ROLANDO A. BERNALES eee ae: MARTINES | AThis book belongs to: University/College/School: Year & Section: Schedule of Purposive Communication Class: Teacher:aeMUTY PUBLISHING HOUSE. INC. ss toner Rng aia sry es, PE eee Ra tee ses s258 mR i ‘www_mutyapublishing.com.ph and Rolando A. Bernales Ferdinand C. Gimeno Romi M. Dela Cruz Julieta St. Fulgado Voltaire C. Somera Jameson C. Martinez Aldrin B. Boca Shielanie S. Dacumos LL RI TS RESE ED No part of this publication may be reproduced or stored in any retrieval system ortransmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, including uploading any part of this book in the Internet in the form of reviewer, hand-out, visual aid, PowerPoint presentation, or in any form, without prior written permission of the authors and/or publishers. Violators may be faced with admit : inistrative, civil, and/or criminal actions, and may be punished with fine, imprison: 1 ment, or both, according to law.a To effectively communicate, we must realize it that we are all different in the way we perceive the world and use this understanding as a guide to our communication with other, — Anthony Robbins Communicating in a diverse world both in local and global contexts, and even in situations where participants use a common language, can be a challenge. However, itis not a challenge that cannot be hurdled. This book is a testament to it. Complying with the provisions of C.M.O. 20, series of 2013, and guided by the content of the syllabus from the Commission on Higher Education, this book was Carefully planned, meticulously written, and timely published to address the needs of students and teachers of English as part of the General Education in the tertiary level. This book is about writing, speaking, and presenting to different audiences and for various work and academic purposes in the English language. This book endeavors to develop students’ communicative competence and enhance their cultural and intercultural awareness through suggested multimodal tasks that provide them opportunities for communicating effectively and appropriately to a multicultural audience in local and/or global contexts. It is expected that this book will equip students with tools for critical evaluation of a variety of texts, and will focus their attention on the power of language and the impact of images. Also, this book emphasizes the importance of conveying messages responsibly, The knowledge, skills, and insights that the students are expected to gain from this book will be of use in their other academic endeavors, their chosen disciplines, and their future careers as they compose and produce relevant oral, written, audio- visual and/or web-based output for various purposes in the activities called Skill Builders offered in each chapter of this book.'b. Explain how cultural and glo ¢. Determine culturally appropriate terms, d. Evaluate multimodal texts critically to en (listening, reading, and viewing), and e, Summarize the principle of academic text structure. hance their receptive Students’ skills are also expected to be enhanced as this book guides them for them to be able to do the following: ; a. Convey ideas through oral, audio-visual, and/or web-based presentations — for different target audiences in local and global settings using appropriate 7 registers, b, Create clear, coherent, and effective communication materials, c. Present ideas persuasively using appropriate language registers, tone, facial expressions, and gestures, and d. Write and present academic papers using appropriate tone, style, conventions, and reference styles. Finally, positive values are expected to be inculcated among the students with the help of this book as they are led to: a. Adopt cultural and intercultural awareness and sensitivity in communication of ideas, . Appreciate the differences of the varieties of spoken and written language, c. Adopt awareness of audience and context in Presenting ideas, and Appreciate the impact of communication on society and the world With the help and guidance of the teacher Whose dedication and passion is “opportunity for learning, the enumerated i Be he erarset expectations will definitely be realities at al(CHAPTER I-A CHAPTER III-B COMMUNICATION PROCESS, PRINCIPLES, AND ETHICS Components of Communication... The Communication Process . Principles of Communication .. Ethics of Communication... COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION What is globalization?........ Impacts of Globalization on Communication. Impacts of Globalization on Global Communicatio! LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN MULTICULTURAL SETTING A World of Diversity. The Global Community Cultural Awareness and Sensitivity. Gender Sensitivity. Political Correctness VARIETIES AND REGISTERS OF SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE Language Varieties Language Registers EVALUATING MESSAGES AND/OR IMAGES Linguistic Landscapes. Geosemiotics ..: NRW 19 Kinds of Signs . sesrenseney 7S Online Landscapes ... = Th. COMMUNICATION AIDS AND STRATEGIES Kinds of Communication Strategies .. tr Factors to Consider in Developing a Communication tes tee rerePurposes of Communicatio Public Speaking . Interview...» CHAPTER VII-A COMMUNICATION FOR WORK PURPOSES Workplace Communication Business Letters ...... Memos.. CHAPTER VII-B COMMUNICATION FOR WORK PURPOSES Minutes... Incident Report..........000 CHAPTER Vill COMMUNICATION FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES Academic Research Research Proposal - 163, - 186 List of References ..... 211LL] Describe the nature, components, process, principles and ethies of communication in various multicultural contexts The term communication proces: refers to the exchange of information between two or more people. For communication to succeed, both participants must be able to exchange information and understand each other If the flow of inforr blocked for some re: communication fails fon is son or the parties cannot make themselves understood, then If you have texted your friend or giv “1 an oral presentation in class, then you have engaged in communication. Any time two or more people get together to exchange messages, they are engaging in this basic process simple, communication is actually quite complex, with (Nordquist, 2018) COMPONENTS OF COMMUNICATION 4 number of components Nordquist (2018) describes the components of communication as follows: 1. Sender. The communication process begins with the sender, who is also called the communicator or source. The sender has some kind of information —a command, request, or idea — that he or she wants to share with others. In order for that message to be received, the sender must first encode the message in a form that can be understood and then transmit it. 2. Receiver. The person to whom a message is directed is called the receiver or the interpreter. In order to comprehend the information from the sender, the receiver must first be able to receive the sender’s information and then decode or interpret it. in Local and Global ContextsSera Also called the channel, the | message is transmitted, Text messages, for example, through the medium of cell phones. 