NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA Ce ee ee ae Code for Design of Building Foundations yaraal > A Cam ee Uen esi aa ere eA (esa, 2) rereNATIONAL STANDARD OF THE PEOPLE’ S REPUBLIC OF CHINA Hae A BR SEA El Bal Se Code for Design of Building Foundations a FMEA a Be BL, GB 50007 — 2002 EX hh) Chief Editorial Department: Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China Approval Department: Ministry of Construction of the People’ s Republic of China Excutive Date: April 1,2002 China Architecture & Building Press ARR sckhkme Beijing 2002SEAM B (CIP) ea MEM RAL BIE GB S0007—2002 (SEC KE) TREE at: Te Weett 2005 ISBN 7-112-07845-8 1.2 Te... OL, See MLB) RE -HBEX NV .TUA7-65 APH Fit CIP AE BEF (2005) 129242 NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA PEARCE BRE Code for Design of Building Foundations AES AE AEE HL GB 50007—2002 BEM. PARAL th RAT ATE) Re pee wh AIR RE Ze AH i NS A ACH Zi Bh ED BA PE EE ED FPA: 787% 1092 A 1/6 VIR: 15% MTs 2 FM: 400 TE 2005 $F12.A8—KE 2005 4F 12 AAAI EDR:1—S00 Ett 1700.00 76 ISBN 7-112.07845-8 (13799) RFA BTS AT Ee AL , APA HA (eet 100037) AP HERE shtp: //www -eabp .com.cn F4_EA5/5 :hutp: //www.chine-building.com. cnNOTICE ‘The code is written in Chinese and English. The Chinese text shall be taken as the ruling one in the event of any inconsistency between the Chinese text and the English text.Notice of Promulgation for the National Standard “Code for Design of Building Foundations” Document JB[ 2002 ]No. 46 According to the requirements of “Notice of Printing and Distributing for the ‘1997 Preparation and Revision Plan of Engineering Construction Standards’ (Document JB [1997] NO. 108 )-Ministry of Construction”, that the “Code for Design of Building Foundations” has been revised by Ministry of Construction together with the relevant departments, after a joint examination of relevant departments, hence the new code has been approved as @ national standard with a serial number of GBS0007—2002, and it shall come into force upon April 1,2002. Herein, clauses 3.0.2, 3.0.4, 5.1.3, 5.3.1, 5.3.4, 5.3.10, 6.1.1, 6.3.1, 6.4.1, 7.2.7, 7.2.8, 8.2.7, 8.4.5, 8.4.7, 8.4.9, 8.4.13, 8.5.9, 8.5.10, 8.5.18, 8.5.19, 9.1.3, 9.1.6, 9.2.8, 10.1.1, 10.1.6, 10.1.8, and 10.2.9 are mandatory clauses, which must be enforced strictly. The original “Code for Design of Building Foundations”GBJ 7—89 shall be abolished after December 31,2002. The Ministry of Construction is in charge of management and explanation of the mandatory clauses in the code, the China Academy of Building Research will be responsible for the explanation of specific technical contents and the Research Institute of Standards and Norms-Ministry of Construction will organize the China Architecture & Building Press to take on publishing and distributing works of this code. Ministry of Construction of the People’ s Republic of China February 20, 2002Preface According to the requirements of Document JB [ 1997] No. 108-Ministry of Construction, that the“Code for the Design of Building Foundations"GBJ 7—89, has been revised by the China Academy of Building Research together with the Design, the Investigation and Survey, the Construction, the Research as well as the Teaching relevant units. In the period of revision, the code revision group carried out various studies on specific topics, investigated and summarized the recent domestic practical experiences and accepted the new research results from concerned domain, meanwhile, the various ways were used by the code revision group to solicit widespread opinions of the Design, the Investigation and Survey, the Construction, the Research as well as the Teaching relevant units, the code was born out through repeated discussions, amendments and trial designs, finally, the new version of code was decided after examination. The revised edition of the Code includes 10 chapters and 22 appendices. The main revised contents are as follows: The applied range and the calculated method of the ultimate limit states and the serviceability limit states in the design of building foundations are clearly difined; the principle of deformation controlling design has been emphasized, satisfying the requirements for the serviceability function of building; the classification for rocks and the classification for the frost heaving of soils are detailed; the calculated methods for the ground deformation and the resilient deformation of limited compressive stratum are added; the design method of rock slope retainer is added the design method of compound ground is added; the design method for raft foundation of tall buildings is added; the design method for the settlement of pile foundation is addeds the design method for foundation pit works is