Lbbbil iid lili od; ah v bod ALEVEGLELELOELELGLGL GENERAL N NAVIGAT ION CAPT. SAHIL KHURANA SEC-7, DWARKA , N.DELHI-75 (+91) 9871866290, 9971663490olabltt- 202 E if OFFHASS + START AND TAN FUEL, a He 2/5 x alg é 5/2 z An 5 = 2 2|= Ae = wl B a 42 3 NY + B 1 2 4 Ss _ BASIC EMPTY MASS x. +is an aeroplane's mass plus standard items / ~~ suchas: meting unusable fluids ~/> ‘Lubficatipg bil in the engine and auxiliary units #1 sive Set ich) ‘ SO eaees W WS cans “oxygen equipment \) _»- Supplementary électronic equipment 4 ‘SAHIL KHURANA ‘SEC—7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 09871866250 ‘ ra ANE fmt nt ge na 1 U9 0 ad ae® BASIC EMPTY MASS (BEM). OR TARE WEIGHT ‘The mass of the aircraft with all its basic equi unusable fuel and oil. DRY OPERATING MASS (DOM). C~/2 -P performance factors such as wet runway, high eam QY Regulated take off mass ~it is lowest of take off mass anata ince limited take off mass CS ‘Maximum Structural Landing Mass (MLM). The maximum permissible total aeroplane. smagSuport landing under normal circumstances. ors OD Maximum Ramp Mass.{ Max Structural Taxi Mass). % & ‘The maximum approved mass for GSmmencement of ground manoeuvres. A Mass greater than the Maxi Take Off Mass, to allow for fuel used in start UNE EET ED Ebb bbb bi cb Gl up and taxi, TO Calculate the Payload Rrow " ee e Vth Fu Fuel Minimum Value + FOB oe SAHIL KHURANA, SEC~7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 09871865290 a ah Pe oe Pg roe Pe pel eyPAYLOAD THEORY QUESTIONS DGCA EbGUK ’ L The operating mass of an aircraft is: 2 The dry operating mass plus the take-off fuel mass b. The empty mass plus the take-off fuel mass ¢. The empty mass plus crew, crew baggage and catering d. The empty mass plus the trip fuel mass 2 What effect has a centre of gravity clase to the forward limit? a. A better rate of climb capability b. A reduction in the specific fuel consumption © A reduce rate of climb d. A decreased Induced drag - 3. The DOM of an aeroplane 2. TOM minus Operating Mass b. LM plus Trip Fuel , Useful Load minus Operating Mass 4: TOM minus Useful Load 4. The Traffic Load of an aeroplane is: 2. TOM minus Operating Mass b. LM plus Trip Fuel ¢. Useful Load minus Operating Mass d. TOM minus Useful Load ~ 5. The Dry Operating asstschotor Dinas of the aeroplane ready for a specific type of nraion ond incr: SS a. Crew and passenger baggage special equipment, water and chemicals b .Crew and theirhold baggage, special equipment, water and contingency fuel c. Crew batenseegerngand cther special equipment, potage waterand lavatory chemicals a Crew ord sane ‘catering and passenger service equipment, potable water and lavatory chemieals. 6,The Maximum Zero Fuel Mass is the maximum permissible mass of the aeroplane: ‘Sa. with no useable fuel -uctiuith no useable fuel unless the Aeroplane Flight Manual Limitations explicitly include Sait , ‘c including the fuel taken up for take-off Yd including all useable fuel unless the Aeroplane Flight Operations Manual explicitly excludes it. a = — = a F a al F x - a & ee - - P F ~ = — - = = - _ 7. The Maximum Structural Take-off Mass is: a, the maximum permissible total aeroplane mass on completion of the refuelling ‘SAHIL KHURANA, ‘SEC~7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 09871866230LL ARIAL DALAL RL ALE ELPUCL SL SUSE SL SESE REST REE UALS eh Ue Lhe Val & operation. b. the maximum permissible total aeroplane mass for take-off subject to the limiting conditions at the departure airfield. . the maximum permissible total aeroplane mass for take-off but excluding fuel. 4, the maximum permissible total aeroplane mass at the start of the take-off run. & The Regulated Take-off Mass: g& ‘is the lower of maximum structural take-off mass and the performance limited take-off ad ‘mess, b. is the higher of the maximum structural zero fuel mass and the performance limita aX , takeoff mass. ao" ¢. the maximum structural take-off mass subject to any last minute mass changes. 