U.S. NAVAL TECHNICAL MISSION TO JAPAN ‘CARE OF FLEET POST OFFICE \ SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA 31 January 1946 Chief, Naval Technical Mission. to Japan. Chief of Naval. Operation: Subject: Target Report - Japanese Surface and General Fire Control. Reference: (a)"Intelligence Targets Japan" (DNI) of 4 Sept. 1945. 1. Subject report, covering Target 0-31 of Fascicle 0-1, of reference (a), is submitted herewith. 2. ‘The investigation of the target and the target “eport were accomplished by Lt. Comir. E. Delmar-Horgan, RNVR., assisted by Lt. (jg) D. H. Jackson, USNR. AOI ZaRESTRICTED JAPANESE SURFACE AND GENERAL FIRE CONTROL “INTELLIGENCE TARGETS JAPAN” (DNI) OF 4 SEPT. 1945 FASCICLE O-1, TARGET O-31 JANUARY 1946 U.S. NAVAL TECHNICAL MISSION TO JAPANRESTRICTED SUMMARY ORDNANCE TARGETS JAPANESE. SURFACE AND GENERAL FIRE CONTROL, ‘The ain bulk of this report concerns low angle (surface) fire con- trol. The problem has been clearly kmown and understood for about twenty years. However, progress of science and perfecting of mechanians has added improve: ments quite regulerly during this period and will in all probability continue to do 80. Such progress is clear in American and British surface fire céntrol. From the information obtained it is clear that the Japanese, too, have pro- greased with their surface Tire; but, with one exception, they have dropped a Little astern in the race, Tho one exception is the device for minimizing ais. persion at long ranges. From examination of the device it appears to be far from perfect, to be unnecessarily complicated, and to have numerous weaknesses; but its potentialities were clearly denonstrated in the Leyte action in October 1944 and due credit must be given. ‘Tae ack of good radar in Japanese surface fire 1s offset to sone extent under certain conditions by their excellently grouped salvos, and, in general, their surface fire is, there fore, not uch inferior to that of other navies. Japanese stable verticals and gyro work for fire control seem to be vastly inferior. Little thought seems to have been given to line of sight ate: Dilization by small gyros with one degree of freedom, or to rate measurenent by small gyros. Finally, with reference to the mechanical and electro-nechanical tor- que amplifiers, it is difficult to judge performance fron diagrams. They may be quite good, but the principles upon which they are based are ali well-kmown, with the exception of the Aichi Clock Company's electro-aechanical servo. For further information on synciros, wiring diagrams, and remote power control systems, reference may be nade to NavTechJap Report, "Japanese Fire Control”, Index No. 0-29. Yor further information on anti-aircraft fire control, reference may be nade to NavTechJap Report "Japanese Anti-Aircrart Fire Control", Index Yo. 0-30. WIg+L+0-32RESTRICTED TABLE OF CONTENTS Sumaary eeseeeee List of Enclosures . List of Thlustrations ... References Introduction «.++++ The Report Pert IJ Type 98 Firing Device for Minimizing Dispereton As Generel ... oe o B. Deseription .. per ees Part IT, Surface and General Fire Control A. Type 92 Main Low Angle Fire Control Table (SHAGEKIBAN) ‘and Type 94 Low Angle Director (HOIBAR) ....... ©. LsAs Fire Control Syaten for Destroyers Type 94 Com puter (BIODOBAN) and Type 94 Director (HOTBAN) D. LsA, Fire Control systens in Battleships YAMATO and MUSASHI, Type 98 Director (HOTBAN) and Type 98 Calouleting Table (SHAGEXIBAN) and Type 96 Part III, Stable Elements and Stable Verticals A, Analysis of Research in Japanese Navy on Gyros .... Part IV. Servo Mechanisms and Transductors Ay General ssesseeseseeeeeeeereerereese B. Characteristics of the Mechanism ... LIST OF ENCLOSURES List of Fire Control Equipnent Shipped to Ordnance Investi~ gation Laboratory, Naval Powder Factory Indian Heed, Maryland .... List of Fire Control Documents Shipped to WC through ATIS ... Nomenclature Chart . ponpacaoad ee SOKUTEKIBAN Type 92 Diagrams .. — seeeteeesRESTRICTED LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Time Liniting Device Mme Limiting Devio ‘Mae Limiting Device, Diseran ‘Type 92 SOKUTEKIBAN .......