added; the contents of inspection and monitoring for the ground, foundation are added. The stipulations for design of shell foundation have been abolished. “The present Code may be in need of locally revised in the future, that the relevant informations and contents of locally revised clauses will be published on the magazine of “Engineering Construction Standardization” . Clauses marked with boldface letters in the code are mandatory clauses and must be enforced strictly. The Institute of Foundation Engineering, China Academy of Building Research is responsible for the specific explanation of the Code. All relevant units are kindly requested to sum up and accumulate their experiences in actual practices, during the process for implementing this Code, the relevant opinions and advices can be posted to the Management Group of National Standard “Code for Design of Building Foundations” , the China Academyof Building Research, No. 30 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, China (Postcode 100013, E- mail; tyjcabr@sina. com. en) Chief editorial unit of the Code: China Academy of Building Research Participating editorial units; Beijing Geotechnical Institute, China Institute of Geotechnical Investigation Surveying, Beijing Institute of Architectural Design, China Architecture Design and Research Group, Shanghai Institute of Architectural Design and Research, Guangxi Institute of Architectural Design and Research, Yunnan Design Institute, Liaoning Provincial Building Design and Research Institute, Central-South Architectural Design Institute, Hubei Provincial Institute of Building Research and Design, Fujian Institute of Building Research, Architecture Scientific Research Institute of Shanxi Province, Gansu Building Research Institute, Guangzhou Institute of Building Science, ichuan Architectural Scientific Research Institute, Heilongjiang Cold Region Construction Science Research Institute, Tianjin University, Tongji University, Zhejiang University, Chongaing Jianzhu University, Taiyuan University of Technology and Guangdong Foundation Engineering Company. Main drafting staffs: Huang Xiling Teng Yanjing Wang Tiehong Wang Gongshan Wang Huichang Bai Xiachong = Wang Guolie Wu Xuemin Yang Min Zhou Guangkong Zhou Jingwen Lin Liyan Luo Yusheng Chen Rugui Zhong Liang Gu Xiaolu. Gu Baohe Hou Guangyu Yuan Binglin © YuanNeizhen Tang Jiekang Huang Qiushun Gong Yiming Pei Jie Pan Kaiyun Pan Qiuyuan Translator: Chen Dingwai Professor, China Academy of Building Research, July, 2005, Beijing, ChinaTable of Contents 1 General Principles 2 Terms and Symbols 2.1 Terms 2.2. Main Symbols 3. Fundamental Stipulations - 4 Classification of Geotechnical Rocks, Soils and Their Engineering Property Indexes + 10 4.1 Classification of Rocks, Soils + 10 4.2. Engineering Property Indexes +13 5 Calculation of Ground 15 5.1 Embedded Depth of Foundation 15 5.2 Calculation of Load-bearing Capacity 18 5.3 Calculation of Deformation 5.4 Calculation of Stability 6 Ground in Mountaineous Region 6.1 General Stipulations 6.2 Soil-rock Composite Ground 6.3 Compacted Fill Ground -- 6.4 Landslide Prevention 6.5. Karst and Earth Cave 6.6 Soil Side Slope and Gravity Retaining Wall - 6.7 Rock Side Slope and Rock Anchored Bolt Retaining Wall 7 Feeble Ground --- 7.1 General Stipulations 7.2 Utilization and Treatment 7.3. Architectural Measures 7.4 Structural Measures 7.5. Large Area Ground Surface Load 8 Foundations --- 8.1 Unreinforced Spread Foundation 8.2. Spread Foundation +++ 8.3. Strip Footing under Columns -~ 8.4 Raft Foundation for Tall Buildings 8.5. Pile Foundation 8.6 Rock Anchored Bolt Foundation9 Foundation Pit Engineering =----*+-+-~ 9.1 General Stipulations 9.2 Design Calculation 9.3 Underground Diaphragm Wall and Top-down Construction Method 10. Verification and Monitoring 10.1 Verification 10.2 Monitoring ‘Appendix-A Division of the Hardness Degree of Rocks and the Completeness Degree of Rock Masses Appendix B Field-distinction of Broken Stone Soil - Appendix C Main Points of Shallow Stratum Plate-loading Test Appendix D Main Points of Deep Stratum Plate-loading Test Appendix E Characteristic Value of Shear Strength Indexes ¢, ¢ Appendix F Map for the Standard Frozen Depth Lines of Seasonal Frozen Soil in China -* Appendix G Classification for the Frost Heaving Property of Ground Soil and the Maximum Depth of Allowable Remainder Frozen Soil Stratum under Foundation Base of Buildings Appendix H_ Main Points for Loading Test of Rock Ground Appendix J Main Points for Uniaxial Compression Strength Test of Rock Appendix K Coefficient of Additional Stress @ and Coefficient of Average Additional Stress @ *** Appendix L Coefficient of Active Earth Pressure k, for Retaining Wall Appendix M Main Points