~86- Exercise, Show thet a discrete metric spea (Xd) i acbanable Ly X bs countable. Remon. Ubi emstdering. awrehic Spree (X,4), we usually tssume X to bean inkinile set. fi Anite nahi Space ve not 5 wmeh interest. Themen. Ever, totally hounded metric Spec (X,d) bo separable - Park: Far each NEN, choose €24,-$ nee (Kd) totally bounded, Jo henite aubset Fr % aah thak Ys UBLCO). Let F= UR. Note that Ain & HEF, wen 4 countable Unian df fivike Sek ia coumtahle, F » countable. Claim F =X. se wit at of Xv o closure peed to eho Hak every bor wy “reams trac evens, need os een pata vmust inteset F, that, given wexord ¥7%, BAYNE G. Chose WEIN ate Lae, See Yo UBChY), 2deF puch thak LE BLY), BEF ule that EBM) =] 4%) a4 = %€B(L4 EBM). Buk YER, CF. tent yYeBOuAF. oO. _Exenese. Lom yor frlnck A Sebareble metric Space which ve nob totally bounded? (Discrete medic spore? ) contd on Pose 87-8h There sw closed Link between” complete metnie § pace and. its closed subsets. For exomple , woe thet (IRjM) complehe Now consicher two subsets 10,1] omd (051) ghia with the induced mebic that b, consider the mehic sbeees (14,11, 1") omd ( (9,1), 1-1). While (Loy1],1:1) 66 tomplehe meface Space, (110), 1) to mob complete. lihy tit happening Like this ? In ader to answer this question, we pst need the equential characters ration off achsed set in a metric Spaces The precise Ataterment bollous Theorem 6°49, page 37 % LAB]: det (Xjd) be a metric space, rex and A be a non-embty subset op X . Then (@) xER (theto xno closure, pot a A) 1b amd onby if FE o pequence (Xn) Dy A Auch that x, in (Xd) bh) XEA' Cthederived set ah). Ey Fa tequenee q distinct terms (En) in A duch that %—>t bh (Kd). CRemenk? 16 A! means x is anaccumulation pant of A. Nobe the difference in the statements (a) and (b) — in (6), the Pequence (%n) hao alt distinck pembers ) Pam (a): Fivst subbese eR. Hera by de dinition BG, Ya Rctd Choose ye BOGAN. (Are. you applying AC here 2) Then clearly (34) oink ond ACH, %n) ek Sy Hy % Obed). Conversely Prbpose that there oxrts a Dequence (xn) A Arch that %q—9% dm (Xd). So Biven E70, J ny Ein Auch trek 2, & B(x, e) # 0% NE Tn posh, a(n €) OM ED, Since €70 waa chosen arbitrarily x ¢ tort on Poge BE(b) Fivst onbpase xen) aes assume that % Us an accumuleton pat of A. Look at The prt of the comes purding part in (4). There you Just chose %y pom BOGL) , Buk there wes ro guaran = bee thet +h %, wn Aifferent from oC, chosen from BC+). Twi me , be weed to ensure it Closely untch the technique . Fes nl, choose 1 € BOL duck that x bx, This » pormble betause oe by am accumulation point af A. Now I weed to pick ub x) pom BOUL) OA) puch thet x % amd Habe By only chinsing the yadins 4 wot 2%. to make 2, different from X,. But there oa simple trick Ry FRD 40H, 7O - 5° choose ¥, Puch that 047, < mh 3 4 ' (4,4), Then Au Lb on accumulation pawt OFA, BE) O(AGHS DG. chose 2 €BOG%) O-PS). Cheoly WAX. Also dA (Aa,x) <8, 2d 04%) =? MAH. Nw apply am bnduchive prices . Suppose. weelye already chosen HA, 6% doom A whieh ane abl distinct and LEH, (CEN auth that A(%,%) < mm ft jdOynn} 2 CEN. Then chowe Yuu yo auch that Gry < nin Ree yA (Xn) Then B C4 Brae) OCA 413) ED ord cheese yay € BOA Fant) N(ArES). Then (on) in a pequente WA satisfying Xaxt ay, if notin amd Xn % in (Xd), (Remark: Drow disks on a phece ds paper to underdtard the techniegue dp the pore. Do gor really az-em 2 ) assume that 4a doquenct (tn) dp distinck tems MA Auchthat 9% in (Xp d)- Tust use the defikitin Th Awe comengence Oyo bequence. amd complete the part. contd on Page 89 Con31- Thenem 613, Page4o CAB]. Let (Xd) be. o metate Spice and A be a non—embty subset ot X. © Suppse (Xd) & complete and Ab closed in Od), Then: (AjA) » a complete metre Space. (b) Seppe (Ard) & a complete retuie Spece. Then Ais ebosed in(X.4 ) (Remar. 