4. the maximum performance limited take-off mass subject to any last minute Sed changes. " X. ‘S. The Toke-off mass a, the maximum permissible total aeroplane mass on completifags an refuelling aE bs the mass of the aeroplane including everyone and everything contained within it at the start of the take-off run. e «. the maximum permissible total aeroplane massoPtakecoff but excluding fuel. d. the maximum permissible total aeroplane eR etree take-off run. RR 10. The Operating Mass: a. is the lower of the structural mass and the Bgrformance limited mass b. is the higher of the structural mass andthe performance limited mass is the actual mass of the aircraft‘on take-off cis the dry operating mass.ane the fle! load. 1. The Basic Empty MoS3 Ts the mass of the aeroplane: a ain non-standar, itemi\guch ‘as lubricating oil, fire extinguishers, emergency oxygen ‘equipment etc. ~ b, minus non sstahdérd items such as lubricating oil, fire extinguishers, emergency oxygen equipmentjéte. “ “& Let lus standard items such as unusable fluids, fire extinguishers, emergency oxygen equiptent, supplementary electronics ete. d. minus nor-stendard items such as unusable fluids, fire extinguishers, emergency oxygen and supplementary electronic equipment ete. "2!the Traffic Load: %, 2. includes passenger masses and baggage masses but excludes any non-revenue load. YJ fb. includes passenger masses, begaege messes ae cargo masses but excludes any load. verincludes passenger masses, baggage masses, cargo masses and any non-revenue load. d, includes passenger masses, baggage masses and any non-revenue load but excludes ‘SAHIL KHURANA, ‘SEC~7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 09871866290WN a cargo. ppaed 13. The Operating Mass: = +P _avis the take-off mass minus the traffic load. vow? abe £ mee ‘ao~) bis the landing mass minus the traffic load ¢ t,t c.isthe maximum zero fuel mass lass the traffic load vaspirh d. is the take-off mass minus the basic empty mass and crew mass. 2. 14. The Traffic Load is: a. The Zero Fuel Mass minus the Dry operating Mass ® 'b. The Take-off Mass minus the sum of the Dry Operating Macs and the total fuot Bde. ¥ ©. The landing Mass minus the sum of the Dry Operating Mass and the pee seek remaining fuel. a) afte soe flee sll the above 15. The Basic Empty Mass is the: a. MZFM minus both traffic load and the fuel load. b. Take-off mass minus the traffic load and the fuel load =. Operating mass minus the crew and fuel load d. Landing mass less traffic load 16. Is it possible to fly a certified aircraft at a Re: traffic load and a full fuel load? . Some aircraft some of the time a \ b. All aircraft all the time . €.No, itis not possible \> d. Only if the performance limited’ tak mass is less than the structural lir mass. VN “sah, 17. itis imended to fy a certified aircraft with both a full traffic load and a full fuel ood. a. The CG might be, ini its‘all of the flight. \ de The CS limits wl y in limits all of the flight. ¢. The CG might psig in limits any of the time during the flight. d. The CG wwlno notibelwithin the limits during the flight. 18. The term Rogege' means: 2. Ex€8ss freight by non-human, nen-animal cargo eaanVifreight or cargo not carried on the person ¥ersonal belongings PEELE ETULP EPP PEEL GE GLb iy Wu SAHIL KHURANA, SEC—7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 09871866290ANSWERS LA 2.€ : Ry HOS nO ~ 4 YL q Uy» SAHIL KHURANA, SEC~7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 09871865290 sud By ft i) Pct Pha i! Pd Pa Pit Ph! id il i! Pl ia! Ml Ra a! Dit Fd Pa ad DR Na a lhc‘ee J 0\ A LAOS AULA REA LURAY AAEM AAS 8 PAYLOAD QUESTIONS 1. Given: MToW | Mew MTOW = 45000 KGS, lag Fa ©) apsweigure 22,000K6s_ a MLW= 35,000 KGS 45000 & @ | 422 MZFWs 33,000 KGS, 4 FLTLME= 3 hr 30 min (fel / pudeegs)F/C= 1500 kgs/hr Reserve fuel = 45 min Calculate max payload 2. Given MTOW= 48,000 LBS APS WEIGHT= 24000 LBS) 3,000 ER @ MLW= 37000 LBS MZFW= 36000 LBS FLT TIME= 4 br 15 min F/C= 1600 LBS/HR ow RESERVE= 10 % OF FLT FUEL FUEL FOR TAXI, T/O= 400, LBs a MLW= 43.25 T, TRIP FUEL= 4.2 T @ ae 1T AP§= 27.57 Sainte 2.Payload b. Extra fuel that can be carried with same payload a . inhea = Bao Seer ‘iven oS Max TOWs 82,000 LBS ~ * FLIGHT FUEL ATO B= 16,0001BS RESERVE FUEL= 1500 LBS MLW= 645001BS< A/C without fuel and payload= 50,000 Ibs ~ é Calculate payload if a/cis allowed to use 700 Ibs from reserve fuel after reaching destin: ‘SAHIL KHURANA, SEC—7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 09871866290PEEGGULEELEELEPETTE ELL tL VLE Nt Wow wLw nZee 5. Given +The +608 Basic operating wt.