5. Feedback. The communication process reaches its final point message has been successfully transmitted, received, and understood. — The receiver, in turn, responds to the sender, indicating comprehension, Feedback may be direct, such as a written or verbal response, or it may take the form of an act or deed in response The communication process is not always simple or smooth, of course. Two other elements may affect how the message is transmitted, received, and interpreted: 6. Noise. This can be any sort of interference that affects the message being ent, received, or understood. It can be as literal as static over a phone line or esoteric as misinterpreting a local custom. 7. Context. This is the setting and situation in which communication takes place. Like noise, context can have an impact on the successful exchange of information, It may have a physical, social, or cultural aspect to it. Thes€ contexts will be further discussed in Principles ef Communication on p. 7: PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION in Locala channel to the receiver. another hers or group. As already Accisee} this com it is divided into three, basic components: A sender transmits a message The sender first develops an idea, which is composed into a message and then transmitted to the other party, who interprets the message and receives meaning. Information theorists have added somewhat more complicated language. Developing a message is known as encoding. Interpreting the message is referred to as decoding. Feedback insrissions Recipient (signals) _(decodes) Figure 1 Communication Model For example, Emilia wants to remind her husband, Ramir, to stop by the grocery after work and buy milk for dinner. She forgot to ask him in the morning, so Emilia texts the reminder to Ramir. He texts back and then shows up at home with a gallon of milk under his arm. But something’s amiss: Ramir bought chocolate milk, and Emilia wanted regular milk (adapted from Nordquist, 2018). In this example, the sender is Emilia. The receiver is Ramir. The medium is a text message, an electronic medium. The code is the English language they are using. And the message itself: Remember the milk! In this case, the feedback is both direct and indirect. Ramir texts a photo of milk at the store [direct] and http://Awww.addictedtosaving.com then come home with it [indirect]. However, Emilia did not see the photo of the milk because the message did not transmit [noise], and Ramir did not think to ask what kind of milk [context] (adapted from Nordquist, 2018).The critical factor in measuring the effectiveness of communication is understanding. Understanding exists when all parties involved have a mutual agreement as to not only the information, but also the meaning of the information, Effective communication, therefore, occurs when the intended message of the sender and the interpreted message of the receiver are one and the same. Although this should be the goal in any communication, it is not always achieved (https:// www.cliffsnotes.com). ‘ The most efficient communication occurs at a minimum cost in terms of resources ‘expended, Time, in particular, is an important resource in the communication process. For example, it would be virtually impossible for a teacher to take the time to communicate individually with each student in a class about every specific topic covered. Even if it were possible, it would be costly. This is why managers often leave voice mail messages and interact by e-mail rather than visit their subordinates personally. However, efficient time-saving communications are not always effective. A low- cost approach such as an e-mail note to a distribution list may save time, but it does not always result in everyone getting the same meaning from the message. Without opportunities to ask questions and clarify the message, erroneous interpretations are possible. In addition to a poor choice of communication method, other barriers to effective communication include noise and other physical distractions, language problems, and failure to recognize nonverbal signals. Sometimes communication is effective, but not efficient. A work team leader visiting each team member individually to explain a new change in procedures may guarantee that everyone truly understands the change, but this method may be very 4 costly on the leader’s time, A team meeting would be more Seaver tier a, efficient. In these and other ways, potential tradeoffs ee y between effectiveness and efficiency occur, G. PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION In http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com, the following principles about the nature of communication are: discussed. These principles if assimilated will facilitate communication and render it effective: PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION in Local andavian ae ) Message should be isolated from what has occurred before b communicants if we really want to understand the message. understood in the totality of the situation. te 2. One does communicate. We do communicate even when we are ignoring the message of another or maintaining complete silence. An easy way to “understand this would be to think what you would do if someone, you did Not want to interact with, passed a smile to you. Even by ignoring him, you would still be communicating, /do not want to relate to you. Silence, posture and all non-verbal behaviors are the ways we communicate even when we wish to deny doing so. 3. The message received is not necessarily the message sent. We usually relate to others as if there was only one reality the way we perceive the world. We all live as separate individuals with different experiences and different views of reality. How we interpret verbal and non-verbal messages may be quite different from the meaning intended by the speaker (communicator). Even when several people are viewing the same behavior, each interprets it differently. While talking or writing we are describing only those experiences that occur inside us and they may not be the same for others because every person, because of his different background, is unique. 