for Pull-out Resistant Test of Rock Anchored Bolt +++ Appendix N Calculation for Additional Settlement Amount of Ground under the Action of Large Area Ground Surface Load ~~ Appendix P Calculating Formulae for the Perimeter of Critical Section and the Polar Moment of Inertia for Punching Shear Appendix Q Main Points for Vertical Static Loading Test of Single Pile Appendix R Calculation for Final Settlement of Pile Foundation Appendix $ Sectional Width for Inclined Section Subjected to Shear of the Stepped Capping and the Cone Capping -~ Appendix T Main Points for Calculation of the Pile-type, the Wall-type Cantilevered - 101 Retaining Structures Appendix U Main Points for Calculation of the Pile-type, the Wall-type Anchor Bracing ++ 133 Retaining Structures Appendix V Checking Computation for the Stability of Swelling Resistant of Foundation Pit Base ~ 134Appendix W Checking Computation for the Stability of Seepage Flow Resistant of Foundation Pit Base Appendix X Main Points for Soil Stratum Anchored Bolt Test Explanation of Wording in This Code -1 General Principles 1.0.1 The Code was drawn up for the purpose of implementing the national technical and ‘economical policies in design of the building grounds, foundations, that the design can be accomplished with being safe and applicable, using advanced technology, being economical and reasonable, assuring the quality and protecting the environment. 1.0.2 Design of the building grounds, foundations must persist in the principles of suiting measures to local conditions, using local materials, protecting the environment and ‘economizing on the resources; the design shall be painstakingly performed, considering the factors comprehensively as the type of structures, the availability of materials and the construction conditions ete. , in accordance with the geotechnical survey data of rocks, soils. 1.0.3 The Code is suitable for the design of grounds, foundations of industrial and civilian buildings (including structures). For the design of grounds, foundations in the collapsible loess, the perennial frozen soil and the swelling soil, as well as, under the action of seismic load and vibrating load of machines, that the stipulations in the relevant current standards or codes shall still be conformed. 1.0.4 When the Code is used for design, the values of loads shall be taken in conformity with the stipulations in the National Standard “Load Code for the Design of Building Structures” GB 50009; in the calculation of foundations that the stipulations of the National Standard“ Code for Design of Concrete Structures” GB 50010 and“Code for Design of Masonry Structures”GB 50003 shall still be conformed. When the foundations are laid in aggressive environment or are subjected to temperature influence, that the stipulations in the relevant current national mandatory code shall still be conformed, and the corresponding protective measures shall be taken.2 Terms and Symbols 2.1 Terms 2.1.1 Subgrade, foundation soils, ground Soil masses or rock masses are used for supporting the foundations. 2.1.2 Foundation The component part of structures is used for transmitting the actions, which can be bome by structures, on the ground. 2.1.3 Characteristic value for load-bearing capacity of ground It indicates the value of pressure corresponding to the stipulated deformation, which is a linear deformed segment in a deformation curve for the pressure of ground soil measured from loading test. Its maximum value is the value for limit of proportionality. 2.1.4 Gravity density, unit weight, weight density The gravity, which is the product of the density and the acceleration of gravity for rock, soil, can be borne by the unit volume of rock, soil. 2.1.5 Structural plane of rock mass ‘The cracked plane and the easily cracked plane of rock mass. Such es bedding plane, joint, fault, schistosity etc. It is also called the discontinuity structural plane, 2.1.6 Standard frozen depth ‘The mean value of the maximum frozen depth, which is not less than 10 years measured in the open field besides the smooth ground level, exposed and city. 2.1.7 Allowable value for deformation of ground ‘The determined controlling value of deformation is guaranteed for the serviceability of buildings. 2.1.8 Soil-rock composite ground In the scope for main bearing stratum of the building ground (or the building ground is located within the sector separated by settlement joints), the ground where the surface of underlying rock has fair-sized slope; the ground are stalagmitically and some of which are outeropped; or the ground has big isolated stone or has individual outcropping stalagmite. 