= 27,000kgs 440004 Le ooo yg pee Trip fuel= 3000 kgs + 3p? ey200 Total fuel= 7000 kes Bee! aE ToS Max TOW= 49000 KGS G4 > MLW= 45000 KGS fd, Max operating weight without fuel = 40,000 kes = 77,007 1. 6° F,. ove Calculate max payload that can be carried? WZ ms eo " | Peg oy { \ 6. MTOW=55,000 KGS =e YY WT LESS FUEL AND PAYLOAD= 29000 KGS ~\ ) DISTANCE A TO B= 1550 NMS A / elo F/C= 1600 KGS/HR a ™ Ly frye AVERAGE TAS= 260 K RESERVE FUEL UNUSED= 2750 KGS MLWE= 42,500 KGS ead, MZFW= 38000 KGS Aw Calculate max payload in nil winds/,90 kts hwe a. 13710/10750 A QF Te Head Wid Compared , b, 10750/8660 . + ¢ 9000/8660 d. 8660/9000 ANSWERS: 1. 11000 Ke 2.11520) Zo T3.A5T 13700 LBS B., 12700KG 1,600 ky. c Vv SAHIL KHURANA, SEC—7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 09871866290© @ @ @ G e) @ USGK BFR = — Liles THax 454 = — Libs, Ky ke = LRS Tung x J.t = USq Lxs.4 2 Ky Tad 1OX SQ = LES 4 ye = 0,515 m/s. Gwpcviel | Casa x10) rs 18 ows US h-54 Gallons, NP nD Hann HoH LMiws n nN nonnnmn nnonnonnnononnn fn on rninPUUGGLEELELEEEETEEEEL ELLE E LLLP DUNN & VOLUMETRIC AND MASS CONVERSIONS Specifie Fuel Consumption (SFC) : age eds the weight of fuel (Kes) required to fly one ground nauticol mite (anm). The lower the SEC themare economical the fight. sex antmpsiow Z, Gro -d fanmn/ar) Thusan sire fing at a groundspeed of a00kts using 6000 Kgs/hr would have an SFC of 6000/40 = 15,K68 per gnimi. ( Although Kgs are normally used, other units can be used eg litres, gallons, lbs pectic Ground Range (SGR) is defined as the ground range(gnm) covered per kg of fuel used. The igher the SGR the more economical the fight. ‘To calculate ground nautical miles per Kg SGR = Groundspeed fanm/hr) Fuel Flow (Kgs/br) SAHIL KHURANA SEC~7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 098718652908. Fuad plans ter bor Jn 22. USC, Jeted Joel on bard ts B2IMG, Wheat Ss pe evderarren? fee > Ew = FoR = Ye = HHory 32 unin] Ro flu afe Draws 9.6 St Mile ia yt decode . What ta sty grourdapecd J pao [og 4s iar ok step, 2 f leo Ks step? then speed Jad 2-4 Stal, 2 QR. Conmert 40 weber [second Ste Vang. Rea V6 iets een &. BIBRA AAyPANANAPN/NANANP NNNANANAHNHNNnnNnNnHPDAHNRAnDnDHOONLHHNPETULEEELOCTETEITIEELELLLOLLLEIL LLL Un Conversion of units Q.1 Which A/C is Most economical to fly? Given the, following details SG - 0.8 23 6 Kolin 2.345 litres/Km 2a” a) b. 0.065 GNM/litre ¢. 16.85 KG/GNM 4.0.20 GNM/Imp Gal b) consumetion in imp Gal per hour is a. 1200 b.1150 c. 1050 5 d.1020 i» A* .S 3 The performance data of four different A/C is given below/ hich AJC has the better performance. The SG of fuel is 0.79. x TAS FUEL CONSUMPTION a. 180 1.25 USG/Nm b. 240 4.11. G/min c. 220 815 kg/hr d. 160 12,7 litres/min 4 Which FL will give Max Fuel Econorliy vihen flying at Mach No. = 0.82, S6= 0.8 & % FL TEMP DEV FRM ISA. Puno COMPONENT FUEL FLOW/HR 320 AX +20 6100 340 et +30 6000 360 +20 5900 Q.5 in.an A/c the following tables give the fuel consumption at various airspeeds, (Coes Gal/PH & ) 160 Ret 165 171 5 17 Od, 188.54 eS Wihich TAS will give maximum range for headwind component of 60 K. 4’ 4 answers J o18 26 3.8 4 SAHIL KHURANA SEC~7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 09871866290® GP/PET ye L- Horehound GS nedieced- ere =a Cott LP = bee Gt | 7 © ® GS nedored: Cit Ab sD ah ath APD WA od i fof Of Hf nH Ah Tener ane SA NGA ahah: Ahan iNn.n \EB ULELEELEEELLLGLULET TTL PEELELGE 2 The point along the track from which flying time to two selected bases will be same ‘Required in event of emergency in the aircraft which requires landing to be made os soon ‘os possible (a) In case of engine foilure (b) Passenger falls seriously sick ( Heart Attack ) DISTANCE TO PET (X) = Dx « \v O+H g Ae p a ~ ‘© Where D is the total Distance between two bases ‘* H isreduced Ground Speed Home ( Departure} + 0 Isreduced Ground speed Out (Destination) “=~ TIME TO PET = Distance