2.

Permeability

Permeability is defined as the ratio of flux density to the magnetic field strength.

This parameter can be measured under the different sets of conditions.

2.1 Initial Permeability

The initial Permeability μi is defined as the relative permeability at low excitation level and constitutes the most

important means for the comparison of soft magnetic materials.

2.2 Effective Permeability

If an air gap is introduced in a closed magnetic circuit, magnetic induction becomes more difficult.

As a result, the flux density for a given magnetic field strength becomes lower.

Effective Permeability depends on the initial permeability of the soft magnetic material, the size of air gap and the core

shape.

The effective Permeability is determined by the formula below.

2.3 Complex Permeability

To enable a better comparison of ferrite materials and their frequency characteristics at a very low field strength it is useful

to introduce μ as a complex operator.

 In order to measure the reversible permeability μrev, a small measuring alternating field is superimposed on a DC field.

In this case μrev is heavily dependent on H, core geometry and temperature

μrev of gapped core, μrev, can be calculated from toroid core

2.5 Amplitude permeability, μa

In the relationship between higher field strength and flux densities, the permeability at high induction level is called

amplitude permeability, μa.

At relatively low induction, μa increases with H but as the magnetization reaches saturation, μa decreases with H.

Such a curve is shown in Fig.3