4. Communication occurs simultaneously at more than one level. We communicate on the level of the literal content of the information being conveyed as well as on the relationship level, In other words, we do not convey information to the receiver verbally only. By the context, in which the communication occurs, and by various verbal and non-verbal cues, we are also telling the other person how we see our relationship with him, how we see ourselves, and how he should interpret our messages. This second level of communication is called meta-communication and refers to any communication about communication or any verbal or non-verbal cues about the literal content of the message sent. For example, | may say to another person, 1m very happy with you, and be serious indicating that | do not mean what | say. | may also verbally meta-communicate by adding, / was only joking, which tells the receiver how he should interpret my original statement. PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION in Local and Global Contexts* ee =e edu, there re four basic pi c ey ei ee “These principles underlie the workings in real fi ‘interpersonal ication. Riise crconcl oa They are basic to communication, thus, we. t 1. eae communication is inescapable. We can not not comin >. - The very attempt not to communicate communicates something. Through ‘ not only words, but through tone of voice and through ae posite facial expression, etc., we constantly cprnimunicate {67 dey ot na us. Through these channels, we constantly receive COME HHT eaU OTE on others. Even when you sleep, you communicate. Remember a basic principle of communication in general: People are not mind readers. Another way to put this is: People judge you by your behavior, not your intent. 2. Interpersonal communication is irreversible. You can not really take back something once it has been said. The effect must inevitably remain. A Russian proverb says, Once a word goes out of your mouth, you can never swallow it again. 3, Interpersonal communication is complicated. No form of communication is simple. Because of the number of variables involved, even simple requests are extremely complex. Theorists note that whenever we communicate there are really at least six people involved: a) who you think you are; b) who you think the other person is; c) who you think the other person thinks you are; d) who the other person thinks /she is; e) who the other person thinks you are; and f) who the other person thinks you think s/he is. We do not actually swap ideas, we swap symbols that stand for ideas. This also complicates communication. Words (symbols) do not have inherent meaning; we simply use them in certain wa ys, and no two people use the same word exactly alike. Osmo Wiio gives us some cor : mmunication maxims similar to Murphy's law (Welin-Goos, i 1978; in http://www.pstcc.edu): a. If communication can fail, it will. b. Ifamessage can be und in just that way which di erstood in different ways, it will be understood loes the most harm.does not happen in isolation. There is: : @. Psychological context, which is who you are and what you bring to the interaction. Your needs, desires, values, personality, etc., all form the psychological context (You here refers to both participants in the interaction.); b. Relational context, which concerns your reactions to the other person —the mix; ¢. Situational context, which deals with the psycho-social where you are communicating. An interaction that takes place in a classroom will be very different from one that takes place in a bar; d. Environmental context, which deals with the physical where you are communicating. Furniture, location, noise level, temperature, season, time of day, all are examples of factors in the environmental context; and e. Cultural context, which includes all the learned behaviors and rules that affect the interaction. If you come from a culture (foreign or within your own country) where it is considered rude to make long, direct eye contact, you will out of politeness avoid eye contact. If the other person comes from a culture where long, direct eye contact signals trustworthiness, then we have in the cultural context a basis for misunderstanding. D. ETHICS OF COMMUNICATION Communication ethics is the notion that an individual’s or group’s behavior are * Boverned by their morals which in turn affects communication. Generally speaking communication, ethics deals with the moral good present in any form of human _ communication. This includes interpersonal communication, mass mediated rion, ‘and digital communication (https://en.wikipedia.org).yet not an ethical communicator? : Emphasizing the importance of ethics in communication, the credo National Communication Association (in http://communication.atwork- com) provides: Questions of right and wrong arise whenever people communicate, Ethical communication is fundamental to responsible thinking, decision making, and the development of relationships and communities within ~ and across contexts, cultures, channels, and media. Moreover, ethical communication enhances human worth and dignity by fostering truthfulness, fairness, responsibility, personal integrity, and respect for self and others. Let us take the charismatic, but immoral, leader as a classic example, understands how to persuade his followers with dazzling rhetoric that appeals to their emotions. Is he an ethical communicator? Communication ethics concerns not only the individual, but is of great concem to businesses, corporations, and professional entities. A business with unethical communication practices is not as effective as one with ethical communication practices. For example, a business with unethical communication practices may withhold evidence that it is harming the environment or breaking a law through a lack of transparence; while a business with ethical communication practices will immediately press a release to the affected parties. In this example, transparency makes the business more effective because it notifies its clients, prospective or established, providers/suppliers, or other affiliates of the potential environmental hazard or law violation. In other words, in this example, transparency will encourage trust and good faith, that the effective business will not conceal what is in the interest of its audience (https://en.wikipedia.org). Johnson (2015) developed the Ten Basics of Ethical Communication usil Principles learned in Straight Talk and Nonviolent Communication as well aS Practices for small group work in general, with a little common sense added in: 1. Seek to elicit the best in communications and interactions with other B°ouP members. 2. Listen when others speak. 