistiejtige
mistiejtige44 tlk acjt tlct
tlct rkausk tg mg sg uemkr tlk jgesjiketigus gh`kjtige
wgfke crk fgrk oidkoy tlce fke tg hk vijtifs ga vigokejk4 cem jocusk. Is tlis prgvisige jgestitutigeco7
tlk wimksprkcm bkemkr hics cem prk`umijk cbciest wgfke coo  C0 EG.
EG. ]lis is misjrifiectgry cem vigoctivk ga tlk kquco
fcdk agr rkco miaakrkejks
miaakrkejks `ustiayieb tlk jocssiaijctige uemkr tlk prgtkjtige jocusk.
ocw. ]lk jgesjiketi
jgesjiketigus
gus gh`kjtige
gh`kjtige jocusk slguom kqucooy cppoy
]lk mistiejtige hktwkke fke cem wgfke is bkrfcek tg tlk tg coo fkmijco prcjtitigek
prcjtitigekrs
rs witlgut
witlgut mistiejtige
mistiejtige wlktlkr 
purpgsk ga X.C. 9818, wlijl is tg cmmrkss vigokejk jgffittkm
jgffittkm tlky hkogeb tg tlk puhoij gr privctk skjtgr.
cbciest wgfke cem jliomrke.
 Catkr coo, tlk arkkmgf tg hkoikvk is ietriesij ie kvkry
X.C. 9818 is hcskm ge c vcoim jocssiaijctige cem, cs sujl, mim
iemivimuco cem tlk prgtkjtivk rghk tlct bucrcetkks its arkk
egt vigoctk tlk kquco prgtkjtige jocusk hy acvgrieb wgfke gvkr 
fke cs vijtifs
vijtifs ga vigokejk cem chusk tg wlgf tlk Ztctk Ztctk
kxkrjisk is egt tcdke gaa kvke ia gek cjquirks kfpogyfket
kxtkems
kxtkems its prgtkjti ge.   (BCXJ
prgtkjtige. (BCXJICIC Q. MXIOG
MXIOGE,E, B.X.
B.X. Eg. bgvkrefket.  ( Ifhgeb kt. co., v. Gjlgc  B.X. Eg.
ie tlk bgvkrefket. (
329812. @ue k 8;, 8>3:.) 8>=<39 Cprio <, 8>3=)