to PET( X | Normal Ground Speed Out (2 —f" ‘Remember % Distance to Pet is calculated wipreee¥oround ‘speed if single engine + Fortime to PET Normal Srotind speed is used IMPORTANTEACTS 2 PET will always be Cifeea Rane pwnd orate the wind 2 PET be somewhere near migpoint when rom Nil ivinds © Beam winds (winds 90 deg. To track) Qs ea 4S HW, dist. to CP or CP shift towards destination. In case of “* TW, dist. to cP . QO Wshifts towards departure: “XN When TAS is reduced, PET will move furtnerinto Wind Radediogs Jin TAS ropvers GSeekive & 5: PETis independent of FUEL/ENDURANCE Pes Sant Ye an teersee? dan HW 6 Effect of increasing TASis same as thot of reducing wind and PET always moves towards Departure ie. Bose Airfiald SAHIL KHURANA SEC~7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 09871866230__PNR. x a i ee, PNe Row PSR H Qrduced) GS te Hong, peer = \ S pes = FOR- Reserve “Pe 508 bok ah nofpths pd oh 80 ie be% a = looa0- 1000 = Blan Y oy a a aia, NALA A Nn AA Qn OnOn \ Ae) ee es ee ee ANA aA Ao,LU Lb Laan Tame Abeam ive» cP | B Gwe 7. In beam winds i.e. 90 degree to track TCP increases as is alittle of headwind to crab into ‘the wind ee ban @sin nil winds since ee ‘is @ little of headwind. oo 40" (aR Winds Meuindsotee = ——S% OT RK. @seras 9. Ifthe fuel consumption increases or flight fuel reduces, distance to CP ‘will remain the same. o> 10. if beam wind doubles, dist. To CP will remains the same but TCP increases AY PAR % POINT OF SAFE RETURN ( PSR ) OR POINT OF NO RETURN PNR. Of RAbIOUSOF ACTION OA) : & ‘ PSRis the maximum distance an aircraft can fly out and stilkb&@bile to return to selected: base within SAFE ENDURANCE OF AIRCRAFT y ° ‘% “Required if both the destination and the destination alte?hate are not available: Where Eis safe endurance’ A m Sp, + His Reduced ground speediome + is Normal aroundspebd out TOPNR= EOH|=0 XTime to PNR de ac \qlonattence on aircraft can fly in still cir “%, Is equal to Total Endurance XTAS AL Greatest distance from departure point to PNR occurs in still air 2. Any wind component, ng matter it is Head or Tail wind will cause PNR to be Closer to. ‘departure point or distance to PNR will decrease in wind ‘SAHIL KHURANA, ‘SEC—7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 09871866250VN ’ 14 3. |/Abeom wind also reduces distance to PNR “4, ‘Vif Headwind changes to tailwind, distance to PUR will remain same Ww ‘5. Constant Wind reduces distance to PNR from stil aic condition Distance will vary directly with Endurance 7. Carriage of extra fuel - distance to PNR increases —distance to CP remains same pate lee Any lniproveinent in performance Wil icreaie Uta to PNR Q 9. “iffuel flow decreases, distance to PNR will increase WY 10. \iffuel carried is only Fit fuel + reserve ae a willcoincide COR tw for oyficiet 41. PNR will usually be beyond PET je X To Benepe hx MET EE PYLE “Ub hh tt pf SAHIL KHURANA, SEC~7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI (09871865290PET/CP/PNR QUESTIONS DGCA QUESTIONS (1 marks) Q1. Compared with a still air condition the CP with a strong wind 90 deg. to track (=. will be ‘2. In the same pesition with an earlier ETA «20 In the same position with a later ETA a, Ata greater distance with same ETA t b, Ata shorter distance with same ETA Q 3 4~ 5 Q2. Flying across North Atlantic with usual westerly winds aneer willbe 2. Nearer to North America when flying eastwards ~~ aS? ? b. Nearer to North America when flying westwards”. AT areantic we Always nearer to North America wi d. Always nearer to Europe ee LN PG PN ) Q3. c. Always move along the t trek taste away from the mid-point d. Have no effect in case’ GFreco winds or winds at 90 deg. to the track WY Q4. To calculate the dis eto CP in case of engine failure use a. Reduced TAS f6rall calculations ot Reduced TAS for distance caleulations ce. ae TAS for G/S dy for nil J) inthé event of return to departure point 10000 Ibs of fuel is aveille, when back over the departure point. The flight reserves being carried are \ '15000Ibs. the average fuel flow is 5000 Ibs/hr. TAS 400 K & there is adead hheadwind of 100K. the position of PNR is relation to the CP will be