American University of Sharjah NGN 110 - Fall 2010

College of Engineering Dr. Fadi Aloul (coordinator)

Date: 10/1/2011 Mr. (Instructor)

Section 7

:Names :ID #'s

Ahmad Yousef Almarei b00039767

Kamyar Khosravi b00039147

Ahmed Al-Fardan b00040568

Rashad S. R. Al Sadi b00039556

Alaa Mhd. Marwan Abu Arshid b00039649

:Table of contents
:Subject :Page(s)

Abstract 1

Introduction 2

Part one: Experiment

3

Part two: (CNC Machines)

4,5
Abstract:

The objective of the mechanical engineering lab is to learn how the CNC

machine works and what it does, and also to work with an experiment using

some of the machines and some hand tools. We learned that the CNC machine

has a code called G-code and it performs the cutting operation accordingly,

using CAD software. The nice thing in this machine is that it is very accurate.

We also did another experiment by taking the dimensions using the Vernier

caliper, and then we used the height gauge to mark the center point. Finally, we

used the drilling machine to drill the hole according to the required

dimensions.

1
Introduction:

Mechanical Engineering is one of the many disciplines that has helped

society to move forward In advanced technology. It has helped humans in

analysis, manufacturing, design and many other aspects. Everything that we

see around us has something to do with Mechanical Engineering. It can range

from making simple structures such as bolts and screws up to more

sophisticated areas such as designing the engines and air-conditioners. This

discipline is sub-divided into several sub-disciplines such as mechanics of

materials, fluid mechanic, and continuum mechanic. In the Mechanical

Engineering lab we got familiar with two experiments. In the first one, we

learnt how we can make a hole and internal thread on the center of steel bar

after measuring using devices such as drill, tap wrench, etc. In the second one

we got familiar with Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine. According

to this experience, we realize that how the CNC machine can make an accurate

cutting using the G-code generated from CAD software.

 2

Part one: Experiment

* In the mechanical lab we firstly been introduced to the way to drill a hole
exactly in the center of a bar of steel by using simple mathematical methods
and some helpful tools and machines.
- So the tools and machines that we used in this experiment were:
1- The Vernier Caliper:
The vernier caliper is a measurement tool that used to measure the inner
and outer dimensions of any object. And it contains of two scales, a main scale
that been divided into centimeters and millimeters, and a sliding scale that been
divided into 20 divisions and help to give the very accurate values of any
dimensions.
2- Height Gauge:
The height gauge is a very useful tool in marking the specific dimensions
to any object, so that we can drill the intersecting points.
3- The Drilling Machine:
The drilling machine is used to drill any points with any specific thickness
we want.
4- The Tap and the Tap Wrench:
These tools are used to make holes with internal threads that can help in
settling the screws in it.

- The Procedures:
1- Firstly we measure the dimensions the length and width of the work piece
(the bar of steel), by using the vernier caliper.
2-Then we calculate the center points for the length and the width, so then we
can mark the center point of the hole by using the height gauge.
3- Then we drill the hole on the intersecting point that is on the center of the
bar by using the drill machine with a specific thickness that is the same to the
tap thickness.
4- And finally we use the tap and the tap wrench to make an internal thread in
the hole.
 3
Part Two: CNC machines

Part two: (CNC Machines):

1- Brief introduction to CNC machines.

CNC stands for Computer Numerical Control. CNC

machines are a combination of software and hardware
(Figure 1 and 2). These machines consist of several parts that
work together for drilling and milling in different types of
materials such as wood, steel, marble, and aluminum. There
are multiple drilling tools connected to one part (Figure 3). Figure 1

Each tool has its special use. Another part is the wood holder
and the drilling arm. The drilling arm automatically chooses
the drilling tool needed and uses it in the right location
(Figure 4). All these parts need software to operate the
hardware. The software used in these machines are CAD (for
design) and CAM (for manufacturing). CNC machines read
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a code called G-code which is generated by CAD software.
Also, we can simulate the design using the software to verify the task before
establishing it (Figure 5).

Advantages of CNC machines:

1- Accuracy.
2- Time saving.
3- One machine does all the work.
4- Efficient.
5- Can do complicated designs easily and accurately.
6- Saves money.
 4

The main disadvantage is that the initial cost is high.

Fig(3). NI-DAQ USB 6008 connected to the Decorative Light and Bell

Figure 4 Figure 5

2- Development history of CNC machines.

In the beginning these machines were called NC. The first NC machines
were built in the 1940s and 1950s. There were limited tools used like motors
and some drilling tools. After the development of computers, Computer
Numerical Control machines were made to improve the manufacturing process.
CNC machines were much better than the old CN machines. They became
easier, faster and more efficient. Nowadays, modern software are used to
operate the CNC machines.

5
:Conclusion