Cini which the varaun> pe dy = Ue wane hy “The equation(ayx * BLY sepde + (22x t bey * e) the homogeneous form rydyt = 0 N (aux # burtide! + (age! + bey DO": - bythe Smtr eh pe rete ! inwhich neh, yk are thedotations of the equations See Problems 13-14, aynsbyy ten 0. and set bey $64 © 0. EQUATIONS OF THE FORM y- f(xy) * xealay)dy = 0.The transformation xdz-1de r wer yep OF a reduces an equation of this form to the form P(x,z)de + Q(x,2)d2 = 0 in which the variables are separable. Sce Problems 15-17. OTHER SUBSTITUTIONS. Equations, not of the types discussed above. may be reduced to a form in which the variables are separable by means of a properly chosen transformation. No general rule of procedure can be given: in each case the form of the equation suggests the transformation. See Problems 18-22. SOLVED PROBLEMS VARIABLES SEPARABLE. Soe a’ds + (yenitdy = 0. The variables are separated. Hence. tegrating term by term, 4 , oe . gE Got ws asa! ef,tv WB 5-34 soy yer \_sotiocenzous EQUATIONS. , \eAine Hyends + yte-ng + 0, The integrating factor 1 Teme MM the equaionto, Fae + VARIABLES SEPARABLE: ::.74)% | ; z Then, integrating. (x + a grating (+14 —Lyde + ats tay 20, ites vay? and teen? The integrating factor are separated. The latter equation may be wr + Im(z-1) + $y? = y+ Inyo) = Cy, 4 dem Bye Qin NYyeny = Cy, +e? + 2ink-Dyey = C reduces the equation to dy y Fan? F109 which the variables td td ‘ttenas 2% _ BH, er ee Integrating. In(x =4) = Ing +4 Iny + InC or (x =4)y" = Cx, dy ay 4. Solve & - —%_ or xcy-aydy = dy dee 0 r xty=3)dy = Ay 20- The integrating factor reduces the equation to Integrating. y- 3 tny = 4 This may be written as Cyx"y? 5. Find the particular solution of ¢ First find the primitive. using 1 Then ye ¥ Tes When x#1, y#2: 2°= Cae x dy» Sade, Y Ine + In Cy ory © InGya*y). sor ty Ce. tee ydy = x7y de « 0 sitistying the initial conditions x* Iyy * 2 i 1 he integrating factor ———=* yee) des 0, Any = $lates) + Ce gang = Ancie x84 anc, yee de 4), C= 4 and the required particular solution is eae chow that the trancformation y = vx will separate the variables. 7 & K8 © EQUATIONS OF FIRST ORDER AND FIRST DEGREE i Ke hey de = ayty = 0. SY obtain The equation is homogeneous of degree 3. We use the transformation y = vz, dy * vdr + zdv to D Peed ~ sted e ed) 2 0 or U-BAyde ~ Bote dy #0 in which the variables are separable. Upon separating the variables, using the integrating factor te. EL BH, ant x03) Tee Anse $n) * Cy, Zins + In(1-2) = 1nC, or (1-2) =C, = a Bea S28 Since v = y/x« the primitive is 2"(1-2°/23) = C’or 2° 2y' = Cey a Note that the equation is of degree 3 and that after the transformation 2? is a factor of the left member of 1). This factor may be removed when making the transformation. lhe dy - yde- vey de = 0. ar The equation is homogeneous of degree 1. Using the transformation y «vx, dy = vde + xdvand ing by x. we have vde+ rdv-vde-Viav? de #0 or xdv-Vinvi de #0, When the variables are separated, using the integrating factor . ee oe Ee. mF Al * - Then are siny-Inx*1nC or aresiny = 1n(Cx) and returning to the original variables using v« y/z, are sin Z» 1n(Ce) or Ge fe alnys 9. Solve (ze atah Z + ay coah Zyds ~ ax cout Edy = 0, “The equation is homogeneous of degree I. Using the standard transformation andl dividing bya. wehave 2aiahy de - ae cosh dv» 0, fo. Solve (2+ Sy)de + (y-s0dy * 0 The equation homogeneous of degree 1, The standard transformation reduces it to . (2eande + (w “Dude 6 xd) 60 or (Fe Ave Dds + acne a eet separating the variables. J * 37 a 5S ees ae ve ave? * wentel =o Fewer9 pearance of «/y throughout the equation suggests the use of the transformation x+y, des vdy+ yd wa Then (1+ 2e")(vdy + ydvy +°2e¥(Lundy #0)) ! * (ws 2e")dy # HCL + 2e du = 0, do. aw and ey Be2e ge 5 ot ations vil v9 2e%, Integrating and replacing viby 3/y,4ny + In(v+2e4) = In and x4 2967 C (REAR BUT NOT HOMOGENEOUS. NUBASotve (x nade + (ae +37 -Ody = 0, : We MAOT \ The expressions (x + y) and (3x + 3y) suggest the transformation x+y = We usey = tax, dy = dt —deto obtain tdx + (3t=4)(dt de)’ = 0 or (4~28)ae + GEL ade = 0 in which the variables are separable~ Integrating and replacing | by x+y, we have yy and x+3y+2In(2-z-y) = C. f 2e-3t-2In(2-t) = Cy, 2e-3(z+y)-21N(2-x -y) = 13. Solve (2x y8y #3)dx ~ (2x +4y-@)dy = 0. First solve 25 ~5y #3 = 0, 2x ¢4y ~6 = 0-simultaneously to obtain. x “he 1) y+k=1. T The transformation x = x/+ he a’+4, de = dx! yey ke yee ody dy! reduces the given equation to (2«'~ 5y')ds!= (2x! + 4y')dy! = 0 : which is homogeneous of degree 1. (Note that this latter equation can be written down without carrying out the details of the transformation Using the transformation "= ux', dy’= vde''+ x! dv, , we obtain (2-Su)de! —(2¢4u)(ude's x/dv) #0, (2-7 —Av4)dat a! (24 4v)dv,= 0, a tide, ae of Swi eee Integrating, “tne! + $im(4v=1) + Zin(veay enc, oF savy (wea? = and finally #0 Replacing v by y//z', (4y’=3')(y'+ 2x! and replacing x! by x~1and y! by y~1 we obtain the primitive (yer e dye mage Ce r "CG 14. Solve (x=y-)ds + (dy +x ~My» 0, 3 est Solving s-y-1+0, 4y+x-120 simultancously, we obtain x*het, yek=0. The transformation x = x/thsx'+1, des ds! , oe yn yl hey oo dy dy! Stel aN del a teh a etidl = A suhioh te hamaaeneniic af deareel (NoteBt and ine Sa a oe a ateZy) - ad + ” ade te EN ade s ate inspection? : pins : 2c sre primitive is = t. oe ny cee equation is exa¢ 9 ieoaven ONT ainy yy + Cy cons de sins a) — a d(x com y) + aly tn x) 20. The primitive is * cosy * ysing = C, 2.4 tg Wy ane = BF and the equation 1s exact. a) By 3 bend Est diz’) = 0. : : (arye® de + dy) = dz = dye ‘The primitive is ye # +e Me apy? + ats + Wand the equation is exact. e BM os Byinspestion: (62°y'as + advan + adyde sshd + aby) + dey) = 0 The primitivets =x + spec _— (a eayds + Ges y-Ddy #0 Megs = and the equation is exact. ay j Solurion 1. Set ptzay) = S° (ah + aids = de + Bays HY). cls 1 then eae dln Mag eaety-t OOD TY OO) * ay? ey and the primitive is 4x"+ tay edy"=y=.C,. oF as Sy ye eG Solution 2. Grouping the terms thus 2d + ydy - dy + 3(y dx +xdy) = 0 d reca ends we ot int m+ = G, as before. and recalling that yds + xdy = d(zy), we obtain, by integration, $2" + $y" - y + dey Poys 1 as before.107 EXACT EQUATIONS.) <6 137 a 2 xy 3 xy? 2 Solve (y*e"” + 4x°)de +, (2rye™ = 3y*)dy> = 0, aw 2 2 x x av Ss aye 6 aye”? 