2.1.9 Ground treatment Tt denotes the artificial methods, which are adopted for raising the load-bearing capacity of ground soil, to improve the deformation property or the penetration property of ground. 2.1.10 Composite subgrade, composite ground ‘The artificial ground is formed by the ground soil and the strengthened mass, which apart of soil mass is strengthened or replaced, to bear jointly the loads 2.1.11 Spread foundation ‘The foundation, which can create the pressure spreading effect, is called spread foundation. The loads, which are transmitted from the upper structures, through the lateral spreading to form a definite bearing base area, then, making the compressive stresses due to the pressures acted at the foundation base are equal or less than the allowed load-bearing capacity of the ground soil, meanwhile, the internal stresses in the foundation shall satisfy the requirements for strength of materials. 2.1.12 Unreinforced spread foundation It is the strip footing under wall or the single footing under column, which are composed of brick, rubble, concrete or rubble concrete, liming soil and trinal soil etc. materials, and have no need of the steel reinforcements: 2.1.13 Pile foundation “The foundation is composed of the piles settling-up in the rock, soil and connecting to the capping on top of pile. 2.1.14 Retaining structure ‘The structure is constructed for maintaining the stability and controlling the deformation of rock, soil side slope. 2.2 Main Symbols A—area of foundation bases compression coefficient; @ width of foundation base (minimum side length); or side length of foundation base along the moment acting direction; —cohesion forces d—embedment depth of foundation; diameter of pile shaft; E,—active earth pressure; E,—modulus of compression; e ‘void ratios F ‘vertical force on the top of foundation; f;-—adjusted characteristic value for load-bearing capacity of grounds fa-—characteristic value for load-bearing capacity of ground; fac-—characteristic value for uniaxial compression strength of saturated rock G— permanent load Hy—height of foundation; H;—hoeight of building measured from foundation base surfaces H,—height of building measured from outdoor ground level;L—length of a building or unit length separated by settlement joints; 1—ength of foundation bases M—rmoment or sectional bending moment acting on foundation base; p—ean pressure at foundation base surfaces Po-—mean additional pressure at foundation base surfaces vertical load corresponding to the characteristic combination of load effects sustained by a single pile in pile foundations characteristic value for load-bearing capacity of soil at end of piles u-—characteristic value for frictional force of soil around the piles Qe R,—characteristic value for vertical load-bearing capacity of a single piles s—amount of settlement; u—length of perimeters ‘w——moisture content of soil; ‘wi —liquid limit; ‘wy —plastic limits zo——standard frozen depth; calculated depth for settlement of grounds a—ceefficient of average additional stress B—-slope angle for side slope with respect to horizontal plane; ¥—gravitational density of soil; abbreviation: weight density of soil; 3—hiction angle for earth-fill and backing retaining, wall; 6,—friction angle between earth-fill and slope face of stable rocks; 0—pressure spreading angle of ground; —coefficient of friction between soil and foundation base of retaining wall; 9 Poisson’ s ratios ¢— internal friction angles 1 —cvefficient of correction for load-bearing capacity of width of foundation; ¢— coefficient of correction for load-bearing capacity of embedment depth of foundation; y.— empirical coefficient for calculation of settlement.3 Fundamental Stipulations 3.0.1 In accordance with the level for complication of grounds, the scale and the functional characteristics of buildings as well as the degree for being possible to destroy buildings or to influence serviceability of buildings due to problems of grounds, hence, the design of grounds, foundations are divided into three design classes, which shall be seclected for design from the Table 3.0.1, according to the specific conditions. ‘Table 3.0.1 Design Classes for Grounds, Foundations Design classes Categories of buildings and grounds Tmportant industrial and eivilian buildings ‘Tall buildings with more than 30 stories Complicated shaped buildings, which link up the high storied and the low storied buildings together with their difference more than 10 stories Multi-storied underground building with Inrger aren (such ast underground garage, market, sports around ete.) aed Buildings with special requirements for deformation of ground Buildings on a slope (including high side slope) under complicated geological conditions Newly constructed building with comparative lange influences on the original