3. Speak non-judgmentally.Respect the personal boundaries of others. Avoid interrupting and side conversations Make sure that everyone has time to speak, that all members have relatively equal air time if they wart it~ Research on at least three communication models, Draw the models that you have found and explain each briefly. PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION in Local and Global ContextsObserve a communication situation involving two or more participants, then answer the following questions. 1. Whowas/were the sender/s? What was his/her/their motivation or intention for participating in the communication situation? 2. Who was/were the receiver/s? What was his/her/their motivation or intention for participating in the communication situation? 3. What was/were the sender’s message/s? How did the receiver/s interpret the message/s? 4. What was the medium used? Was it effective in conveying the message/s? 5. What was/were the feedback/s? How did the receiver/s send the feedback/s? PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION in Local and Global Contextsplain why or why not. 8. Were the participants ethical communicators? Ex} 9. Was the communication cost-efficient and effective? Explain why or why not. 10. What can you suggest to make the communication situation more cost- efficient and effective? a PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION in Local and GlobalWr T if the statement is True. If false, write the correct word or phrase that should replace the underlined word or phrase to make the statement true. PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION in Local and Global Contexts as The term communication process refers to the exchange of information between two or more people. The communication process begins with the sender, who is also called the communicator or source. In order for that message to be received, the sender must first decode the message in a form that can be understood and then transmit it. The person to whom a message is directed is called the receiver or the interpreter. In order to comprehend the information from the sender, the receiver must first be able to receive the sender’s information and then encode or interpret it. The message or content is the information that the sender wants to relay to the receiver. Also called the channel, the medium is the means by which a message is transmitted. Feedback may be direct, such as a written or verbal response, or it may take the form of an act or deed in response. The communication process is always simple or smooth.10. 44 12. 13. 14. 18. 20. Noise canbe any sort of interferen, affects the message being sent, received, or understood. — @ The critical factor in measuring the effectiveness of communication js common understanding. The most efficient communication occurs at a maximum cost in terms of resources expended. Every message is simultaneously a stimulus to new behavior and a response to prior behavior of the receiver. We do communicate even when we are ignoring the message of another or maintaining complete silence. This third level of communication is called meta-communication and refers to any communication about communication or any verbal or non-verbal cues about the literal content of the message sent. Your needs, desires, values, personality, etc., all form the cultural context. Environmental context deals with the psycho-social where you are communicating. Situational context deals with the Physical where you are communicating. Communication ethics is the notion that an individual’s or group’s behavior are governed by their morals which in turn affects communication. The charismatic, but immoral, leader is an ethical communicator. Gee PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION in Local and Global Contexts22. 23. 24, 2s. 26. Who was the sender in the communication situation described in the text? a. Ivo ©. Bernie b. Luis d. Robert Who was/were the receiver/s? a, Ivo cc. Robert b. Luis d. all employees What was the message? a. Requiring Robert, Luis and Ivo to attend the emergency meeting 0 attend the emergency meeting b. Requiring all employee ©. Requiring all agents and trainees to read the email d. Requiring all janitors to clean the conference roorn Who among the receivers did not receive the message? c. Robert a, |vo b. Luis d. none of thern What was the medium used to send the message? a. electronic mail c. oralinstruction b. written memorandum d. none of the above How did Ivo send his feedback? a. electronic c. oral reply b. written communication d. none of the above PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION in Local and Global Contexts27. Who among the participants experienced communication noise or . Ivo and Robert d. Robert and Bernie ced an environmental noise or filter? a. Bernie and Luis b. Luis and Ivo 28. Who among the receivers experien a. Ivo c. Bernie b. Luis d. Robert 29. How may the noise experienced by Luis be best classified? ! a. physical c. cultural b. linguistic d. physiological 30. What is the situational context described in the text? a. academic communication b. workplace communication c, multi-cultural communication dd. informal communication among peers PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION in Local and Global ContextsWhile the term communication has been in existence since time immemorial, the term globalization is relatively new in our vocabularies. Also, while the term communication is generally understood by most if not all, globalization is not. What, then, is globalization? A. WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION? According to http://www.globalization101.org, globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and en human physical well-being in societies around the world. Heywood (2013) describes globalization as a slippery and elusive concept. Despite intensifying interest in the phenomenon of globalization since the 1980s, the term is still used to refer, variously, to a process, a policy, a marketing strategy, a predicament, or even an ideology. The problem with globalization is that it is not so much an it as a them: it is not a singe process but a complex of processes, sometimes overlapping and interlocking processes but also, at times, contradictory and oppositional ones. It is difficult therefore to reduce globalization to single theme. Perhaps the best attempt to do this was in Kenchi Ohmae’s (1989) idea of a borderless world. This not only refers to the tendency of traditional political borders, based on national and state boundaries, to become permeable; it also implies that divisions between people previously separated by time and space have become less significant and are sometimes entirely irrelevant... PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION in Local and Global Contextsmany of the features of the current wave of globalization