2 Sand the equations exs ES a id the equation is exact. oe 2 Set try) = Lye? caryde = ke he gin. en 2H Gina a yt Then sy ot dayelY «by = aye - 77, guns 377, gon sy, 2 : and the primitive ise" ea". sc, a 2 2 The equation may be solved by:regrouping thus 4x°dx = ay4dy + (y%e?? de + Qeye™7 dy) = 0 and 2 2 2 noting that y7e*? dx + dye"? dy = ace*? 4. Solve (x? sy? exyde + xy dy = 0. = = Yy, 3 y; the equation is not exact. eae ey ae 1 Sfade Sds/x Ing However, = 2+ fa and ¢ dee ser N xy x Hf Ai is an integrating factor. Introducing the integrating factor. we have CP dayeayde ey dy 0 Or ides ade 6 Gay'de’s 2*y dy) = OL Then. noting that xy’dx + x’y dy. = d(z"y"), we have for the primitive 3 22 W tagabist agtht Eek aye gy or ae + a + x Rae y 5. Solve (2ey*e” + Bey? + yrds + (r'y'e? — x¥y? - eydy = 0 ™ = aryle? » 2y'e? + Gey? +1, 2 dey*e! a 'dey? = 3; the equation is not exact, : ke 5 r However, 4 = 2s sey? eet ed and BFE $e gon. ay Ox Mw Y Then Sb, Aldyy , Aimy Yy* is an integrating factor and, upon introducing it the equation takes the form 2 (217 6 25 6 Syde + (82 =F - aSydy © 0 and isexuet, y yoy Set sy) = F cues abs dss te + De Zs dy ae —# a8. At 20. dv) = constant. anda) de Ve a Satay dPinde a o. * ‘See Problems 1-7, BERNOULLI'S EQUATION. An equation of the form x + yP(x) = y"Q(x) or x + ¥™ Pin = Q(x) : wv is-reduced to the form 1), namely, wT VEC MPD) = (1- ny QKx), by the transformation rneh PM ed Ws, y wed eae See Problems 8-12, OTHER EQUATIONS may be reduced tothe form 1) by means of appropriate transformations. Asin previous chapters,no general rulecan be stated; in each instance, the proper transformation i suggested by the form of the equation. See Problems 13-18. SOLVED PROBLEMS Linear Equations. VE Sone Xe ay « a SPoyds = Socde ss? and PE «ig an integrating factor ie a e e Then yeX = Sare* dr = 2% + © sotve rDeyede atin or Me rere “SEs sane andEQUATIONS OF FIRST ORDER AND FIRST DEGREE * Then yhin Sdutetennde © Stert—Jde + dee 32-2109, oF rs 7 z 3 4x inz + Cee yas 7 Bese una et ary 20-2 or Pare = ss = =1n(z=2) and an integrating factor is ejnend Then wp = 2ft-n? 2S e-2)de = 2-2 + C or y= (2-2) + Ce=2y, 4 Solve 2+ y cots = Se S*_ Find the Particular solution, given the initial conditions: x = 41, yet An mccgrating factor is e/e0tx de. Ising | oy yang = sfeS*sing de su 5e°* 4 ¢, When x = in, y = (MC) = 8) + € and C= 4, The particular solution is y Sing + ses Fs dy, 23x? or fe ye 5. Solve 22 + 2-38 by 2 1 : 4 ~ =~ Sinz and an integrating factor is. — 1 Then or Sr te or ye a ett? 6. Solve 2 = By cot 2s © 1 = 2 cot 2x ~ 2 csc 2%, -S2cot 2dr, j= In sin2e An integrating factor is « + ese 2x, Then y csc 2x = S(csc 2x = 2ecot 2x csc2x = 2 esc? 2eyds » xeserx + cot 2+ C or y + 4 ¢ 008 2x6 C ain 2x, 7. Solve yIny de + (x = Iny)dy * 0, with 3 | i it et ‘The equation, with « taken as dependent variable, may be put in the form, 5 + : ar 7 Sues i top OS ae : Japfo Ys MOND « A0y, Then e°20. Vesey sLINEAR EQUATIONS §° ©2457 i: BERNOULLI'S EQUATION. ond Solve fey say ory 27 7 Thercansformation, » yiesvety? Beet a 4 ae reduces the equation to tee (s 42. An integrating fuctor is eM 22, Then: Fe Afelae! = sels be C2 TE el tC or ons