a, 200nm. Further b. 250.nm further c. 188nmless d. 188 nm further Q6. Ifthe H.w component increases then the distance to C.P from base will SAHIL KHURANA, ‘SEC~7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 09871866290 PLE CECE EE EEL EEE EEE etPUUULVCEELELGELELLEELLELELELLLL ELE. Yb 16 a. not change b. decrease Se increase Q7. Fora1500n.m. flight, assuming 50K of head wind outbound & 50 K of tail wind inbound, CP is calculated to be 825 nm. But it is discovered in flight that the winds are other way round the correct to CP will be 6751m atl » b. 825m QW & 750 am os * D4 Q8. Flying from A to B, a better performance is obtained as sigetecints up. What is the effect on CPiF the original wind was tll win 8. CP moves closer to A VAT CP moves closer to 8 € CP does not change d. Insufficient data 09. If beam wind speed doubles. 20" Not change b. Increase ©. Decrease & a. 08 ~~ b. Innil wind conditions wan,” c._ Inbaam wind conditions - AN at All are correct SS) Ya” Q12. The CP is more than holfway when He . Innil wind conditions SAHIL KHURANA, ‘SEC—7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 09871866250aN PULELLGEELEEELECELEELELE LE GULE LITTLE LGN 7 In beam wind conditions x a8 none are correct Q13, The CP is less than halfway when a. O=H% b. Innilwind conditions X ¢. In beam wind conditions * a9 fone are correct QIG. the CP & PNR are collocated when a. O=H b. Inhead wind conditions ._ In tail wind conditions AC Fuel on board is just sufficient for flight Q15. The distance to PNR <3 Is maximum in nil wind conditi b. Increases with increases in oe Decreases with increase ipftail wind, d, Isnotaffected by wind.velocity: 1 Py \ \. 4 Q16. With a fuel of 10000: 18s hepRR ie coleuloted to be 880Nm. Other factor remaining constant ‘ffueltexincreased ‘to 11000 Ibs, tile distance to PNR will be Gace 12 Ae, Wo? 6b * lanned G/S assuming all other conditions to be same the revised distance to PNR will “a. Less b. More . No change d. Impossible to say SAHIL KHURANA, SEC~7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 098712662905 18 QUS. The distance to PNR with 50 K head wind is 1200 nm. The distance is PNR with 50 K tail wind will be @. Less than 1200 nm b. More than 1200 nm <4 1200 nm d. In could be any value 100 271104 nem i b. 1206nm 4L Bo & 340 nm 12 d. 1200 nm fn. wy Q20. The primary emergency for which distance to PAIR with signe failure is computed is we cow a. Engine failure 4% “40 Emergency at the destination raquiting Janding as early as possible ¢- Any emergency on board requiringlanding as early as possible d. Fuel shortage 2 . tt % a% Q21. The inflight checks reveal that the fuel consumption is 4% greater than expected at a pre-flight planning?If everything else Is expected the distance to PNR will be RS 7 2. 4% more Pe 4 Ys . Unehariged orahes ges 2 wd 2 The effect on the position of CP with reducing TAS if there is head wind component is ~~" %& Wem” VP increases the distance \ LLEELEELELGEGLGCLULITLIIIELIL WW 'p b. decreases the distance ©. Leave the distance unchanged 223. While flying at a planned TAS, itis found that the aircraft is achieving foster stage times than planned. Presuming that the situation remains unchanged, the CP position will be SAHIL KHURANA, SEC—7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 09871865290 PEELE LbEL EEL 7PEELE LELELECEELECEEC bb bebe bee vi & wDrAawaEn 19 a, Increases the distance decreases the distance ¢. Leave the distance unchanged NUMERICAL eee eee 705 2. TCP and DCP: ae _B_APNR and DPNR? ye '® sar Q25. On flight from X to Y; Tr. 250, TAS 195, dist. 975 nm yao FOB 900 Gallons reserve 100 Gal F/C 150 GPH find AUS a. Time & distance to PNR b, Time & distance to CP.g, 02° ihe SAR a ans, ae Q26. Ona flight from A to B: Tr. rll zk W/V 260/35, DPNR 1050 nm, F/C141 GPH Find. .