are Prevailing before the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. But policy and technological developments of the past few decades have sp increases in cross-border trade, investment, and migration so large that observers believe the world has entered a qualitatively new phase in its economic development. Since 1950, for example, the volume of world trade has increased 20 times, and from just 1997 to 1999 flows of foreign investment nearly doub from $468 billion to $827 billion. Distinguishing this current wave of globali from earlier ones, author Thomas Friedman has said that today globalization ig farther, faster, cheaper, and deeper (http://www.globalization101.org). This current wave of globalization has been driven by policies that have opened economies domestically and internationally. In the years since the Second World War, and especially during the past two decades, many governments have adopted free-market economic systems, vastly increasing their own productive potential and creating myriad new opportunities for international trade and investment. Governments also have negotiated dramatic reductions in barriers to commerce and have established international agreements to promote trade in goods, services, and investment. Taking advantage of new opportunities in foreign markets, corporations have built foreign factories and established production and marketing arrangements with foreign partners. A defining feature of globalization, therefore, is an international industrial and financial business structure (http:// www.globalization101.0rg). Technology has been the other principal driver of globalization. Advances in information technology, in particular, have dramatically transformed economic life. Information technologies have given all sorts of individual economic actors— consumers, investors, businesses—valuable new tools for identifying and pursuing economic opportunities, including faster and more informed analyses of economi¢ trends around the world, easy transfers of assets, and collaboration with far-flunt partners (http://www.globalization101.org), (pe ce PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION in Local and Globalshilis needed in dimniatic wave, No longer con entrepreneurs Te pI CoMmUN cate well Within thelr awn homogenous cultures. Thus, today, people need to understand the dynanioe of long-distance s@ilaboration, the impact of eulture an manners of speaking and body language, and Now tO Uae technology to Communicate With people on the other side of the globe: +, Wietual lateraetions, Globaliation has introduced virtual communication and collaboration as a major part of acadenile and workplace eynamies, We need to woderstand the strengths and lnvitatt of different Communications media, and how (o use each mediun to marine effect, for example, communicating via email to d " tiquette ¢ rily required in Interactions, Holding virtual meetings requires a certain not nacess Itos// ln ekeayaeriting exmert Juires a sinilar ehany in appro. and people who are unaccustomed to communicativ settings can tind th This is why In schoo! 1 in groups in vie selve 4, confused or unable to share their input of the challer language + try to addr virtual interactions Cultural Awareness in Speech. The + 1 for cultural aware + a major liset of effective communicators, resulting in the evolution of communication skills development programs. In impact of globalization on the required + the workplace and schools, for example, we need the ability to catch subtle nuances of people’s manner of speech when communicating across cultures, Even when two people are speaking the same language, cultural diffe affect vocabulary, colloquial expressions, voice tone and taboo topics. nces can In Japanese business culture, for example, it can be considered rude to ask personal questions in an initial business meeting, In the U.S., on the other hand, asking personal questions and sharing personal information can display warmth and openness. American and Japanese businesspeople who understand this about each other can communicate in ways that resonate more effectively with each other, PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION in Local and Global Contexts - - z=connie > ¢ in different cultures, acceptir RE eset re cr cnecie oven culture: are: riot unWversAY Students are also taught how to address these differences to pref them for face-to-face meetings with foreign suppliers, customers or members when they become professionals. Br rime biffererices, The advent of global collaboration introduces another new ree. 9 coracorceton eidils — the need to communicae and share information with people acrose sevaral time zones. When people collzborsieg with others on the other side of the globe, their counterparts are usually at home asleep while they themselves are at work. This is why schools teach students to address the nuances of overcoming this challenge by teaching them to understand the information needs of their colleagues, according to the communication styles of different countries or cultures. Being able to shifts can make or break the effectively share information between productivity of a geographically dispersed team, making this an important issue for many companies. This skill is particularly needed in Upon reaching this point, z do SuillBuildersonpege2s.” call centers catering clients from countries of different time zones. https:/Awww.japanhoppers.com C. IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON GLOBAL COMMUNICATION According to Danev (2017), [t]he process oy ording to ¢ , of globalizati pe availability of information for people across the world, Me ; ey ibe advanced mobile services, people are able to discuss business Teale on op! ~~ PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION in Local and Global Cmerates the three major impacts of globalization on global and identifies the major problem, as follows: 1. Availability of information, The availability of information is a major effect ‘of the process of globalization. The World Health Organization, in its works focused on the cultural dimensions of globalization, has expressed the view that with the spread of businesses delivering Internet, satellite TV and mobile services, the costs of such information technologies drop. The decreased price makes it easier for people across the world to make use of the World Wide Web and the resources available. 