+0ss0e ‘Type 92 L.A. Table (SHAGEKIBAN) ... Type 92 Lea, Table (SHAGEKIBAN) Type 92 Esk. fable and type 94 Director” sc... Type 92 Leh; Table Diagram .. General Azrangerent of Plotéing Boom aboard the Battle= ‘hip KAGATO.« *Power" Rate Integrator Diagram» Type 94 Director (HOTMAN) «+... ype 94 Director (HOIBAN) Diagran - ‘Type 92 SOKUTEKIBAN Layout . Type 92 SORUFEKIBAN Vector Diagram’ .2.21000000001 Battleship ISE Type 91 Director « Battleship 158 Rater Antennae end Rangefinder Battleship ISE Looking Art. ‘Type 94 L.A, Clock (SHAGEKIBAN) . ‘Type 94 Director (HOIBAN) and Type 94 Glock’ (siakkibAN) Secondary Arnanent Plotting Room (WAGATO) seseese ‘type 94 Leas Clock (SHAGERIBAN) Diagram « ‘Type 94 Lia: Clook, Porsonnel .+..en++ Gonpess Fotiow Up aa ype 9h Director (FoiRAN) Schenatio Diagram ‘ype 9h Director (HOTEM) Crulser AOBA Hype 9b Leds Ghook ( Stodoben }" Diagran f, Lek, Glock ( Blodobsn ) Diagran i Galoulating Tabie. (SHAGESIBAN) 8 SOKUTEKTaA Diagram... 58 SOKUTEKTBAN Optical Arrangenn 98 Gyro Horizon biagran - 98 Gyro Horizon Casing «.:..sssssssveseseseeeeces Gyro Horizon Components Gyro Hordzon Components Gyro Horizon Components Gyro Korizon Goaponents Gyro Horizon Caloulating Sox Gyre Horizon Gyro Horizon Dype 4 Gyro Horizon eh Gyre Horizon Gyro Horizon ‘Type 4 Gyro Horizon Casing ., Spherical Gyro Horizon Gyro Horizon Stabilizer - Gyro Horizon Stabilizer :..2 Gyro Horizon K7-23, Diagram’... Gyro Horizon K7-H3, General Viev SYeotro-Mechanioal Torque AnpLifte: Electro-igotantcel Torque Aapiizier (Beeuiotor] 31 Blectro-Mechanical Torque Amplifier (Follow up) | 52 HlestrocMeshanioal Torque Amplifier (Follow up) EB waSourunnRESTRICTED REFERENCES Location of Target: Kure Naval Arsenal Yokosuka Naval Bases Alohi Clock Company Japanese Personnel Interviewed: (a) Comender Tiro IcHINOI, IJN (Ret) - Fire Control Design Engineer, 1940 = 1945, Kure Naval Ordnance Experimental Laboratory and head of {re Control Factory. April 1945 to August 1945, attached to the Firat Naval Technological: Institute, YOKOSUKA. (b) lie, TAKEUURA - Scientific adviser on research at the Navel Re search institute, Mecuro, TOKYO. (ce) Mr, TSUDA = Head Fire Control Design Engineer, Aichi Clock com pany, NAGOYA.RESTRICTED INTRODUCTION Before a study of the Japanese naval fire control systems could be mado, it was found necessary to list the Japanese descriptions of Tire control. wuipment in Romaji. reason for this is the great degree of ambiguity wiioh existed unless tho Japanese words are used. For instance, it 18 of 20 value to comment on a Type 94 System without further qualification since there are several such systens designed initially in 1934 for which the figure 9 1s used. Hereunder is given as clear a listing as possible: Directors LA, Director HA, Director Short Range Director Computers L.A. Computer HLA! Computer HAL/L.A. Simplified Computer Fire Control Systens KOSHA SOCHT HOSEN SHTKI S0cHT ‘The aifrerent types of directors, computers and fire control systems ean now be listed as follows: Directo: Q) bea. = HOIBAN Type 1, Obsolete HOTBAN Type 94 