9: 9=

S0 C ocw wcs pcssk

pcsskm
m brcetieb 8>
8>%
% misjguet ge ge coo aggm Zke. @ieb
Zke. @iebbgy
bgy Kst
Kstrc
rcmc
mc joc
jocifs
ifs tlc
tlctt tlk GfGfhums
humsfc
fcee
cem mrubs hgublt hy jgesufkrs wlg crk skeigr jitizkes vigoctk
vigoc tkm
m lis ribl
ribltt tg muk prgjk
prgjkss
ss wlke lk wc wcss egt
gr pkrsges witl mischioitiks. Mgk
Mgkss tlis vigo ctk tlk
tlk kquco
kquco aureislk
aureislkm m jgp
jgpiks
iks ga tlk jguetkr-c
jguetkr-caaimc
aaimcvits
vits ga lis jg-
prgtkjtige jocusk7 rkspgemkets ie tlk pouemkr jcsk.
jcsk. Is lk jgrrkjt7
jgrrkjt7
 C0 EG. • EG.
EG. ]lkrk is eg ocw gr ruok wlijl stctks tlct it is c jgfpuosgry
]lk kquco
kquco prgtkjt
prgtkjtige
ige jocusk is egt ieariebkm
ieariebkm hy okbisocti
okbisoctige
ge rkquirkfket
rkquirkfket ga muk prgjkss ie c prkoifiecry
prkoifiecry ievkstibctige
ievkstibctige tlct
wlijl cppoiks geoy tg tlgsk pkrsges acooieb witlie c spkjiaikm tlk Gfhums
Gfhumsfcefce aureis
aureisl
l c rkspge
rkspgemke
mkett witl
witl tlk jguetk
jguetkr-
r-
caaimcvits ga lis jg-rkspgemkets.
jocss.   Ia tlk brgupiebs crk jlcrcjtkrizkm hy suhstcetico
mistiejtiges tlct fcdk rkco miaakrkejks, gek jocss fcy hk • Ie Zke. Kstrcmc's
Kstrcmc's jcsk, tlk mkeico ga lis Xkqukst
Xkqukst lcppkekm
lcppkekm
trkctkm cem rkbuoctkm
rkbuoctkm miaakrketoy a rgf cegtlkr . murieb tlk prkoifiecry ievkstibctige wlkrk tlk geoy issuk is tlk
kxistkejk ga prghchok jcusk agr tlk purpgsk ga mktkrfieieb
Agr c jocssiai
jocssiaijcti
jctige
ge tg hk vcoim, (3) it fust
fust hk hcskm upge
wlktlkr ce ieagrfctige slguom hk aiokm, cem mgks egt prkvket
suhstcetico mistiejtiges, (8) it fust hk bkrfcek tg tlk purpgsks Zke. Kstrcmc argf rkqukstieb c jgpy ga tlk jguetkr-caaimcvits ga 
ga tlk ocw, (:) it fust egt hk oifitkm tg kxistieb jgemitiges geoy, lis jg-rkspgemkets murieb tlk prk-trico gr kvke murieb tlk trico .
cem (=) it fust cppoy kqucooy tg coo fkfhkrs ga tlk scfk jocss.
• T Kstrcmc Gfhumsfce,  kt
Kstrcmc v. Gaaijk ga tlk Gfhumsfce, co ., B.X. Egs.
(ZG[]L
(ZG[]LKXE KXE O[PGE MX[B JGX^. JGX^. v . MZRM,
MZRM, B.X. Eg.
8383=> ‚
8383=> ‚=3, 8>3;.V
=3, @ceucry 83, 8>3;
399119, 8; C^XIO 8>32 )

9; 91

Jgpyriblt hy Ctty Keriquk Q mkoc Jruz @r 31

8>8> Okjturk 3 ie Jgestitutigeco Ocw 8 :/32/8>8>

• S0 Mim tlk Gfhumsfce

Gfhumsfce vigoctk tlk muk prgjkss riblts S0 C ocw wcs pcssk
pcsskm
m brcetieb 8>
8>%
% misjguet ge coo aggm
ga Zke. @iebbgy wlke it mkeikm lis rkqukst agr jgpiks ga  cem mrubs hgublt hy jgesufkrs wlg crk skeigr jitizkes
tlk jguetkr-caaimcvits ga lis jg-rkspgemkets7 gr pkrsges witl mischioitiks. Mgk
Mgkss tlis vigoctk tlk kquco
kquco
•   C0 EG. prgtkjtige jocusk7
• It slguom hk uemkrsjgrkm tlct tlk jgemujt ga c prkoifiecry  C0 EG.
ievkstibctige is geoy agr tlk mktkrfiectige ga prghchok jcusk, ]lk kquco
kquco prgtkjti
prgtkjtige
ge jocusk
jocusk is egt ieariebkm
ieariebkm hy okbisoctig
okbisoctige
e
cem "prghchok jcusk fkrkoy ifpoiks prghchioity ga buiot cem wlijl cppoiks geoy tg tlgsk pkrsges acooieb witlie c spkjiaikm
slguom hk mktkrfiekm ie c suffcry fceekr. jocss.   Ia tlk brgupiebs crk jlcrcjtkrizk
jlcrcjtkrizkm m hy suhstcetico
suhstcetico
• C prkoifiecry ievkstibctige
ievkstibctige is egt c pcrt ga tlk trico cem it is mistiejtiges tlct fcdk rkco miaakrkejks, gek jocss fcy hk
geoy
geoy ie c trico
trico wlkrk
wlkrk ce cjjucjjuskm
skm jce mkfcem
mkfcem tlk auoo auoo trkctkm cem rkbuoctkm
rkbuoctkm miaakrketoy a rgf cegtlkr .
kxkrjisk
kxkrjisk ga lis riblts,
riblts, sujl cs tlk riblt tg jgearge
jgeargett cem Agr c jocssiai
jocssiaijcti
jctige
ge tg hk vcoim, (3) it fust
fust hk hcskm upge
jrgss-kxcfiek lis cjjuskrs tg kstchoisl lis ieegjkejk." suhstcetico mistiejtiges, (8) it fust hk bkrfcek tg tlk purpgsks
• ]lus,
]lus, tlk
tlk ribl
riblts
ts ga c rksprkspge
gemk
mket
et ie c prko prkoif
ifie
iecr
cryy ga tlk ocw, (:) it fust egt hk oifitkm tg kxistieb jgemitiges
jgemitiges geoy,
ievkstibctige crk oifitkm tg tlgsk brcetkm hy prgjkmurco ocw.. cem (=) it fust cppoy kqucooy tg coo fkfhkrs ga tlk scfk jocss.
T Kstrcmc Gfhumsfce,  kt co ., B.X. Egs.
Kstrcmc v. Gaaijk ga tlk Gfhumsfce, (ZG[]LK
(ZG[]LKXE XE O[PGE
O[PGE MX[BMX[B JGX^.
JGX^. v. MZRM,
MZRM, B.X.B.X. Eg.
8383=> ‚
8383=> ‚=3, 8>3;.V
=3, @ceucry 83, 8>3; 399119, 8; C^XIO 8>32 )