boce™, [9 Solve Bo my ey" =0 or Me ay ae Using the integrating factor oJ <7", we have or 1d oats to. soe 2 + dy. 2 Jo czattoon + farte “ feduces the equation to $- wemed Be The transformation 7? = », aa" de for which .e* is'an integrating factor. Then, integrating by parts. * iw Sete ne Fda in Be = 1 5 eToit od Puta SOR «cts ? , tnx) or TX oy hs cone = eins. 11. Solve Bey = yess ant de ‘The transformation yt v, =X # © reduces he equation o ZF- ¥ + tas Ce. xe¥ @ Sole Ws ap ay axe gy ocnpaniy ae / ‘The complementary function is) “y = Gye" + Cye™ 5 Ge™, anda particular integral is x Leta s 1 47 “Datintegral being absorbed by the complementary function. Sm a par A particular integral is given by y = -t.. 1g, D-a D-b lar integral of (D~a)(D- boy = Q mt at =u. en a 7 La 558 . Then F = bus Q and use fQe™ de. 1 4 a Now y= shou. Then Z-oyeu =e JQe™ de and ye fe ESQ de de = Sel SQe™ (dey, 4. Soke (WPwezy =e or WD=1D-Dy = aoe The complementary function is y= Cye"+ Ce", and’ a particular imegral is y= Soa : =1 D- First Method. oy = = we SPM Pe cast re Lela ge Second Method. y = The primitive is y © 5, Solve (D7+SD+4)y = 3-2 OF (D4) Day * 3-2 : 1 The complementary funtion is. ¥ = Gye% + Ge, and a particular integral is 1 ! . ———(3-2). _ (D+1)(D+4) 2 First Method» y= bien + et Se SIE (3 = dey (ds) Del D4 1 ontx dey tgye tide. eM de oe Saja - pene wa el Be Ta ape eet oF feMbet = jeeVARIATION OF PARAMETERS, UNDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS ye (0 =2y = eF sing, The complementary function is y = Cy + Cye?*, We form the relation ye bya bye obtain, by differentiation Dy 8 age MLL o Lye? se, and set 1) Li + Lye™* . 9, Since now Dy » abae™, Diy = atye™ + ate" andweset ase « Q Thus, Ly = de sins and Ly = -$e"*(sin x + cos 2) tee From 1), by = -Lye"* = -he*sinx and Ly = - te%(sin x - cos 2). = sin. A particular integral of the given equation is 2 S yt bye dbge™® =~ ge¥(sinz ~ cos x) - e%(sine + cosz) = -$e% sing and the primitive is y = Cy + Cye”* - e* sinx. 3. Solve (D*+ Dyy = esc x. The complementary function is y = C, + Czcosx + (ysinz, From the relation y + Ly + Lycos +Lysinx we obtain Dy = (-L,sinx + Lycos) + (Li + Licosz + Lsinx) . and set 1) Lys Lycos x + lysing Then by = “Lgsinz + L,cose, = 2 Diy’ = @L,cos's - Lysin'x) ¢ CLisinx + Lycos x), and we set 2) -Lisinz + Licosx = 0. Then : ¢ D’y = -Lycos x - Lysinx. Dy = (Lysinx ~ Lycos x) + (-Lycos x + Lasinz), and we set 3) -Licos x - Lgsins = Q = cscay Adding 1) and 3), Li = csex and Ly = = In(cscx + cots): Solving 2)and 3), Ly «1 and Ly * - cot x, sothat Uy eax and ly e"= In sing. Thus, a particular integral of the differentiai equation is y + Lye Lycos + lysing © -sIn(cacs + cota) ~ cosx In sing ~ xsinxy and the primitive is y * C+ Cycos x + Cosinx - In(coox + cotx) ~ coax Insing ~ x sin. 4. Solve (*-@+oy » es, y = Cyed%e Cyre™™, ‘The complementary function is ; se te eyang 1 yet, soenal bam = ty - af and Ly * ©" uation is Solving 1and 2 2 ofthe iene © face Thus, a particular ii ve tg ne 2 yet + bess y se. OF ines 3 Ce oe andthe primitiveis ¥ * Cs NDETERMINED COEFFICIENTS: & i integral, we take ne OP tytanctionit 7 C4 8 HET + ‘Asa particular integ é ‘The