1 bove Split CAAT's result in two ports in ovder to emphasize whee you use jhe completeness &-(XA).) (A). We recs to ahs thet energy Cauchy sequence (mn) inl) converges to a point in A. So UA On) be @ Corchy sepence im (Apa). Since (Xm) v olgo Cauchy im the complete mebwie Space (Xj) FeeX auch that r%q—> x Od) Bat (OG) & o deguence hem A omd hence by Thenews 64h bese 87 S mg dle, 2 ED, But Air closed awd bene f= A, So LEP) That i, tre Canchy Degnemee Caen) ih (Apc) Comnentes to 6 pot MA. Heme (A, d) to complete (©) Suppese (Ryd) io complete. We ated to aha fib ehged in (X)a). To pave tt, well We ata Thenem 6:4 (a) , bt the other ditectin « det 6 A, Then Fa sequent (kn) in A Auch that Sy dh (Xjd). Heme (mn) 5 Cavely ‘i (Xb). But cach %n EA. Pence (tn) Cauchy i (Ryd). Stour (Ryd) incomplebe, 3 BEA: veh tok 4-99 in (hyd). Note thed %p—>y dh (Ad) mEMNS %y—>Y aloe (Xd). Buck alrendy we have 22% th (Xjd). Then by the uniépechess te the Hivait Ue eowersent Sehyance X=|. But YEA, 20 xEA. Henee REA tht ob, ASA - SOA Ws closed fh (%d)- DNext we wart to prove Te pemoes Comtos’s tysherse chit : on a complete. mebule Sbaue. Tt oa wey as webric Spaces - ackually often tis result to used to pre On important results in mefuie Spaces. Tw order to state “Hus thenem ina precite way, ih is better to dekne the diameter Us 0 Sek dro wwebric Space . .- pelpitim|s. fat (63) be a medi seo and A be « ror lh pubsek dh X- Then the diameker dA, dented by d (A), & defined o bells: AUR) = dup fd064) 2 yeAD Note frat Abo bounded in Yd) Ed d (h)<% , thet 4, IG and only The (Pe) vo a neal number - Also note frat tee term Yiameter! & consistent with tre exsves burcling teu “Linmefer! used Ips eixcle . Aso note that whale defrrg certain terns, Tt am asridiny tee empty set p, SO yu phould tink, dasa fo define nbd ond upg hue b oo the empty. aubset of R - Ty order to understand the pov Cortu’s tdavsechim Therem, vote the followrg part : TE ln) bo & neque pr amnebne shoe (Xd) connenging to & park % dX then ave pubsequone (Sy) (%n) algo converges FOL. Tn panbieadae the. pubsegnence (heyy cnr 2 IP (Xd), wheme im ” a §iven metural number - Comb’s Twhenceckhim Thenem (There 6°14, page 41 As] ) Let (X)4) be a Complete. metue spare and Wut (An) be 0 Dag uensee A closed rome pty puabSetS eK auch that contd on Page!Ann ¢ Ay Wr €IN and Und (hn) = . Then the. inbersectiin: [) An. consist preeaely dh one jen (Rewank, Hes tre oaphonte of ot CA,) wreans thee tenn 0 ® Aamckionfin —> P(X) = the pever ok He X pu tnat $n) Py. Th pew of "Ran & A, , pomehines, We codlit a decreasing Aequen of Sets. Ty peasue teeny , if bo clondend term. The conclubion of tre thenein achanlly . oo coop, tak (i) jORn Ed and G) TEMG EORn, then X=Y, Ofhem Ie ardento aplily ftir Contr’ thenen, we just weed (i).)_ Bei tg 4 & By than 4 Rn Hm By debnhin, dA OGY) Sd (An) EN. But Lm d (An) =° Ahem te, A (419) So and $0 HSY, S the intersection OR, Com have ot wast one element - ae ° Nes we ahow-that Ay, har a point . Fer exch WEN, chepe HEA, | (hie you using, re here?) Nake for mam Rie & An are Irene. d (Bix) £ cb (Rm) - Now given €78,.d no € N uch that 4 (Pry) <6, because Lind (An) =0, that 3, d (An) 0- Frewe Sh 7M, Oy, in) & d (Any) 26 avd 20 O%) in & Cauchy sequen De (Xd). Buk (Xrd) & cmnplete- Heme Axe X Buck hak x, xe (Xd), But teas wens nak (nye OK) rem EIN ord Wen by “Treen 6-8) A Be dF mY nce, HE Ti, Bat Ayn cle amd $0 Ry ZA = Hens CE Ayg® MtIN ard fo 26 (hn, Contel. on Page 42.e . Counter- Exomble.. ros bypetvesis & (%4) being a complete waabic Speer th Cantur’s Tnhersech on thearem ts pretty ruck wooded fet Y= (01) and consider tre usual didtence mehr hon XK. Then (%, 11) & not complete « The angen (ch), doee not eoncecge iw (X11) ,tromgh iF a Counchy