92 9<

S0 Jce  ‟Zkokjtivk ^rgskjut

^rgskjutige‖ hk uskm cs c brguem tg
ige‖ hk S0 Rl ct
ct cr k t l k s t ce
ce mc
mcr ms
ms g a ` um
um ij
ij ic
ico r kv
kv ik
ikw g e
qucsl c jrifieco jcsk7 jgestitutigecoity ga ocws7
 C0 EG.  C0
]lk prgskju
prgskjutige
tige ga gaakesks
gaakesks is bkekrcooy
bkekrcooy cmmrksskm
cmmrksskm tg tlk 3.   Xctigeco
Xctigeco Hcsis ]kst ]kst   gr Mkakrket
Mkakrketico rkvikw  ‚   Ocws crk
ico rkvikw
sguem
sguem misjr
misjrkti
ktige aisjco..   C j o ci
ge ga tlk aisjco ci f g a " s ko
ko kj
kj t iv
iv k uplkom
uplkom ia tlky rctigecooy
rctigecooy aurtlkr
aurtlkr c okbitifct
okbitifctkk bgvkref
bgvkrefketc
ketcoo
prgsk
prgskjutige"
jutige" fcyfcy geoy
geoy prgspk
prgspkrr ia tlkrk
tlkrk is kxtriesij
xtriesij ietk
ietkrkrkst
st,, witl
witlgu
gutt jgur
jgurts
ts skri
skrigu
guso
soy
y iequ
iequir
irie
ieb
b ietg
ietg tlk
tlk
kvimkejk ga "jokcr slgwieb ga ietketigeco misjrifiectige." suhstceticoity
suhstceticoity ga sujl ietkrkst cem kxcfieieb tlk cotkrectivk
]lk prgskjutige ga gek pkrsge tg tlk kxjousige ga gtlkrs wlg fkces hy wlijl tlk gh`kjtivks jguom hk cjlikvkm
fcy hk `ust cs buioty mgks egt cutgfctijcooy ketcio c vigoctige ga  8.   Ietkrfkmictk
Ietkrfkmictk Zjrutiey ]kst ]kst  ‚   ]lk suhstcet
suhstceticoit
icoity
y ga tlk
tlk kquco prgtkjtige jocusk. bgvkre
bgvkrefk fketetco
co ietkrk
ietkrkst
st is skrigu
skrigusoy
soy oggdkm
oggdkm ietg
ietg cem tlk
 C jcsk agr skokjtivk prgskjutige
prgskjutige crisks wlke c prgskjutgr 
prgskjutgr  cvciochioity ga okss rkstrijtivk cotkrectivks is jgesimkrkm.
jlcrbks
jlcrbks mkakemce
mkakemcets hcskm ge   "jgestitutigecooy   prglihitkm
ts hcskm :.   Ztrijt sjrutiey ]kst  ‚   ]lk agjus is ge tlk prkskejk ga 
stce
stcemc
mcrmrms
s sujl
sujl cs rcjkrcjk,, rkoi
rkoibi
bige
ge gr gtlk
gtlkrr crhi
crhitr
trcr
cry
y jgfpkooieb, rctlkr tlce suhstcetico bgvkrefketco ietkrkst cem
jocssiaijctige.   ]lk hurmke
‟   hurmke oiks
oiks ge tlktlk cjju
cjjuskm
skm tg slgw
slgw ge tlk chskejk ga okss rkstrijtivk fkces agr cjlikvieb tlct
misjrifiectgry ietket tlrgubl kxtriesij kvimkejk. ietkrkst (Zkpcrctk
Zkpcrctk gpieige g a @ust ijk Fkemgzc ie Kstr cmc v.
TChu hcdcr v. ^kgpo k, BX Eg. 8>8=><
8>8=><,, @u ek 82, 8>3<V
8>3<V Zcemibcehcyce , B.X. Eg. 3=<91;, Akh. 81, 8>>8)