engineering projects General buildings with complicated site and ground conditions Foundation pit project for the two storied or the more than two stories basement, located at ‘ complicated geological conditions oF soft soil regions Class I Industral and civilian buildings besides the Class T, the Class lll "The seven storied end the below seven storied civilian buildings and general industrial buildings, with the simplified site and ground conditions, loading distributed uniformly; secondary light-duty buildings Class 3.0.2 In accordance with the design classes of ground, foundation, as well as, the degree of influence on the upper structure due to the deformation of ground under the effects of long-term loading, hence, the design of ground, foundation shall conform to the following stipulations: E 1 The calculations of grounds for all buildings shall satisfy the related stipulations for the calculation of load-bearing capacity; 2 The deformation design of ground shall be performed for the buildings belong to Class T , Class 3. The buildings for design Class Il with the scope listed in the Table 3.0.2, that the checking computation of deformation can not be performed, if one of the following situations occurs, the checking computation of deformation shall still be performed: 1) The characteristic value for load-bearing capacity of ground for building is less than 130 kPa, and with the complicated shape building; 2)The ground stacking load is acted on the foundations and in the vicinity of foundations or the difference of loadings on the neighbouring foundations may be 5quite large, when it can possible arouse the large unequal settlements of ground; 3) When the eccentric load is existed in the buildings on the soft weak soil ground: 4) When the tilting of building may be occurred, if the distance between the neighbouring buildings is too closer; 5) When there exists the earth-fill with comparative great thickness or the earth-fill with non-uniform thickness, its self-weight consolidation has not been completed. 4 For the tall buildings, the high-rise structures and the retaining walls sustain the effects of horizontal loading frequently, as well as, the buildings and the structures are constructed on the inclined slope or near the side slope, their stability shall still be checking computed; 5 The checking computation for the stability of the foundation pit project shall be carried out; 6 When the ground water, which lies hidden in the earth, is comparatively shallow, that the floating problem is existed in the basement of buildings or the underground structures, hence, the checking computation of anti-buoyancy shall still be carried out. Table 3.0.2 Scope for Buildings of Design Class If, Which the Calculation for Deformation of Ground can not be Performed Contos tor | Characteristic value for Sin, 90< fa 100 fu] 130< fa 160 Su] 200 Sa ain Daring wr | eMearng capaly of ground fu(kPa) | <0 | <100 | <130 | <160 | <200 | <300 ‘atum of ground | Gradient of each sil stratum (%) 0 | O>fa>30 wafaris | compression strength | | | Fa MPa) | | | | 4.1.4 The rock mass completeness degree shall be classified into complete, comparatively complete, comparatively broken, broken and utmost broken. When there is lacking for the testing data, that the Appendix A.0.2 of the Code can be implemented. ‘Table 4.1.4 Classification for Rock Mass Completeness Grade for completeness ively (Comparative | Unmest omplet . Comparatively Comparatively U degree complete degree broken broken ‘Completeness index >0.75 0.75~0.55 0.55~0.35 0.35~0.15 | <0.15 Note: The completeness index means the square for the ratio of the wave velocity for longitudinal wave of rock mass and the wave velocity for longitudinal wave of rock block. The representative rock mass and rock block shall be selected to measure their wave velocity.4.1.5 The broken stone soil means that the content of grains with its diameter greater than 2mm are exceeding 50% of the total weight of soil. The broken stone soil can be classified into boulder, block stone, cobble, broken stone, rounded gravel and angular gravel, according to the Table 4.1.5. ‘Table 4.1.5 Classification of Broken Stone soils Name of soil ‘Shape of grain Content of grains set Boulder Rounded shape and sub-rounded shape Content of grains with its diameter groster than re predominast 20 are excenting 50 wid Block stone Arries shape is predominant ps eae 7 Cable Rounded shape and sub-romded shape at Content of grains with its diameter than 20mm are se dna exceeding 50% of the toa weigh Broken stone | _Arries shape is predominant ee tes Rounded gravel | Rounded shape and sub-rounded shape are predominant Angular gravel | Arries shape is predominant Note: When classifying the