2. Business Conduct. Globalization has influenced global communication by implementing New techniques for business conduct among workers at international corporations. Long- distance travels are no longer necessary for business people should they require a meeting http://w wielobalbusinesscoalition.org with a partner overseas. Internet technology makes it possible to exchange business information and conduct video conferences. Additionally, enhanced communication allows businesses to promote their products more efficiently in the international market. This significantly changed the business world In his works on the matter, U.S. economist John Thompson concludes that the advanced means of communication have enabled international organizations to take faster and more adequate decisions in accordance with the changes in economic, political or social setting in a particular region. For example, as described by Boonlert Supadhiloke, a professor of communication in Bangkok University, Thai-based international technology corporations use advanced communications to respond to the growing demand for Thai-made products. 3. Social Awareness. The availability of information, which is a direct effect of the development of global communication systems, has led to increased social awareness of people across the world. Information technology and networks enable them to share opinions, views, work on projects and research different areas. These are among the main reasons why the process PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION in Local and Global Contextsein fice: oth i ialigle ‘ determination, have also occurred — the political ary yin the: beginning of 2011 had been inspired by opinion: and, ~ considerations shared over the soctal networks available on the web, — * The Problem, Despite its quick spread and continuous development, gle communication has not reached the major ity of people on all co The World Health Organization indicates that at least 70 percent of people in Africa will never make a single phone call or Internet, This points out the need of a more ext, application of communication technologies as part of process of globalization. <@)skite BULLER Ss) )}——— Form groups of six to ten members, Present in class a ten-minute role-play depicting one of the following situations that will be assigned to your group 1. a virtual meeting of executives of a multinational corporation an on-line language course for non-English speakers 2 3. a conference involving nationals of different countries. 4. an inbound or outbound call center servicing foreign clients 5 a group of learners learning to use the Internet for the first time (e.g. elders) Critique the other groups’ presentation: PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION in Local and Global CO—s. <= LL BUILDER 4 = Form groups of six to ten members. Read the article or watch the video that will be assigned to your group, then do the following tasks. a. Article: Flight from Conversation (in https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/22/ 9pinion/sunday/the-fight-from-conversation.html) b. Video: Connected but Alone (in https://www.ted.com/talks/sherry_turkle_ alone_together) c. Video: How Social Media Can Make History (in https: //www.ted.com/talks/ clay_shirky_how_cellphones twitter facebook can_make_history) PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION in Local and Global Contexts oe ea3. Assign someone in your group to report in class your group’s output.Long-distance travels differences personal information current wave personal questions economic development Second World War economy social awareness environment social determination First World Wor Technology global communication time differences Globalization virtual communication is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations Globalization is a process driven by international trade and and aided by inforrnation technology Globalization has effects on the ,on culture, on political systems, on econornic development and prosperity, and on hurnan physical well-being in societies around the world. Many of the features of the current wave of globalization are similar to those prevailing before the outbreak of the 2 in 1914. This _______ of globalization has been driven by policies that have opened economies domestically and internationally. In the years since the ,and especially during the past two decades, many governments have adopted free-market economic systems, vastly increasing their own productive potential and creating myriad new opportunities for international trade and investment. PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION in Local and Global Contexts — — ae ue1s. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. is a major impact liset of effective communicators the same language, colloquialexpressions, alization on the required skil ‘Even when two people are speaking canaffectvocabulary, voice tone and taboo topics. in Japanese business culture, for example, it can be considered rude to ask in an initial business meeting. in the US, on the other hand, asking personal questions and sharing can display warmth and openness. Ben ee ip particularly needed. smicall centers catering clients from countries of different time zones. is a major effect of the process of The globalization. Globalization has _ influenced by implementing new techniques for business conduct among workers at international corporations. are no longer necessary for business people should they require a meeting with a partner overseas. makes it possible to exchange business information and conduct video conferences. The availability of information, which is a direct effect of the development of global communication systerns, has led to increased of people across the world. Education is only a single sector of the social awareness, Other effects, like have also occurred Despite its quick spread and continuous development, global communication has not reached the majority of people on all —_——_———== PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION in Local and Global ContextsChapter III-A LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN MULTICULTURAL SETTING Y_ LEARNING UT eo mes J (LJ Determine culturally-cppropriate terms, expressions, and images (sensitivity to gender, race, class, etc.) | (Ly Adopr cultural eworeness and sensitivity in communication of ideas cate effectively can be a language, there can still be rom the business oor organizational ing the impact of ganizations ki nt economic ns to develop the internal > control and monitor external threats (https:// Charcoal ‘ovsloas foxes Donut 29 PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION in Local and Global Contextspi//s3media.freemalaysiatoday.com As society becomes more globally connected, the ability to communicate across cultural boundaries has gained increasing prominence. For example, businesses must understand how to communicate with employees and customers from different cultures in