99 3>>

S0 ]lk @HJ lcs cmgptkm c pgoijy tlct Airst Okvko Jgurt S0 Mgks tlk ;-ykc
;-ykcrr skrvijk pg oijy agr Airst Okvko
 `um bks fu st ai rs t kcre ; y kcrs ga skr vi jk hka gr k t lky crk @umbks vigoctk tlk kquco prgtkjtige jocusk7
jgesimkrkm agr prgfgtige tg tlk X]J gr liblkr jgurts. Is
• EG.  Jgesimkrctige ga kxpkrikejk hy @HJ cs gek acjtgr ie
tlis pgoijy rkquirkm tg hk puhoislkm tg hk vcoim7
jlggsieb
jlggsieb rkjgffke
rkjgffkemkm mkm cppgietk
cppgietkks
ks mgks egt jgestitu
jgestitutk
tk c
vigoctige ga tlk kquco prgtkjtige jocusk.
•   YKZ.   ]lk cssc
cssciok
iokm
m @HJ
@HJ pgoij
pgoijy
y mgks
mgks egt
egt acoo
acoo witl
witlie
ie tlk
tlk
cmfiei
cmfieistr
strcti
ctivk
vk ruoks
ruoks cem rkbuoc
rkbuoctig
tiges
es kxkfpt
kxkfptkm
km argf
argf tlk
tlk • ]lk @HJ mgks egt misjrifiectk wlke it kfpogys eufhkr ga 
puhoijctige rkquirkfket. ykcrs ga skrvijk tg sjrkke cem miaakrketictk cppoijcets argf
• ]lk cssciokm pgoijy ievgovks c qucoiaijctige
qucoiaijctige stcemcrm hy wlijl tlk jgfpktitige.
tlk @HJ slcoo mktkrfiek prgvke jgfpktkejk ga ce cppoijcet . • ]lk eufhkr ga ykcrs ga skrvijk prgvimks
prgvimks c rkokvcet hcsis tg
• It is egt ce ietkre
ietkreco
co rkbuoc
rkbuoctig
tige,
e, hkjcusk
hkjcusk ia it wkrk,
wkrk, it wguom
wguom mktkrfiek prgvke jgfpktkejk wlijl fcy hk fkcsurkm hy
rkbuoctk cem caakjt geoy tlk fkfhkrs ga tlk @HJ cem tlkir s tcaa. kxpkrikejk, cfgeb gtlkr acjtgrs.
•   ]lus, it is hut c ecturco
ecturco jgeskqukejk
jgeskqukejk tlkrkga
tlkrkga tlct pgtketico • ]lk miaakrkejk ie trkctfket
trkctfket hktwkke ogwkr jgurt `umbks
`umbks wlg
cppoijc
cppoijcet
ets
s hk ieagrf
ieagrfkm
km ga tlk
tlk rkquir
rkquirkfk
kfkets
ets tg tlk `umijic
`umijicoo lcvk skrvkm ct okcst aivk ykcrs cem tlgsk wlg lcvk skrvkm
pgsit
pgsitige
iges,
s, sg tlct
tlct tlky
tlky jce
jce jgfp oy.. (@umbk Akrmiecem
jgfpoy Akrmiecem okss tlce aivk ykcrs,
ykcrs, is hcskm
hcskm ge suhstcet
suhstcetico
ico mistiejt
mistiejtiges
iges..
Qiooce ukvc vs . tlk @HJ, B.X. Eg.
Eg. 833<::, >2 Cprio 8>3;) (@umbk
@umbk Akrmiec
Akrmiecem
em Qiooc
Qiooceuk
eukvc
vc vs. tlk @HJ,
@HJ, B.X.
B.X. Eg.
833<::, >2 Cprio 8>3;)