complementary , ye Aet ine 6 Bet cone + : . The Dy = (A-B)e sine * (Ae Bye* cos x. * ply = -2Be%alax + 2A coms oe 2he® Be cose + eines = Q and wry = - ‘a 7 oe Boo. Equating coeficients of like terms, -24 + 1 and -2B + 0, sothat A +4 and B + 0. Hence, a particular integral of the differential equation is ys Akaing Bet coax + - He sinz, and the primitive is y= Cye Gem = het sing. This was solved above as Problem 2. We (D"=2D+3)y = x? 6 sing. ‘The complementary'function is -y = e"(Gcos ¥2-x + Cain V2x). As a particular integral, we | yt Ads Bs CoH EOF sin + G cos Then Dy = Bs" Be + C-~G sin + F cos x, Dy + Ar BF a = -Gcosx, and (P= 2De ayy + As*e aeB-tysT 6 (20-48 + oAye + (9E-20+ 26) + 2F + Gains + G-Feost wat a +P eames Equating coefficients of like terms. M = 1 and A= and C+2/9; 36-2C+2B+0 and Ew: V3; B- A+ 0 and Ba 23; -BeAd 26+ G) = ‘Thus, a particular integral of the different ‘equation is 1 G-F+0 and FG «4. 1 + [etn + conn, \ Spe: and the primitive is i } +e Cycon Vox 6 Gainviny + bog), ig? : 7 BOO oa) 6 Lain s conarHence, a particular integral is y+ mE gee ee : ey ee and the primitive is y = Ce + Cye edna Pe bea Solve (DP=aDe anys abel 6 xe? The complementary function is y * Cye™ + Care” Now e”* is a part of Q and also occurs in the complementary function corresponding to a root of multiplicity two. As a particular integral, we take : ye Aes Brel 6 Ce + Este, Note that terms involving xe”? and e?* are not included. since they appear in the complementary function with arbitrary coctlicients, Then Dy = WP ePE 5 Cha Byate 6 Be 2C Pe «(aCe 2B yaTel 6 zeae? FES (20d 6 16B AC) eT 6 (128 120+ AEDT « (6C + BE) xe 6 280", DYy = adee?® 6 (20d Bye! and (DP=aDs ayy + soae™ 6 inBstel 6 Gre 6 2b Bey sek, Equating coefficients of like terms, 204 = 1, 12B = 0, 6C B+0, C= V6, E+ 2B = hence A= VD, Thus,'a particular integral is °y 2b eS au 3 andthe primitive is y = Cye™ + Cyreé ¢ WE Sole cw etny's sain aes 7 ‘The complementary function is y = C,cos 2x°+ Cysin 2x. Since x" sin 2s occurs in Q and sin 2x isa part of the complementary function corresponding to a root of multiplicity one, we take as a particular integral y+ Add cos 2s + Bs? sin 2 + Ce" cos 2c + Ex? sin 2x + Fr cos de + Gx sin Bes Note that # cos 2x K sin2s is not included, since these terms are in the complementary funtion: Then Dy = 2Br* cos2x - 24s) sin 2c + (3A +2E)2" cos 2x + (9B-20)x? sin 2x + (20 +2C)x cos 2x + (2E-2F)x sin 2x + F cos 2 + G sin 2x,ICIENIS: \ LINEAR EQUATIONS witH CONSTANT COEFFI \ PF (--3)(D + DY * a \Veay 2% oF oe ie Ay function Is y * Gre" * Coe \ 1 oo ep is y * D=HO-0+D a 1 me oa pace aE + ==) 4+ 2) 3166 evi cote, 1, Hence. the primitive is y « Cye™ ¢ Cae” * Cs ie + O= (o?-20'- spe ery © (e799) Fa Ce + Ge The complementary function is, from Problem wy Qe f oF cular integrals y © ———1-—— ¢e™™ +39 A particularintegralis ¥ * Spa @en a : we eg i ji O-N0-30+D @- 0-302 O-0O-HO+2, y “ i ool y 8 ie oe a6 ene (DCnz The primitive is y = Cre + Gae™ + Get + 4 Solve (0 -20*-sp+ey « 2%. ] The complementary function is y = Cye" + Cye™ + Cy pebctaes al aie =1)(0-3)D+2, does not apply. However, we may write e A particular integral is y = e*. Now F(a) F(a) © 0, and the short method 1 * @-n0-90+H * D- - sey O-no-n*) ab Syste . Lot i we Se a wt Se -* The primitive is .y + Cye™ + Gae™ + Gye™ 6 xe™/in, 5. Solve (D?