broken stone soil shall sceard to the content of grains set column from top to bottom, it is determined by the first conformable one. Content of grains with its diameter grater than 2mm ‘are exceeding 50% of the total weight of soil 4.1.6 The density of broken stone soil can be classified into loose, slightly dense medium dense, dense, according to the Table 4.1.6. ‘Table 4.1.6 Density of Broken Stone Soil Blow count from heavey circular Bow count from heavey circular x cone dynamic probing Ness Daly cone dynamic probing Nox s ond Nas20 Dense Note: The table is applicable for cobble, broken stone, rounded gravel and angular gravel, there are with the average diameter of grains less than or equal to 50mm and the maximum diameter of grains not greater than 100mm. For the density of broken stone soil, with the average diameter of grains is grater than SOmm or the maximum diameter of grains is greater than 100mm, can be distinguished in socordance with the Appendix Bs 2 The Nes in the Table is the average value through the comprehensive adjustment. 4.1.7 The sandy soil means that the content of grains with its diameter greater than 2mm. is not exceeding the 50% of total weight of soil, with its diameter greater than 0.075mm is exceeding the 50% of total weight of soil. The sandy soil can be classified into gravelly sand, coarse sand, medium sand, fine sand and silty sand, according to the Table 4.1.7. Table 4.1.7 Classification of Sandy Soils Name of sil ‘Content of grains set Gravelly sand | Content of grains with its diameter greater than 2mm amounts 10 25% ~50% of total weight of soil Coarse sand | Content of grains with its diameter greater than 0. Smm is exceeding the 50% of total weight of soil Medium sand | Content of grains with its diameter greater than 0.25mm is exceeding the $0% of total weight of sil Fine send Content of grains with its diameter greater than 0. 075mm is exceeding the 85% of total weight of soil Silty sand Content of grains with its diameter greater than 0.07Smm is exceeding the 50% of total weight of sil Note: When classifying the sandy soil shall accord to the cantent of gains set column fram top to bottom, it is determined by the first conformable one. 11et ee aT a Te ee oe ll 4.1.8 The density of sandy soil can be classified into loose, slightly dense, medium dense | and dense. Table 4.1.8 Density of Sandy Soil ‘count from standard ] ‘count standard Blow it fr | teag Blow. from Density pencttin text N | penetration tet N NS10 Loose 1S30 Dene NotesWhen the density of sandy soil is judged by the obstructive force of static probing head, it can be determined in sccordance with the locality experience. 4.1.9 The cohesive soil, which is the soil with the plasticity index I, greater than 10, can be classified into clay, silty clay, according to the Table 4.1.9. Table 4.1.9 Classification of Cohesive Soils Plasticity index 1, [Name of soil Name of soil 1,>17 Chay Plasticity index 1, | 10< 1 Silty day Notes The plasticity index is calculated from the measured liquid limit, which is corresponding to the 76g cone sinking into the sel sarmple with « depth of 10mm. 4.1.10 — The states of cohesive soil can be classified into stiff, stiff plastic, plastic, soft plastic and fluid plastic, according to the Table 4. 1.10. Table 4.1.10 States of Cohesive Soil | Liquidity index I, . States Liquidity index I, States. # T= sit onsen | Sa Pe 0< 150.25 Stiff plastic fe: f ht Fluid plastic 025 10.78 asic per" Note: When the blow count from the obstructive force of static probing head or the standard penetration test is used to judge the states of cohesive soil, it can be determined in accordance with the local experience. 4.1.11 The silty soil is index I,<10, and the content of grains with its diameter greater than 0. 075mm is not exceeding the 50% of total weight of soil. 4.1.12 The mud is formed by the deposition in the stagnant water or the slowly flowing water environment, and through the biochemical reaction, its natural moisture content is greater than the liquid limit, and the natural void ratio is greater or equal to 1.5 of the cohesive soil. When the cohesive soil or the silty soil with the natural moisture content is greater than the liquid limit, and the natural void ratio is less than 1.5, but it is greater than or equal to 1.0, hence, it belongs to muddy soil. 4.1.13 The laterite belongs to high plasticity clay, which is formed from carbonate series rock through the action of laterization, its liquid limit is usually greater than 50. features of laterite will be reserved after transporting repeatedly, when the liquid limit of 12 between the sandy soil and the cohesive soil, with the plasticity he basiclaterite is greater than 45,hence, it belongs to secondary laterite. 