Standard for all ships except : ‘YAMATO and MUSASHT HOIBAN Type 98 YAMATO and MUSASET AOTBAN Type 91, Moa 5 Converted for H.A, for AA oru- isers with 12.7om guns ) ROIBAN Type 9% Nod 6 Same as od 5; renamed Type 2 (2) Hes, KOSHARI Type 94 ship OSHART Type 3 Tend (2) Leas SHAGEKIBAN Type 92 (26") guns’ in RAGATO SHAGEKIBAN Type 9 guns in NAGATO SHAGEKIBAN Type 96 (28") guns in YAYwTO ana USASHE ‘HOISAN HOI = Bearing Angle, BAN = board KOSHAK © KO ~ High Angle, SHA - Firing, KI - Instrunent SHAGEKI Firing BAN Board or Panel SOCHI Equipment KOSEA KO ~ High Angle, SHA - Firing BIODO Deflection HOSEN HO - Gun, SEN - battle SHIXI Command continuedO-31 (2) Hede OSHA SHAGRKIBAN Type 89 x. 4 HOSEA SHAGSKTBAN Type 94 +4+ Q) Leas HOTBAN 9 plus SHAGEKIEAN Type 92 HOIBAN 94 plus SHAGEXTBAN Type 94 HOIBAN 98 plus SHAGEKIBAN 98 HOTBAN 98 plus SHAGEXTBAN 94 HOTSAN 2 plus, BIODOEAN 2 HOTBAN 9% plus BIODOBAN 94 Heke ROSHARE 94 plus KOSTA ‘SHAGERIBAN 9% KOSHA SOcrIE 91 KOSHA SOCHT 2 XOSHART 3 (KOSHA SHAGEKIBAN 94) OSHA SOCHT 3 - KOSHAKT 3 ‘and KOSHA SHAGEKIBAN: 3 KOSHA SocHI 3 SHAGEKT SOcHT-95 KOSHA. SOCRT 95 SEAGEXI SOGHI 4, OSHA SHIKI SOCHT 5 DENTAN HOTBAN 5 plus BIODOBAN 2 RESTRICTED Ovsorete Present type as in YAMATO and ‘MUSASET, Eire Control systems As in NAGATO Standard YAMATO and MUSASET As in NAGArO Destroyers Destroyers ‘YAMATO and MUSASHI (91 mod 2) removed from NAGATO Ground use To be renamed type 4 tor ground use Ground use (computer never ‘bull’ because too compli- cated) Ship use (never built) Director and Computer combined (controis Mc, with tard Leonard Systen) Ground use (complicated and ‘obsolete) Simplified 95 (omz xositz) Thundercloud (RATUN ~ one aade but never tried) Redar Director (for destroyers ‘and Cruisers) Enolosures (A) and (B) list the material und docwsents sent to the yerious agencies in the USA, Lnelosure (C), it is hoped, will help to identity the systens with the ships concerned. It is suggested that Navtechvap Report, "Japanese Anti-Airerart Fire Gontroi", Index No. 0-30, should be referred to Since that report together with this report form a complete treatise on allsbove water Japenese naval fire con= trol systems.RESTRICTED 0.31 THE REPORT Part I ‘TYPE 98 FIRING DEVICE FOR MINIWIZING DISPEHSION A, GEABRAL Samples of equipment for this purpose have been captured intact and it has been possible to reconstruct a ciroult disgran (Figure 3). ‘The device consists of two main items: . 1. An instrument installed in the transmitting station or plotting roon called a "rigger Tina Limiting Device” to limit the time of firing of two or more guns from 0.08 seconds to 0.2 seconds after the circuit has been nade, thus diminishing dispersion. 2, An instrument installed in the gun turret called a "Firing Time Sepa- rator" which ensures that projectiles do not leave the guns at the identi- : eal instant of time. ‘This prevents interference and therefore helps to Aiminish dispersion. ‘The captured equiprent consists of two trigger Limiting devices and one firing time separator from the battleship NAGATO, and the system 1s identical to those installed in MUSASET and YAMATO. The equipments in NAGATO were Titted retroactively at the tine the latter ships were being fitted out. B. DESORIPTION 1. Mme Limiting Device Figures 1 and 2 show these instruments, and the disgran of Figure 3 gives the main features. ‘The limitation of time from 0,08 to 0.2 seconds in the time lintter can be varied by selecting the correct position on the rheostat Rj in the upper portion of the disgram, When the trigger in the director is pressed, circuit a, b, d, e, f, 0, p, q and r is