° a. Fuel on board WW b. SAR < O| men min before PNR find excess fuel carried on board. Ss . SAHIL KHURANA, ‘SEC-7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 09871865200me 2 PSR & PET Q.1. _ Whatis the distance to the point of safe endurance it an aircraft has a TAS of 300 knots and a safe endurance of ifthe wind component on the outbound leg is 50 knots Pe. Sort i f «£6 b. 1805nm. APO as Heyes Let 2 4 f ae © 1S¢nm Hoo, to A 1625 nm. 382 Q.2__Whatis the time to the point of safe return (PSR) if the distance from A to B is 23% ‘nautical miles, the outbound groundspeed in 365 knots, the homebound ground spéed wsalo knots, and safe enduranc a. -190min b. 209min 219 min we 290 min Q3 —_ Whatis the distance from “Q’ to the point of Safe Retum (PSR)for an aircraft that was over “Q at 1320 hours flying direct to‘R’ given the following data? Distance ‘Q’ to ‘R’ 3016 nm, True airspeed 480 kt, Safe endurance 10 Hours, ifthe mean wind component ‘outbound’ -90 kt, and the tnean wind component homchound #75 fr & 13200. gg r¢ Be ioes pO b. 1530nm. eS Ly gf - v ve 000m SLD AON” 2o240N4 c 2375 1m. Owe y eee as whatisthe aixanceto 8 from San. Point given the following data? Distance Ato Bi 360m |) Wind component A~B is-15 kt TAS is 180 kt a \ ve Wind component B-Ais +15 kt at rE 1 wt Tes [> 10m. A che seon ts | A b.170nm. X faesies) fas+165) | © 17am, ¢ | d. ONE Rb ch= 1asNM | as A (on Is flying at a TAS of 300 knots over a stretch of water between 2 airfields 500 nm apart. wi isthe distance from the frst airfield to the equal tima point (ETP) i the wind = component is 60 knots head? —— - A “209 am. rs elas = . he, 250 am. xe, 280 nm. Pee, ed, . ww 300A. — = oe 2.6 — How farcan the aeroplane fly out from its base and return in one hour, when fiying at TAS 4 ‘180 kt on a track of 090°, if the W/V is 045°/SOkt? a $8nm. x s5nm, © BBnm, SAHIL KHURANA ‘SEC~7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 09871866290 TELLS; PTUELELEEEEEEELEEEELELELEULLEIT ETE LEE q qa MOLL iy A 157, oy 29. wi ‘Mh “aes a d175nm, Q.7 Fora distance of 1860 NM between QandR, a ground speed “out” of 385 kt, a ground speed “back” of 465 kt and an endurance of SHR (excluding reserves) the distance from Qto the point of safe return (PSR) is? 1860 11685 NM. 3 b 152M, & ae c& s30NM. aoe d1365NM. bs Q.8 Two points A and B are 1000 NM apart. TAS= 490 kt. On the flight between A and B'the equivalent heagwind is-20 kt. On the return leg between B and A, the equivalent headin is +40 ke. What distance from A, along the route A to B, isthe point of qual Time (PET)2. me a AZO TAS AIO Kts O-——— y b as5NM. © SOONM. p ge 530NM, Q3 An zeroplaneis flying at TAS 180 kt on a track of 090°. The Ww/A7fs 045°/S0Kt, How far can the aeroplane fy out from its base and returns in ona hour? = we" NM. oa ® sei. 3 « 56NM. es ~ d. T6NM. Ye € ow togk | Q.10 Given: Distance ‘A’ to ‘6’ 2346 NM, Groundspeed ‘out’ 365 kt, Groundspeed ‘back’ 480 kt. The time from ‘A’ to the Point of Equal oes “Nand ‘Bis? a asin, USE SS 6. vt _219 MIN. z x * Se © © .2s0min. A a jer AN 1 4 197MIN. Q.11 Given: Distance aS peer Groundspeed ‘out’ 365 kt, Groundspeed ‘back’ 480 kt. Safe endurance. pate MIN. Thee tine from‘R’ to the Point of Safe Return (PSR) ‘A’ is? 20MIN. gp O—— — b. 219 MIN. R cay NY , pa 209K 35 Abo .a2\\An aircraft was over ‘A’ at 1435 hours fying direct to ‘8’. Given : Distance ‘A to8’ 2900 Ni, Truetairspeed 470 kt, Mean wind component ‘out’ +55 kt, Mean wind component ‘back’ -75 “it, The ETA for reaching the Point of Equal Time (PET) between ‘A’ and ‘8 is? Vom. Oto AN ze a < FAL, : ihe ie to 13 Anaircraft was over ‘A’ at 1435 hours flying direct to ‘B’. Given : Distance ‘A to“B’ 2900 NM, True airspeed 470 kt, Mean wind component ‘out’ 455 kt, Mean wind component ‘back’ -75 kk, Safe endurance 9 HR 30 MIN, The distance from ‘A’ to the Point of Safe Return (PSR) “ SAHIL KHURANA SEC~7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 098718662902844NM, 2141 NM, 1611 NM. 1759 NM. pege Q.14 Given: Distance ‘A’ to ‘B’ 2484 NM, Groundspeed ‘out’ 420 kt, Groundspeed ‘back’ 500 kt. The time from ‘A’ to the Point of Equal Time (PET) between ‘A’ and ‘B! is? #1983 MIN, 2434 goo = 185 a y= DB ERSE > aMIN, 7 % 6 Pe RnBHKSe - © tum yeleelg Seo | ye 4. 