3>3 3>8

Jgpyriblt hy Ctty Keriquk Q mkoc Jruz @r 32

8>8> Okjturk 3 ie Jgestitutigeco Ocw 8 :/32/8>8>

 Cmf ie is tr
trcti
cti vk Mu k ^rgjks
^rg jkss
s
]lk J[MIC
J[MIC vs ^FC Jcsk
Jcsk
ie tl k Jumic Jcsk
Jcsk
• 3JO Jumic cem aivk gtlkr jcmkts crrivkm
crrivkm twg fieutks octk ie •   ]lk LJ is bivke okkwcy ge tlk vgtieb prgjkmurks ie
tlkir jocss. ]lky wkrk bivke
bivke mkfkrits cem tgur
tgur ga mutiks. cjtuco jcsks tcdieb ietg cjjguet tlk kxibkejy ga tlk
Jumic prgtkstkm ge tlk brguem tlct ‟tlkir  prkvigus
 prkvigus jocss wcs tifks. Rlct is ifpgrtcet is tlct, ie tlk kem, tlkrk fust
misfisskm c hit octk. ‖ hk c ueceifgus eiek vgtks ie grmkr tg lgom c jcmkt
• Hkjcusk lk prgtkstkm,
prgtkstkm, c misjipoiecry jcsk wcs aiokm cbciest buioty ga vigoctieb tlk Lgegr Jgmk.
lif agr oyieb.
oyieb. It wcs cookbkm
cookbkm tlct tlk prkvigus
prkvigus jocss wcs
•   Brcetieb, agr  crbufket’s  scdk, tlct tlk LJ vigoctkm its
misfisskm ge tifk.
writtke
writtke prgjkmurk,
prgjkmurk, tlkrk is egtlieb
egtlieb ielkrketoy
ielkrketoy wrgeb
• ]lk Lgegrs Jgffittkk wcs jgestitutkm
jgestitutkm tg ievkstibctk
ievkstibctk lif.
witl tlk prcjtijk ga  ‟jlcfhkrieb‖  jgesimkrieb tlct tlk
]lk LJ ieiticooy
ieiticooy vgtkm <-3.
<-3. [emkr
[emkr ^FC Xuoks,
Xuoks, tlk jcsk
prkskejk ga ietifimctige gr agrjk jceegt cutgfctijcooy
slguom hk misfisskm ia vgtieb wcs egt ueceifgus. ]lk LJ
Jlcirfce
Jlcirfce jcookm agr ce kxkjutivk
kxkjutivk skssige
skssige cem c skjgem
skjgem hk ieakrrkm tlkrkargf.
vgtieb wcs mgek. ]lk rksuot wcs egw ueceifgus. • T Ai
Ai rrss tJo c
css s Jcm kt
kt C om
om riri e @ ka
ka a Ju mi
mi c v s.
s. ]l k
• Jumic wcs grmkrkm misfisskm argf tlk ^FC. Zupk
Zupkrietk
rietkemk
emket et ga tlk ^FC,
^FC, B.X. B.X. Eg. 833:833:18
18,, 8;
Akhrucry 8>3;. V
• Rcs tlkrk c vigoctige ga lis riblts tg muk prgjkss7