made; the coll 0 is ener Gized, and the iron core’ pulled up. xy is now ina short circuited con- Gition and the firing elreult x, y, o, d, e and f remins closed (since no current is now flowing in the elroult’a, b, c, x and y, there will no areing of the contacts in the pistol when the trigcer is released). ‘The notor My will now rotate and the electromenet Z will be energized . ane the circuit "ae" will be broken. The time between first pressing the trigger "b" and the rupture of the circuit at "de" constitutes the cor- rect time interval (more correctly it is the period of tine that berins . with the rotation of I and ends when the contact is broken). ‘The dur~ ation of the firing cifcult continuity is therefore independent of the length of tine the trigger 1s pressed. 2. Hiring Tine Separator Until both the windings A and B in the rotor S are excited there is no rotation of the rotor. The rotor turns against a spring force which Positions 4t in a certain set position when there 19 no other torque upon the rotor. shen rotor 5 rotates, the contacts 5y, Sz, S3, 5, end Ss are nade. In the same way, the rotation of R accomplishes the stiae fuingtion with respect to rj, To, Tz, 1%, and rs and of T tot) and ty, 7RESTRICTED Praure 1 rive LIHTTINO Davie g a 5 rae LIMITING usviceRESTRICTED = FIRINS DEVICE TYPEQSRESTRICTED When the firing otroult 4n the tine liniter te ade, and when the pointers Whe he rete att de eecetnara Tehere io a contact device in euch Se r————e——— "a" gun (on left of diagram) will fire due to the completion of the cir~ 7 cuit abe (or azye) def gThijEkir, & mR nj alternatively, when ees Sieh pte oe mp” gun (on the right) will fire only when the elevation receiver has poth'pointers in coincidence (identical with 'uhe training situation}, 30 wg” gun fires just after the interval required for tz to rotate efter "A" gun fires ‘Therefore, when the pointers in both elevation and training receivers coincide and complete the circuits, current will flow both in A end B of Fotor S, in which case § will remain stationary, & will rotate and the Sequenco of operations will occur as Just described; "A" gun will imned- iately fire, followed by "B" gun. In'addition to director firing as de seribed, the guns can be fired in local firing when the pointers aatch. Pert IT SURFACE AliD GENERAL FIRE CONTROL MAIN LOW ANOLE FIRE COWTROL TABLE (SHAGEKTSAN) 1. General 7 ‘The Type 92 Mein Tow Angle Tale for battleship (as in NAGATO) ond heavy cruisers (except MOCAMT class) 1s associated with the Type 9 Wain L.A. @izector for the control of the main armament. ‘There are two kinds of Type L.A. Table and these are distinguished on paper only by stating that they are prepared for two classes of ships: Ta) battleships and heavy cruisers, and (b) the LOGAIT clas: ‘the ‘Type 92 in class (b) above have mechanisms incorporated for measuring target speed end target angle and require an input only of inclinometer angle. in eddition, they have corrections to range for wind along the Line of fire. ‘the Type 92 in class (a) lacks these devices and instead has a device called a SOKUTEKIBAN whieh looks much like a director (see Figure 4) and Contains mechanisms for calculating target course and speed to be trans- mitted to the L.A. table. At the end of this chapter is a rief descrip- tion of this SOKUTEKIBAN. ‘te Type 92 LeA. Table and to 4 lesser degree the Type 94 L.A. director bear « remarkable similarity to the British Main L.A. tables of about 1924. ‘The Aichi Clock Compeny who manufactured all the L.A. tables state that Burr and Stroud of Glescow provided then with the general pattern over a course of many years end they have continued ever since to adhere to this pattern. 