=5D"+8D-4)y + e's 205s The complementary function is y + Cre" + Cye™ + Cyze™, and a particular integral is 1 1 2 . 3 7 ae . = 7 * O-no-aF O-no- © * Dent » A(t) (ty. 3 d= o-aF O-no-nt (D~1)(D-2y' 3 Ses f i ‘——+e (-2(-37 4 ale. aye Y af 3 + de!Ft tote »¢ 2D? +2043 a7 2 FPG oy 1,2 2 2 = 3s +2 - > -< oi 2 : a +2) ~ Zea pee de-3. eee 2 Note: wea 7 GP Bote +) by direct division. The primitive is y = © MCyeosyyEa CysingvSey s 12, 2, 5 3 x2. vi Sobe D=-aDeay = x 4aet—5e 02, The complementary function is y + Ce + ECycos x + sing), and a particular integral is 4 ‘ ’ Mena: Me lbs Eph is dha oie TO rapa see = te tot AD tat ig, D204 SMe Mag By.g Greggs AD odes ds. ges l7, ©. ( PLE aR The primitive is y = Cye™ + (Cyeosz + Cysinx) + i F pe aa rd Solve 40" + 3Dyy = 2%, The complementary function is y = Cx + Cae + Cye™, and a particular integral is 1 ye — 1 gt De" ~4D+3) 145, phe fo+ Bots ao TF 2 D Rebete Be Be Wa Nt Be, since Eye) «Spares BOs att apo at gts * ate. since pir ft Ve 16. Solve Ws 20¥— ap" yy «ato aeo4 sins, \ ‘The complementary function is y = Cy + Cex + Cye™ + Ce™, and a particular integral is, ye u Gate 3e 64 wins) D +2D-3) oe ae a ios im Pare» D(D +23) D'(D'+2d-3) ot 1 yy oy, ie ee en pes 444-3) CDE D-H ee1) FDremU = Rew 1 n, ee io y, Then, from Let v= F@+at sothat UY * FOyay eel ox 1 a nepe: dope cern’ GTA ER rea ro phay oY Ml R05 VS a Foo-a) FO+a 18. Solve (D?= ay = 27e% - “The complementary function is y * Chet + Gres and a particular integral is Ye ye tee. ote ts (Dea? 4 D?+6D+S wl 6), 3 pt,t x 2, & od. Sp. Boyt = -H.+ G-ao* is? . Bi’ 1) ‘The primitiveis y= Gye™ + Coe + ie (0527 oor +62). A sove Solve (07s 2p+ay =e sin 2x. ee The com plementary function is - y= &%(Cycos Fx + GsinvFx), anda particular integral is y= a = sine = : sine = ef ee Drs 2De4 7 + Ors Denes ys ADe1ys4 's4D+7. sin 2\ b) TES ; ; i yre™ isa particular integral if ento- ate aes = 0 E ‘ : t qyue isa particular integral if f ptenpeSoy + 0 then, since Dye1 and Dy. i 20, he ote ADeSry + othen,since Dy + ny and pf, ‘b) and c) are special cases ( panicular integral of ¢ Ity = 2 isa of isa particular integral so and at+an +S *0- dy) My cate ST | ! 3 3 aSpe days Bek oo wre Z0e a : : is.a particular integral of w= 3 De Aiyeo, x Here ReSe* 0 andy" * 1a afd) 2 dv 2 dv, ad i i oagen Oyen + 2F reduces the given equation ig ‘The transformation y **¥. Dy , atv. ody tv 3 ete er é oe patting = p, £2 -2. & ing Pe as this becomes ting factor. Then p-fé ’ ot + femme ste nerde s xtana cavcists dv po Et mine leks, Ayes zinse tok a = andy #Gahs Gee ln Lets 3. Solve ster EF - neater Z 6 Qeterstyy +o = 20. Here, R + Se + = H@eteesty , Betrest : eel) Zab * Oand y = x isa particular integral of the with its right member replaced by zero. The transformation . Tosh. sx 1 given yew, 22k 2 dv a’, du 22% reduces the gi at 2 dy, du to teen ret oa). sercar erty # a a (2+ de ya Soups aedetatyay wate? : a Std Bye 83 Tera aay ing dv Putting & « p, this becom a2 an a es fit Soe dye et oe ae [P+ ~ ES for which factor. Then