18MIN. 500 W2e ces oo & n: Distance ‘A’ to ‘8’ 2484 NM, Mean groundspeed ‘out’ 420 kt, ean ganas Qis Gi ‘pack’ 500 kt. Safe endurance 08 HR 30 MIN. The distance from‘A’ to the Peint of Sele Restin (PSR) between ‘A’ is? one v: a 1620NM A B 4 ve asn0 nm LS : 4 1 o G 1908 NM wre oe 4 736NM QA6__An aircraft was over ‘CY et 1320 hours fying direct to NM, True airspeed 480 kt, Mean wind component ‘out’ -S0 KE Mi kt, Safe endurance 10:00 HR. The distance from ‘Os a. ‘1510 NM. A 2290NM. © 2370NM. d. 1310 NM. 6 Q.17 Given: Distance ‘A’ to ‘8’ 19 a etininen ‘out 430 kt, Groundspeed “back 385 kt. The time from’A’ to the Point of Equal Tine (PET) between a’ and 6 7 — BOMIN. Mas oh 36 Eye b | 45MIN. 2p . 432 [30 wn & 162 MIN. 4 81MIN. Q18 Given;Distaiice ‘A’ to ‘8’ 1973 NM, Groundspeed ‘out’ 430 kt, Groundspeed ‘back’ 385 kt. Safe endurafice THR 20 MIN. The distance from ‘A’ to the Point of sate Return (PSR) ‘A’ is? a 1654) 1933 b. 2 =p © & & ae 5% by ech ey ayo as <=Q319 ” Given: Distance ‘Q! to ‘R! 1760. NM, Groundspeed ‘out’ 435 kt, Groundspeed ‘back’ 385 aX kr, Safe endurance 9 HR. The distance ce fom ‘Q tothe Point of SafeRetum (PSR)between ‘and fa 14671NM. o— : wom Ls 183M. a> 305 7313 SAHIL KHURANA, SEC~7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 09371866290 Ree TITUSbEEGEEEEEEEELELEBEEELEEE EEE EEUUUNN PELbEbbl 4 Q.20 Given: Distance‘Q’ to‘R’ 1760 NM, Groundspeed ‘out’ 435 kt, Groundspeed ‘back’ 385 The time from ‘QY to the Point of Equal Time (PET) between 'Q! and ‘R’ is? a. 10MIN one oF wean b 06MIN QA cAl, Wsett © 02MIN ed = ve iain 65 Q2i__ Given : Distance“A’ to 8’ 3623 NM, Groundspeed ‘out’ 370 Kt, Groundspeed ‘back’ 300 kt. CG nS The time from ‘A’ tothe Point of Equal Time (PET) hetween ‘A’ and ‘B’ is? a 238MIN Rou AC .263MIN Bw Aly B = 26%.065wm © 288MIN nee 4. 323MIN wo Ae Q22 Given: Distance“Q’ to‘R’ 2467 NM, Groundspeed ‘out’ 500 kt, Grouridspeed\Yback 400 i, Safe enduranca 9.5 HR. The distance from to the Point of Safe Return (PSR)vetween ‘Q! and ‘R'is? a 2411NM. > b. 2001NNM. 2975 NM. 4. 2167 NM. Q.23 Whatis the distance to the point of safe endufanc raft has a TAS of 350 knots anda safe endurance of 10 hours, if the wind compenent ‘on the outbound leg is 50 knots headwind? a -A7i4nm. b.1750.nm, c 1754nm, d 1725nm, 24 whot isthe time to thegoint of safe return (9S) ifthe distance from A to is 3000 nautical miles, the outbound grouiidspeed in 350 knots, the homebound ground speed is 460 knots, and safe endurance is 8 hours 30 minutes? 3 eMN yp b omng » » «20m, Xe a .290In Q.25 what is the distance to B fromthe equal-time point given the following data? Distance A to B is 560 nm ‘Wind component A~B is -15 kt TAS is 280 kt 560 ‘Wind component B-A is +15 kt 265 nm. ©, momma 275 nm, 382 be 280. nm. By aay nm apart. What is the distance from the first airfield to the equal time point (ETP) if the wind component is 60 knots head? SAHILKHURANA, SEC~7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 098718662902 2 300mm, b.-350nm. © | 380nm, va 302 nm, Q.27 How far can the aeroplane fly out from its base and return in one hour, when flying at TAS 260 it on a track of 090", if the W/V is 045°/S0Kt? a 158mm, Vb 128 nm. © 188m, a 175mm. Q.1. Distance A to B = 600 nms, 0/30, TAS = 250 k, calculate CP. oye, oN re = Benn hwe changes to 30 k twe DCP will Sh Q2. Distance to CP is ‘at nms me ne distance is 1000 nms. If, a. 600 nms b. 500 nms ar X¥ ¢.700 nms Yd 4.400 nms - 043. Aircraft departs p aint A on track 135° at 200k TAS for flacesB 600 nms away. W/V = 080/35. Calculate dCP and tCP in the case oy ine ‘failure with ) Ken a/c fies from A to B on track 150 [T] ou 41000 nms with TAS = 0 IAW/V upto CP is 190/10 and 220/35 t eas econ g) PD] fo ae —O B Se es Hore! SAHIL KHURANA SEC 7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 4+eP 09871865200 / ee rEET LITTLE EUANaN ANSWERS 1, 318 NMS 4 2, 400 ° 3. 