4.1.14 The artificial earth-fill can be classified into plain earth-fill, compacted earth-fill, miscellaneous earth-fill and flushing earth-fill according to their composition and the cause of formation The plain earth-fill is the fill composed by broken stone soil, sandy soil, silty soil, cohesive soil etc. The compacted earth-fll is made by plain earth-fill through compacted or rammed. The miscellaneous earth-fill is the fill contained the impurity substances including the building refuse, the industrial waste materials, the living garbage etc. The flushing cearth-fill is the fill formed by hydraulic flushing filled silts, 4.1.18 The swelling soil, which the contents of sticky grains are composed mainly by the hydrophilicity minerals, meanwhile, they possess the remarkable features of swelling in absorbing water, and shrinkage in dehydration, its free swelling ratio is greater than or equal to 40% of cohesive soil. 4.1.16 The collapsible soil means that the additional subsidence will be occurred after soil soaking in water, its collapsible factor is greater than or equal to 0.015. 4.2 Engineering Property Indexes 4.2.1 The engineering property indexes of soil shall include the strength index, the compressibility index, as well as, the obstructive force of static probing head, the blow count from standard penetration test, the load-bearing capacity of loading test ete. other indexes. 4.2.2 The representative values for the engineering property indexes of ground soils shall be the standard value, the average value and the characteristic value. The standard value shall be taken for the shearing strength index, the average value shall be taken for the compressibility index, the characteristic value shall be taken for the load-bearing capacity of loading test. 4.2.3 The loading test includes the shallow stratum plate-loading test and the deep stratum plate-loading test. The shallow stratum plate-loading test is applicable to shallow stratum ground, the deep stratum plate-loading test is applicable to deep stratum ground. ‘The testing requirements for the two kinds of loading test shall conform to the stipulations in the Appendices C, D of the Code respectively 4.2.4 — The shearing strength index of soil can be detemined by the test methods including: the laboratory shear test of undisturbed soil specimen, the compression strength without lateral pressure test, the shear test in situ, the vane shear test etc. Where it is determined by the laboratory shear test, hence, the unconsolidated, undrained test in the triaxial compression test can be selected. The consolidated, undrained test can be adopted for the consolidated through precompression ground. The number of tests for each stratum soil can not be less than six sets. The shearing strength indexes of laboratory shear test ci, 13i can be determined according to the Appendix E of the Code. When the stability of sloped mass is checking computed, that the large shear test in field shall be carried out for the shearing strength of the shearing cracked faces or the other weak structural faces. 4.2.5 ‘The compressibility index of soil can be determined by the laboratory compression test of undisturbed soil specimen, the shallow or deep stratum plate-loading test in situ and the lateral pressure test. When adopting the laboratory compression test to determine the modulus of compression, the maximum pressure, which is applied for test, shall exceed the sum of the pressure for self-weight of soil and the estimated additional pressure, then the tested results are expressed by ep curve. When considering the stress history of soil that the calculation of settlement is carried on, hence, the solidification test under high pressure shall be carried out to determine the advanced solidified pressure, the compressive index number, and the tested results are expressed by e-lgp curve. For sake of determining the resilience index number, hence, the once unloading shall be underway after the estimated advanced solidified pressure, then continuously loading to the predetermined last set of pressure. The compressibility of ground soil can be classified into the low, the medium and the high compressibility in accordance with the value of compressive coefficient @;-2, which is corresponding to the p: being 100 kPa and the p> being 200 kPa, and they shall be evaluated according to the following stipulations: 1 When a@1-2<0.1MPa"", it is the low compressibility soil; 2) When 0. 