Aaguence kG EH) , oat A,= (0,4) » Then euch My w Closed: ie (4) and OR. =. Finally we end tis section: by « very ienpavtenat example i 0 Gomplebe rmebie spe ant the din cor ot ercumple, Lek X be @ ronemply ox ord (ut BCX) be the pe Uy oh real-valued bouwkeol Aunchins dehked om X trak » BOWS fh: X—IRt $ bounded 3 = FFEXDRE F(X) bounded IR}. Note - the neumd + nused Aoouck that’ Gr BCX), debhe the mat D ao follows: DUK 9) = ub Fltoy- gens EX). Tha sup 6 a nmcnepatie Pred number rue + and 4 os boundad umchins. Yur. Chaald chede tt. Moyeover, you shold chede Dv really a wetic on A(X). Dv calhed the awpremun medi Oy wagon meee on BOX): The justipicachin fur calling iho Wnihon’ mebre will be 9 new Cader . But ning we wank to prove that D vy A Complebe mednc . dn vider TS prove it, we vse the fact that (R, Mba Complete medr'c SpOee,- Note the technique ised iv te pout. contd on Pee 443- -4X- Miso we weed the following Jact by the bowl dh the complete MESS Ug the mebic D wm BX). Result Let qr) be o Sepuence th R comvergiy foe baint x dh WR Them (12n]) converges fe toel » R Parte | trai] S 1atn-74 4g the cowete tine? 16 [tn] — 121 Bl), then An sige : Completeness vs (B(%),D ). dat Un) bea Canchy sequence im (BC), D).. Then given 670, 4 nen buch that D(fatm)c EV MMy Ne In partion, for cock EX, VS) FnlW1S DSn ten) 4 € Whymyng . Bat this means that for enth LEX, the sequence (x09) io Conchy in (HR, 1-1). Hence Uf, G9) comnergen to o (Vawque) point; Soy, etn GRIN). Defwe $2 XV by 40S Yo bie F,00. nebe 3 deperds om x ancl t ba well-defimed rent valued Aumchin che finest on X . Nole that conlier we got > fur each EX, IH) - tmlmoe Ferman. $0 Lied fnlt)~fmOO\L 6 ¥ mz Ne. Nohe Ne berms that we ane deikg it for eutticientty terse N amd in portiowan, Puch anny ne, Alco note thet dha limit process, <<’ will have. to be re placed by S . Example Lye ae n VEIN, buk lim + so. Naw Lan Ll) — fom OO = | bg, Und ten OD = [54-091 by the debinitin Lam using the result % f. Ataled dove Contd om. page 94-qu- So we gek ($oy- 4,00 1S € ¥rr%ne . In parhonlen, \SO- FOOSE vmr ne. Note we have actually wer), Ais 4wequality Apes ald LEX $e [Fol Z VS 671+ & WKEX. Sime tye € BOO, A Mg 70 Anch that L$pgQ1 SMe HXEX. Hene [for | < Me te =M (Soy) HH EX, Hak Bf & boumcked om X , ‘that in, FEB) . Now we wed to chow D(44,) oo a ne: Nete thee WO), we actually get : [Fo - F.001£ € verre and ¥KEX $e Bup\soo - fall Se WmMyNe, thal, D(tytywe) £E VMN » Bub His prectely wcoms that 4, —> f in(BO),D) Hence (8 00, D ) b m complete metric Space. OD. Remon. . Note that if we reeflaee IR by C, tak 3, ib me telee. BK) te be the sett all complex valine bounded Aramckions on X , we com chefine the eubre mum metric D exactly the some worp ancl cam frrve Again that 00,D) be & compluke metric fpace. When X>IN= the set fp alt notwral numbers, then (OY, D) b Aimaply denoted by Lge. Lgwe vant to melee « distinction, we may Vde the notedrin 4. (IR) or Ly CE) — in erctento indicate Contd on Page9S”Ih we ane talks the ret ett bounded: real Aaqnences os Awe bed Ay alk bounded compleys Aequences . T's Apare Ly ve eg important in rreasune they ord funchinall Omerlycis . Now recall how we hare defined the cluster part a areal Pequena. Sust copy that defvitin,buk replace II by d. Debwstinle Let (Xjd) be a mebrit Spree ,€xn) be a Boquence im X ond LEX. Then % do called a clucter print (hn) in (Xd) if Qiven WEIN and Ero, hyn Ck depends om beth namd &) duck that d (oty,%) <6. Theorem: Let (Xn) be a hequence in a metic space (Xd ) and XE X. Then % iv & cluster point Cen) th (XA) iIrawd malt rf there enists & subseguinee (4, A (hin) Such tak %,—>% de O%4). Park Copy tire poort ot Thearema yy of pages 23-24 in cae], but dont fosget +o nreplew I-lbyd.a Exercises, Do Pwobiems 7, 8 omd 4a),