2.. Bype 92 L.A. Table (SHAGEKTBAN) a. This table is manufactured for the following ballistics: 36en/i)5 cad gun 200m/59 cal (Merk 2) gun oon/45, cal gun 15.5en/60 cal (obsolete) can 10RESTRICTED Plewe 4 ‘pe 92 Sener gre 5 (Pe Se RAL TABLE (SuxcseTBAN)RESTRICTED STONVH NOIL37330 wid No1L93723 ST0NVH NOILoauNOD ONINY3E Wig Nolo ontav3e / > SON SIGHVH en-moTI0s } Guvd. SS¥dWOD ~ < _ auvo ssvanoo/ 9 on \ Va ~ ( 20n ATONVH Bive ONIUY Wid a1va oNruvae’ envatngoris) Tara “V7 75 Nab 9 ana awic_oniuvas 2TH ONIN /Manwn dunvas (4 } ‘ST0NVH NOLLOZMUOD BONVY aid } ]OILOBYUOD 3ONVY 37 0NVH BONVY IN3S3Ud avia 7 sonva \wasaud { Fem) ah 1_31vu BONvE Wid 3ivu 3ONVe oe SON Na / 2 IONVH duva slaty onlovuaay ‘3ONvY 101d 39NVE ON —) 7 401d ONIUVaE \ _ —— Wid aa3us_ WMO qwia .30uv.RESTRICTED The table calibrated for 40cm guns (16%) is shown in the transmit- ting station of NAGATO in Figure 5, and Figure 6 gives a plen view of the table showing the layout and the position of the seven oper- ators and the control officer. b, Duties of the personnel Operator No, 1 Supervises and operates the range and bearing plots. cperetor Yo. 2 Turns tne range end range rato (3B) nantwoeel ot Parag he Tenge, ong Tange eee dit uantnteel ot ote Shs gu Lace hand revzecerelg; foes co metsh oot sou ceavelera ne coe eoasct stony eraser seuneeree Operator No. 3 Follows up future range. Operator No, 4 Sets initial bearing angle (B), total deflection : correction to bearing (in the case of indirect fire) Setting of own ship's apeed, target speed and target ineLination. Operator No, 5 Follows up compass course as received from the gyro compass. Operator No. 6 Follows up bearing rate from the bearing slot. Operator No. 7 Range averaging man. This operator observes the ranges received from the different range finders (five 1a NAGATO), cuts out those which are either inoperative or inconsistant and provides the selec- ted range for the range plot. o. Limits of the Type 92 Measured range ... 40,000 netera Deflection in ails s..s.:.s.+0007 Righe 130, Lert 160 Own speed Tn waceses 30 knots Enemy course. III 908" Hehe"or Lert Hiring range 2.0000. + 39,800 meters Change of range ..:ssssssssssessesersssesers 70 knots Enemy specd seeecccee TEES, 40 knots wind speed eee IIIIT'20'meters/see 4. Size and Weight waath°.... ‘i 1.8 meters Length’ .122 : eee 115 neters Heagnt 20202 TE 19 meters Weight + TTI SiS wetrte’ tons e. Functions - The schematic diagram, Figure 8, shows the general functions of the Type 92, which 1s known as the *reciprocal” type, Since the calculates values of super elevation end lateral deflec~ tion are transmitted to the Type 94 director (HOTBaK) where they ere added differentially to director setting and director training. Quadrant elevation and gun training are then trensmitted to the guns (after the quantities for parallax and corrections for roll end cross roll have been added) as shown in Figure 7.“RESTRICTED ONINIVEL No Uvae 26 3dAL ONINIVEL NNO SSVdWOO W3HLOW NOUS NV@ IN2OVHS: duvMuos NOILVAZT3 NNO LuB0NIa_ ZONA HOWERESTRICTEDo-1 RESTRICTED { Pipe 9 ceuspus snaanceuesr oF PuOTTING BOOM ABOARD NacaTO FRICTION DISC (AIGHI CLOCK TYPE) ‘SECTION “A-A" INNER RING, OUTSIDE FORM OF WHICH IS & POLYGON. Figure 10 ‘power Rare receeaen DrAceanRESTRICTED f. . Galoulated Value: (1) Lateral Deflection Dr Dp ED +E + Z+ Dy + Do = own speed correction = target speed correction = drift correction wind correction Spotting correction (2) Super Elevation @ = (Ry) + ip Where Ry= future range +f Qh+ gR+aR' + Rye t RLS