334 NM; 1HR 52 MIN © 4, 516; 1 HR 36 MIN PNR [POINT OF NO RETURN]/ PSR [POINT OF SAFE RETUI OF ACTION] & “4 Q.1. Distence A to B = 500 nms, track 060 [7], uns 300/30, Tas= 250k, safe endurance = 3 hrs. Calculate dPNR, SAR eS 5 Hrec PUNO 1 pa —O = Q.2, The distance to PNR, 500 nms is calculated with'S hrs endurance and 30k > 2.64 head wind before the flight, the pilot experiénces unexpected 30 k tailwind during flight, the new distance to nun Be. Q.3. FOB 6500 kgs 2 Fee S00 kes/hr 2 (EEA San Reserve fuel 45 min [assure unused] ° # Aircraft TAS = 250k ea ack= 145° W/V = 300/30 Find dPNR, tPNR R Re S15 13. Q.4.Anac fue!onsumption i is 2000 gph on 4 engines with 220 kts TAS and 1800 gph or on, Agines ‘and the TAS is 200 kwith 2g k hweon outbound, ane 272 22k Q.5: PNR? a Nms with 10,000 Ibs FOB. Calculate PNR with 10,500 Ibs fuel. ..5FOB= 2200 Ibs including 10 % of flight fuel as reserve. Fuel flow normal 500 |bs/ hr and 450 Ibs/hr on reduced power. TAS normal 240 k reduced TAS = Qe Winds = 10 k hwe on outbound, Calculate dPSR and tPSR. % a eee zoe Me de \ oi ‘SAHIL KHURANA, A SEC 7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI ¢* 09871866290PELEEGLEEEOLOOGEELELEGEULELEE TTT TTT PNR DGCA ANSWERS 1. 372.Nm, 750 NM 2. 500NM 3. 1512.Nm, 5 Hrs 27 Min 4. 11909 5. 756Nm 6. 474.Nm, 2hrs 4 min S & or & SEC-7, 09871865290TEL UUGLUEGLG LCE ECEEEELELLGUEELITIT ITIL CP & PNR RELATIONSHIP Q.1. In case a/cis required to return to departure point using only 10,000 Ibs fuel and flight fuel required is 15,000 Ibs, the fuel consp. Is 5000 Ibs/hour and TAS = 400 k with hwe of 100 k. The PNR and CP relationship is a. PNRis 188 nms before CP b. PNR is 188 nms from CP c. Both are collocated Q.2. Track = 073/ Dist = 1500 nms TAS= 210k W/V 200/35 for fs. 80, then onwards 230/40 FOB = 1550 gels/ including reserve- 150 gals FC = 200 gph, a, SAR pa b. DCP/TCP WV c. DPNR& TPNR XX wf Ss Q.3. Track= 335° /TAS=195k Dist = 12755 panies w/v 260/35 FC = 105 gph. Find a. DCP b. If TCP is 55 min nero What i is FOB excluding reserve L — ’™% Q)5. Track Ato B = 125" / TAS Son. W/V=070/35; FOB = 1200 gals including Find a) FC b) san oye 3 & ANSWERS, ~ \ / Ay aN XY. 16280; b) 656 NM; 2 HR 52 MIN c) 721 NM, HR 9 MIN QQ 3. DCP 667; 917 GAL \\ 4, F0B1638 GAL; 2085 NM: 650 GPH 5, 11115 GAL/HR; 2152 NM; 35 MIN BEFORE PNR; D= 1408 NM; EXCESS FOB=118 SAHIL KHURANA SEC~7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 09871866290wn BASICNAVIGATION. “10h SHAPE OF EARTH ‘ Oblate Spheroid / Ellipsoid * Equitorial Diameter is more than Polar Diameter’ resale . Polar Aiaweler. _ —4 2, SBBBNN. E queledd Henite ee) ck eo alue*of Compression is 1/297 or 1/300 approx... ression ratio as percentage %= “@" 5, 3/6 ex . ‘& 4. CSS ROTATION OF EARTH WHEN VIEWED FROM NORTH AND SOUTH POLE ? ve Arti-dechust? — Cigefuoiat ‘ EARTH IS ROTATING WEST TO EAST OR EAST TO WEST ? \Al ost fo. Eagt” SAHIL KHURANA SEC—7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 99871865290 PEEUELLGEELELELEEELLELELELb TTT Tuy‘% INCLINATION OF EARTH IS HOW MANY DEGREES FROM THE ORBITAL PLANE AND NORMAL PLANE ? L % $6.5 % The Equator: The Great Circle whose planes at 90° to the axis of rotation of the earth (the polar axis) is called the Equator. Itlies in ang East-West direction and divides the earth equally into two hemispieres * The Meridians:(Meridians are semi-Great circles joining the Northtand South poles. All meridians indicate True North-South direction\Eyery Great Circle passing through the poles forms a meridigntand its Anti- meridian, The meridians cross the Equator at 90°. AQ. oa of * The Prime (Or Greenwich) Meridian: The meridian®3ssing through Greenwich is known the Prime Meridian, The paar eee datum for defining Longitude eS “* Small Circle: A circle on the surface of the earth whose centre and radius are not those of the earth isecalléd a Small Circle. The main small circles of relevance to posit én are the Parallels of Latitude. ‘* Parallels of Latitude: rahe pafalléls of latitude are smalll circles on the surface of the earth 1 whosé:planes are parallel to the Equator. They lie in an East-We: ction. Their function is to indicate position North or South of the Equator Pe’ ‘Special Smail.circles x Bey Arce Op (Earth's tilt) ™™~ the parallel of 66%° N ( note that 66%° is value of the tarctic Circle the parallel of 6672°S. 3. Tropic of Cancer the parallel of 237° N ( the sun is overhead the Tropic of Cancer on mid-summers day in the Northern hemisphere) 4. Tropic of Capricorn the parallel of 23%°S ( the sun is overhead the Tropic of Capricorn on mid- winters day in the Northern hemisphere) SAHIL KHURANA, ‘SEC— 7, DWARKA, NEW DELHI 09871866290 PEEL EGLEEELGEELEEEEELOL LOLLY UIT LAN