3>: 3>=

 Cr k ^FC j cmkt

cmktss keti
ke titoto km tg
t g p rg jkm
jkmur
ur co muk
m uk p rg jks
jksss Jce c ^FC jcmkt uemkr ievkstibctige agr Lgegr
Jce
murieb misjipoie cry lkcriebs7
lkcriebs7 Jgmk Qigoctige
Qigoctige ievgdk tlk ribl t tg jgu esko7
• YKZ.
YKZ. C jcmkjcmktt acji
acjieb
eb misfi
misfiss
ssco
co argf
argf tlk
tlk fioi
fioitc
tcry
ry • EG. ]lkrk is egtlieb ie tlk 39<2 Jgestitutige
Jgestitutige stctieb tlct c
cjcmkfy agr fisjgemujt lcs jgestitutigecooy prgtkjtkm pcrty
pcrty ie c ege-o
ege-oiti
itibct
bctige
ige prgjk
prgjkkmi
kmieb
eb is ketit
ketitok
okm
m tg hk
privct
privctk
k ietkrk
ietkrksts
sts (oiak,
(oiak, oihkrt
oihkrty,
y, gr prgpkrt
prgpkrty)4
y)4 lkejk,
lkejk, rkprksketkm hy jguesko. ]lk cssistcejk ga c ocwykr, wliok
misjipoiecry prgjkkmiebs jgemujtkm witlie tlk hguems mksirchok, is egt iemispkeschok.
ga prgjkmurco muk prgjkss is c fust. •   C pcrty
pcrty ie ce cmfieistrct
cmfieistrctivk
ivk iequiry
iequiry fcy gr fcy egt hk
cssis
cssistkm
tkm hy jgues
jguesko,
ko, irrksp
irrkspkj
kjti
tivk
vk ga tlk ectur
ecturk
k ga tlk
•   Agr tlct rkcsge,
rkcsge, tlk ^FC is egt iffuek
iffuek argf tlk
jlcrbks
jlcrbks cem ga tlk rkspgemk
rkspgemket'set's jcpcjit
jcpcjityy tg rkprkske
rkprkskett
strijt
strijturk
urks
s ga muk prgjks
prgjkss.
s. Rlkrk
Rlkrk c pkrsge'
pkrsge's
s bggm
bggm lifskoa,
lifskoa, cem eg muty rksts
rksts ge sujl hgmy tg aureisl
aureisl tlk
ecfk,
ecfk, rkput
rkputct
ctig
ige,
e, lgegr
lgegr,, gr ietk
ietkbr
brit
ity
y is ct stcd
stcdk
k pkrsge hkieb ievkstibctkm witl jguesko.
hkjcusk ga wlct tlk bgvkrefket is mgieb tg lif, tlk
• Lkejk, tlk ^FC cs ce cmfieistrctivk
cmfieistrctivk hgmy
hgmy is uemkr eg muty
fieifco
fieifco rkquirkfkets
rkquirkfkets ga tlk muk prgjkss
prgjkss jocusk fust tg prgvimk tlk pkrsge witl jguesko hkjcusk cssistcejk ga 
hk sctisaikm. TAirst Jocss Jcmkt
Jcmkt Comrie @kaa Jumic vs. ]lk
]lk rkquirkfket.  TAirst Jocss Jcmkt
jguesko is egt ce chsgoutk rkquirkfket.
Zupkr
Zupkrietk
ietkemk
emket
et ga tlk ^FC,
^FC, B.X.
.X. Eg. 833:
833:18
18,, 8;  Comri
 Co mri e @kaa Jumi c vs. ]lk Zupkr iet kemket
kemke t ga tlk
tl k ^FC,
Akhrucry 8>3;. V B.X. Eg. 833:18, 8; Akhrucry 8>3;. V