Ry + fGbeaReaRt + Rig + Re Where Row initial'fange and Ro + [4B is present range J9R°= output of intecretor own speed correction target speed correction ballistic corrections for the day spotting correction Wnere D z Rye (wote + correction SSr'uind ig to derlection only and not to range.) g- Mechanisms - There ere no pneumatic, hydraulic, or electric foulsecups in the table. There is one mechanism of interest and this is & "Power" Rate Integrator. The "power" rate integrator. ts shown in Figure 10, This mechanism consists of a hardened steeldise which ig held by considerable pressure against the constant speed Qisc. ‘There are special devices incorporated in the L.A. table to prevent this disc being moved unless tne constant speed drive is Bwitehed on, since denare would inmodiately result otherwise: Al- though the principle is simple, the details are not. It was ¢is- covered by trial and error that the best results were obtained when Chere was a small anount of backlash between the dise and the shat to which it was attached. The backlash was not Just a crude bec! Jesh es between @ key in'a keyway, or a sloppiness in a loose rit- ting spline, but was a variable backlash according to the load. This was obtained by making rollere ‘between the outer disc and the center hember have a wedging action between the circular outer ring and the fists of the polygon shaped shaft. This arrangement works very nice iy when tho disc is nearly or actually at the center of the constant speed disc, and then a very smooth action results. It might be d Seribed as’a "velvet" hunting action. h. Production - The first unit of the Type 92 L.A. cable was 9ro~ diced Ee I932 ond the last one in April 1943. The Aichi Clock Cone Sanya capacity was stated to be one per nonth and the cost ¥ 150,000, |. Bype 94 LAs Director (HOTBAN) ‘Tis is the regular director associated with the SAGZXTBaN Type The Range Follow-up, Range Setting und Deflection Follow-up side Yo’ shown in Figure 11, the general arrangement of the personnel and their functions are given in Figure 12, and are as follow: Operator No, 1 Layer Operator No, 2 Trainer Operator No. 3 Gross leveller Operator No. 4 Deflection and super elevation follow-up Operator No. 5 Communications man Operator No. 6 Control officer 7RESTRICTED ‘aire 11 ie 6 DICT (anTRAY) This director is used for controlling either main or secondary erm aments and is the conventional bi-axia’ director, There are two cal- culating devices in this director; one for roll in the line of sight and cross roll corrections to elevation and training, and one for parallax. ‘The telescopes for leyer, trainer, and control officer for main bat~ tery control are 15cm, and for secondary batteries and main arnanent of cruisers, 120m (the cross leveller's telescope being 4.50m in ell cases), As already mentioned, the "reciprocal" arrengenent of the system requires hand follow-ups for deflection and super elevation in the director. Z . b. Limits of operation Maximum elevation Haximun depression Maximum roll eo. Size and Welent Height... wiath ee Operating radius’: Wolght ssssseeeeeeesevee 2 metrie tons 4. Funotions - The diegram is self explanatory, but it should be noted that in the latest ships a stable vertical (gyro) was installed in the transmitting room and transmission of roll and cross rel were provided to the director where they were hand followed-up by mtehing pointers; this was particularly for aight when no horizons were vis~ Tele.RESTRICTED aA37 sou NoUuwTaA3 BBens NOIL93uNOo 13437 SSOUD NOILO3HNOD XVTTWaVd waAg93u MaLLINSNVUL uve TWwunsuassia WaAOrw,e NNO UVaY Nod