order to fulfill the organization’s mission and build value for stakeholders. Also, the use of technology has had a profound impact on how individuals, groups, organizations and institutions communicate globally and market ideas. However, with the advancements in technology, individuals, groups. institutions must sensitive to the cultural nuances that can potentially present as obstacles to their intentions (https://www.intechopen.com: organizations and According to Genevieve Hilton (in https://www.intechopen.com), cultural proficiency doesn’t mean memorizing every cultural nuance of every market. It’s knowing when to listen, when to ask for help, and when —fin to speak A. A WORLD OF DIVERSITY Parapak (1995) describes our world as a world of diversity. For many centuries, the peoples of the world were separated by mountains and seas They rarely saw each other, their lives were practically unrelated. They developed and lived their own unique cultures. People in a particular locality developed their own particular way Of life, their own language, their religion and thus became known as a tribe, an ethnic group or a particular group of people who established a nation of their aun The world, although one world, was and is inhabited by diverse populations each with their own identity, physical, spiritual and cultural uniqueness. indeed this world has always been a world of diversity. There 's NO reason to bi ie is or frightened of diversity. Indeed diversity can become a source of - nanan enrichment. ,The invention and development of new technologies fae ean a a PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION in Local and Global Context: onluxht"During the early deys of human civilization, direct, mainly verbal commmus using a particular language was one of the elements of our cultural identity. The circle of influence was very limited, very much dependent on the physical environment accessible by simple technology. This is still the case with some ethnic groups in some underdeveloped countries. The development of transportation and communication technologies enlarge the circle of encounters, influence and interdependence. Columbus discovered America. Cook sailed to Australia. New communities were established because of new access through technology. The invention of radio and telephone technology just over 100 years ago made possible inter-cultural communications through long-distance media. Radio and television broadcasting have reinforced and globalized our intercultural encounters, communications, inter- influence, interdependence and interrelations Through transportation, trade, tourism and tel ip. Now we are truly globalized ormunications, we can access 3 global market; we can meet with almost anyone o} planet earth; we have the facilities to instantly see and follow any event around the world (Parapak, 1995). In some ways technology has united the world and mankind, but technology has not eliminated our diversity peep://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edit The same may be said about communicating locally — meaning here in the - Philippines, and communicating with other Filipinos. Like the globe, ours is a diverse country, but global communications have made our country a small city PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION in Local and Global Contextsfor infrastructural development, wever, the efforts to achieve global competiveness and the sense of nationa, has not eliminated distinctive regional cultures, but rather aroused @ sense pride in the diversity which is a source of the rich Philippine cultural heritage, 7 Philippines is an archipelagic country with 7,641 islands, of which, about 2,009 - are inhabited. More than 175 ethno-linguistic groups comprise our population, the majority of whose languages are Austronesian in origin. More diverse than our country is our Asian neighbor, Indonesia, with 17,508 islands, with more than 300 ethnic groups, each with its own language, but much can be learned from the Indonesian experience. As Parapak (1995) said .Accepting diversity as a strength, we are mindful of the vital role of communications in bonding the diverse cultures, diverse ethnic groups, diverse languages, diverse religious beliefs into one nation Through our experience we have also learned to accept that the world is so diverse with its more than 180 nations Pesan pack: . Diversity is indeed a spice of life, a potential do Skill Builder 5 onpage4i. source of strength and character The challenge is: How do we use diversity for our benefit and for the enrichment of our lives? B. THE GLOBAL COMMUNITY More than fifty (50) years ago, MacLuhan anticipated the arrival of a global village where everyone on this planet earth could feel himself to be a citizen of 8 village. MacLuhan’s vision was inspired by the tremendous development of radio and television broadcasting. The development of global satellite transmission and broadcasting in some ways realized the dream of MaclLuhan PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION in Local and Global Co"*reachable by a telephone. Or to put it In another way, potentially earth can access a telephone, or if he has a computer and a modem, he can. acca information stored in any computer around the globe, The experts and the leaders of the world, are talking about superhighways of Information, the global intelligent information infrastructure which could be creating a totally new world not a global village, but a global intelligent community, a global brain (Parapak, 1995). The superhighway of information or global network of intelligence, allows us now to globally share information, communicate instantly and work together to develop robust and sustainable economic progress, promote democracy suitable to our different societies, improve our environment, health care and education and ultimately realize a prosperous and just world society. Global high-tech communications facilities also help to work together as nations, exchange ideas and nurture friendships which transcend the barriers of nations, mountains and seas Today, our globe is circled by superhighways of optical fiber cable systems providing almost an unlimited bandwidth of information transmission. Most of our major offices and some homes are linked with optical fiber systems giving us access to global multimedia services, visual, intelligent and personal services hitpsi//www.123r.com. These facilities give an almost unlimited choice of x Upon reaching this point, information and entertainment to those who have access. ~ doSkill Builder 6 on page 43. Our sky is loaded with programs and anyone with a receiving system has an unlimited choice of programs. Yes, through communications, the