3>; 3>1

Zke. @ieb
Zke. @iebbgy
bgy KsKstrc
trcmc
mc joc
jocifs
ifs tlc
tlctt tlk GfGfhumsf
humsfce
ce • S0 Mim tlk Gfhumsfce
Gfhumsfce vigoctk tlk muk prgjkss riblts
vigoctk
vigoctkm
m lis ribl
ribltt tg muk prgjkss
prgjkss wlke lk wc wcss egt ga Zke. @iebbgy wlke it mkeikm lis rkqukst agr jgpiks ga 
aureislk
aureislkmm jgp
jgpiks
iks ga tlk jgu
jguetk
etkr-
r-caa
caaimc
imcvits
vits ga lis jg- tlk jguetkr-caaimcvits ga lis jg-rkspgemkets7
rkspgemkets ie tlk pouemkr jcsk.
jcsk. Is lk jgrrkjt7 •   C0 EG.
• EG.
EG. ]lkrk is eg ocw gr ruok wlijl stctks tlct it is c jgfpuosgry • It slguom hk uemkrsjgrkm tlct tlk jgemujt ga c prkoifiecry
rkquirkfket ga muk prgjkss ie c prkoifiecry ievkstibctige tlct ievkstibctige is geoy agr tlk mktkrfiectige ga prghchok jcusk,
tlk Gfhum
Gfhumsfcsfce e aureisl
aureisl c rkspge
rkspgemke
mkett witl
witl tlk jguetk
jguetkr-
r- cem "prghchok jcusk fkrkoy ifpoiks prghchioity ga buiot cem
caaimcvits ga lis jg-rkspgemkets. slguom hk mktkrfiekm ie c suffcry fceekr.
• Ie Zke. Kstrcmc's
Kstrcmc's jcsk, tlk mkeico ga lis Xkqukst
Xkqukst lcppkekm
lcppkekm • C prkoifiecry ievkstibctige
ievkstibctige is egt c pcrt ga tlk trico cem it is
murieb tlk prkoifiecry ievkstibctige wlkrk tlk geoy issuk is tlk geoy
geoy ie c trico
trico wlkrk
wlkrk ce cjjusk
cjjuskmm jce mkfcem
mkfcem tlk auoo auoo
kxistkejk
kxistkejk ga prghchok
prghchok jcusk
jcusk agr tlk purpgsk
purpgsk ga mktkrfieieb
mktkrfieieb kxkrjis
kxkrjiskk ga lis riblts,
riblts, sujl cs tlk riblt tg jgearget
jgearget cem
wlktlkr
wlktlkr ce ieagrfctig
ieagrfctige
e slguom
slguom hk aiokm, cem mgks egt prkvket
prkvket jrgss-kxcfiek lis cjjuskrs tg kstchoisl lis ieegjkejk."
Zke. Kstrcmc argf rkqukstieb c jgpy ga tlk jguetkr-caaimcvits ga 
lis jg-rkspgemkets murieb tlk prk-trico gr kvke murieb tlk trico . • ]lus
]lus,, tlk
tlk ribl
riblts
ts ga c rksp rkspge
gemk
mket
et ie c prko
prkoif
ifie
iecr
cry
y
ievkstibctige crk oifitkm tg tlgsk brcetkm hy prgjkmurco ocw..
Gfhumsfce,  kt
• T Kstrcmc v. Gaaijk ga tlk Gfhumsfce, co ., B.X. Egs. T Kstrcmc Gfhumsfce,  kt co ., B.X. Egs.
Kstrcmc v. Gaaijk ga tlk Gfhumsfce,
8383=> ‚ =3, @ceucry 83, 8>3; .V
8383=> ‚=3,
8383=> ‚
8383=> ‚=3, 8>3;.V
=3, @ceucry 83, 8>3;

3>2 3><

Jgpyriblt hy Ctty Keriquk Q mkoc Jruz @r 3<