1MPa"'0.5 MPa”, it is the high compressibility soil. When considering the unloading and the loading again for the excavation of deep ground pit, that the resilient re-compression test shall be carried out, meanwhile, the application of pressure shall be in the same way as actual condition of unloading and loading.5 Calculation of Ground 5.1 Embedded Depth of Foundation 5.1.1 The embedded depth of foundation shall be determined in accordance with the following conditions: 1 Uses of buildings, possessing or not possessing basement, equipment foundation and underground facilities, type and construction of foundations; Magnitude and nature of loadings acted on the grounds Engineering geological and hydrogeological conditions; Embedded depths for foundations of adjacent buildings; 5 Influence for the frost heaving and the thaw sinking of ground soil. 5.1.2 Under prerequisite for satisfaction of the stability of ground and the requirement of deformation, hence, the foundations may be embedded as shallow as possible, when the load-bearing capacity of upper stratum ground is greater than that of lower stratum soil, the upper stratum soil may be utilized as a bearing stratum, The embedded depth of foundation, besides the rock ground, may not be less than 0. Sm. 5.1.3 ‘The embedded depth for raft foundation and box foundation of tall building shall satisfy the requirements for the load-bearing capacity, the deformation and the stability of ground. In the carth-quake-resistant fortified region, besides the rock ground, the embedded depth for box foundation, raft foundation on the natural ground may not be less | than 1/15 of the height for building; the embedded depth for piled box foundation or piled raft foundation (ignors the length of pile) may not be less than 1/18~1/20 of the height for building. The embedded depth of tall building foundation, which locates on rock ground, shall satisify the requirements of slide-resistant. 5.1.4 The foundation may be embedded above the ground water level, when the foundation must be embedded below the ground water level, that the measures shall be taken to ensure that the ground soil is not to be disturbed during construction. When the foundations are embedded on rock stratum liable to be weathered, hence, a cushion course shall be laid immediately after excavating foundation pit. 5.1.5 When there are existing the adjacent buildings, hence, the embedded depth of foundation for the new building may not be greater than the foundations of existed | buildings. When the embedded depth is greater than the foundations of existing buildings, that a net distance between two adjacent foundations shall be kept, moreover, this net distance shall be determined according to the magnitude of loadings, the type of foundations and the conditions for properties of soils. If the above mentioned requirements can not be hon 15satisfied, then the constructional measures, such as, construction by sections, providing the temporary strengthening bracings, sheet piling, under ground continous wall etc. , shall be adopted, or the foundations of existing buildings shall be strengthened. 5.1.6 The frost heaving property of ground shall be considered to determine the embedded depth of foundation. The type for the frost heaving property of ground can be checked and taken from the Appendix G.0.1 of the Code, according to the magnitude for average frost heaving ratio 7 of frozen soil stratum. 5.1.7 The design frozen depth <4 of seasonal frozen soil ground shall be calculated according to the following formula: Za = t0° Vm" You? Po (5.1.7) Where /6 (Fig.5.2.2), that the Pix shall be calculated according to the following formula: Pac 2G) (5.2.2-4) Where /——side length of foundation base surface along the perpendicular to acting direction of moment; a—distance from the acting point for resultant of forces to the edge for maximum, pressure of foundation base surface 5.2.3. The characteristic value for load-bearing capacity of ground can be comprehensively determined by the methods of loading test or other experiments in situ, calculation from formulae, and combined with the practical engineering experiences etc. 5.2.4 When the width of foundation is greater than 3m, or the embedded depth of foundation is greater than Se 0. 5m, that the characteristic value of load-bearing capacity of ground, which is determined by the loading , “| 2 ade of oudaion bax surface test or other experiments in situ, the experienced value along the acting direction of moment ete., shall still be adjusted according to the following —fag.5.2.2 Sketch for caleation formula; cof foundation base pressure under fa = faa + w1(b ~3) + Ta%n(d - 0-5) bo uot ga (5.2.4) Where _f,——adjusted characteristic value for load-bearing capacity of ground; fae —characteristic value for load-bearing capacity of ground is determined according to the principles in the Clause 5.2.3 of the Codes ‘tos 1a—-adjusted coefficients for load-bearing capacity of ground due to width of 19