global world is now filled with information and entertainment that potentially have an impact on our value systems, religious beliefs, business activities, taste in and choice of entertainment. C. CULTURAL AWARENESS AND SENSITIVITY Cultural awareness is knowing that there are multiple different cultures — based on religion, ethnicity, nationality and other factors — that have different attitudes and outlooks. Cultural sensitivity involves accepting those differences without insisting your own culture is better, or that everyone should do it your way. Cultural- PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION in Local and Global Contexts ——— - ~~ ea|, 2018 hs Cultural Sensitivity is being aware that cultural differences between people exist without assigning them 4 value ~ positive oF neyztive OF worse, right or wrong. It simply means that you are aware that people all the same and that you recognize that your culture fs no etter than 2ay culture. A challenge, if you ask the author, for members of dominant (https://redshoernovernent.com). According to Dabbah (2017), [tJhe idea behind cultural sensitivity is wey straightforward. Cultural sensitivity refers to 9 set of skills that allows you te legen about and understand people whose cultural background (5 NOT the sore 95 yours but what does that really mean? Essentially, it means that, as you Go Bbout your delly life, you operate with the awareness that cultural differences DET Ween YOUR ong the people you meet exist without assigning them o value. You see our Biferenres as a positive thing, and don’t consider one culture better or worse, 4 wong SDSL Ofcourse, this is often easier said thandone. With inc living together in the same cornmuniti Z understand the backgrounds of those w sensitivity does not mean that you mu simply means that you're willing to ask honest 7 demonstrate empathy rather thar j when you knowingly ente: you do a bit of hornework befor: conclusions (Dabbah, 2017). 2 space Sherrnan (2018) observes that comrnunicoti environment can be awkward. For exarriple, inappropriate generalization to @ co-worker about what h discord. More subtle problems can involve the dite different cultures communicate. ke, causieg n how people from A gesture that is acceptable in one culture might be mear ngieus or offensive te another. What is considered the normal space between two pacrie standing 20d talking is different in different societies. in some cultures, criticizing or correctiné your boss openly is much less acceptable than it is in the United staves teh itetaialape etree g 2- PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION in Local aad Gished Coutte®human diff as po: [ Hav sar sense of your own ethnic, cultura! Be aware that in order to learn about others, you need to understand and be prepared to share your own culture; 4. Be aware of your own discomfort when you encounter differences in race, color, religion, sexual orientation, language, and ethnicity; 5. Be aware of the assumptions that you hold about people of cultures different from your own; 6. Be aware of your stereotypes as they arise and develop personal strategies for reducing the harm that they cause; 7. Be aware of how your cultural perspective influences your judgments about what appropriate, normal, or superior behaviors, values and communication styles are; 8. Accept that in cross-cultural situations, there can be uncertainty, and that uncertainty can make you anxious. It can also mean that you do not respond quickly and take the time needed to get more information; 9. Take any opportunity to put yourself in places where you can learn about differences and create relationships; and 10. Understand that you will likely be perceived as a person with power and racial privilege (or the opposite), and that you may not be seen as unbiased or as an ally. D. GENDER SENSITIVITY Gender sensitivity refers to the aim of understanding and taking account of the societal and cultural factors involved in gender-based exclusion and discrimination in the most diverse spheres of public and private life. It focuses mainly on instances of structural disadvantage in the positions and roles of women (http://eige.europa.eu). Gender-sensitive language is the realization of gender equality in written and spoken language. Gender equality in language is attained when women and men and those who do not conform to the binary gender system are made visible and addressed in language as persons of equal value, dignity, integrity and respect (http://eige.europa.eu). PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION in Local and Global Contexts. a Avoiding sex- and discrimination starts with language, ay the systematic use of gender-biaseg terminology influences attitudes ang expectations and could, in the mind o the reader or listener, relegate women to the background or help perpetuate » stereotyped view of women’s and men’s roles. There are number of different http://www.freepressjournal.in strategies that can be used to express gender relationships with accuracy, such as avoiding, to the greatest possible extent, the use of language that refers explicitly or implicitly to only one gender, and ensuring, through inclusionary alternatives and according to each language’s characteristics, the use of gender-sensitive and inclusive language. Examples of gender-neutral words that may be used are as follows 1. ancestors, forebears (instead of forefathers) 2. artificial, manufactured (instead of man-made) average/ordinary person (instead of common man) chair, chairperson, coordinator (instead of chairman) courteous, cultured (instead of ladylike) first-year student (instead of freshman) Flight attendant (instead of steward, stewardess) human resources (instead of manpower) POnanaw legislator, representative (instead of congressman) 10. mail carrier, letter carrier, postal worker (instead of mailman, postman) 11. people, human beings (instead of mankind) 12. person, individual (instead of man) 13. police officer (instead of policeman) 14. solidarity (instead of brotherhood) 15. to operate, to cover, to staff (instead of to man) The site http://www.academia.edu advises the use of Ms. with women as sometimes their marital status is vague or not known if not given special directives from the woman herself (unless the woman herself prefers the coutteay title Mrs. oF Miss). A Woman's marital status is very often irrelevant to the matter in hand. Also, say Mr. and Mrs, Smith, or Mrs. Jane and Mr. John smich instead of Mr. and Mrs. John Smith. The salutation Dear Sir/Madam is also preferred if the gender of the recipient is unknown instead of using Dear Sir. ~~ PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION in Local and Global Context