dastu49+ NN GUYVAYOS NOS tu stae ae of Aqoney ouustas Xv TIVuvd) ZONVE Nosuad mavirixny 2 wd hh 3 al LInsNvuL yo NOUN TSAR Wwiok O © ad0083734 ‘SUANIVEL 308R8E = OO -aaooeaas, onsoas BUO1dIO =ZNHD 3 é E = ESEARING RESTRICTED RAINING AND LEVELLING TELESCOPE DIFFERENCE DIAL. om { wos } COMPASS DIAL — 7 Sa STOP WATCH (oa (so) 4 INCLINOMETER ‘TARGET DIAL. TARGET _MORIZONTAL, COMPONENT DIAL, a Meare 1 pe yp Semen Taro "Dip" is calculated in the SHACEKTBAN and transaitted with future range to the director and thence to the guns. ©. Production - These directors were made at Kure Naval Arsenal. Rhout Hz ta muaber wore mado between December 1943 and April 1945- Approximate cost (less optical parts) was ¥ 10,000 each. ‘Type 92 SOKUTEKIBAN (See Enclosure D) a. Sinoe there is no good English equivalent for the name of this device, the Japanese word will be used throughout. The instrument {s designed to provide transmissions of target speed und target course to the L.A. table (SHAGEKIBAN). In appearance (see Figure 4) {tis somewhat ifke a director and has to be layed and trained like a regular director. Figure 13 shows the layout; the duties of the personnel are as follows: operator No. 1 Compass follow-up Operator Wo. 2 Enemy change of bearing Operator No. 3 Trainer Operator No. 4 Inclination Operator No. 5 Target length setting and range difference setting Operator No. 6 Inclinometer angle follow-up Operator No. 7 Present range follow-up Operator No. 8 Target speed and target angle follow-up transmission bs Size end Weteht Height . ++ 1:75 metersRESTRICTEDRESTRICTED wath teeeeseees 1425 motors. Operating Padius’<22200112. 1.5 meters Weight .... IN'2 metric tons e. Brinoiples of Calculation az booee® 1.8 @ Where @ = Target angle Lz Length of ship R = Present Range a = Inolinometer Angle After an increment of time "t", the following is the situation as shown on the vector diagram in’Figure 1k. (V sin @ + Vcos B)t saR*> (R+AR)(2+ cosa) - (2) (V cos @- Vein B)t = (R+4R) sing Whore Py = Present position of target Ql = Present position of own ship Po@ = Position of own ship and enemy, t second later % = Time increment A= Bearing difference after the elapsed tine of t seconds AR= Range difference after elapsed time of % seconds When an inelinometer is used, the angle can be measured and eque- tions (1) and (3) are solved. When an inclinoneter ia not used, equations (2) and (3) are solved. Rate mochanisns are used for this calculation and a constant tine neohanism also (clock eseapement) forepacing the two sets of read~ ings by a time interval of t. ALL these SOKUTEKIBANS were made by the Aichi Clock Company of NAGOYA. ‘SHAGE) 1. Genera ‘mig fire control system is installed in capital ships for controlling the secondary armament an@ in light orulsers for the main armament. In Figure 15, of BB ISE, the forward director at "x" can be seen just below the redar’entennae end Tangefinder, shown separately in Figure 16, 4 View looking aft (Pigure 17) shows’ the after director at "K", Tt 4s in- Yeresting to note in Figure 17 that the after turrets have been removed and a hanger hes replaced them, and tiat the hanger deck shows @ cutout in airplane shape for the elevator. ‘the system as a whole, and the clock or computer (SHAGEKIBAN) in partic- uler, (es seen in Figure 18) 1s similar to the British Admiralty Fire Contfol Clock, ‘There are, however, tvo distinct difference: a, The Japanese clock has u range plot. bs The Japanese clock is seni-tachynetric in principle. ‘the system belongs to the “series” class in which the clock transmits gun ofders direct to the guns, It does not calculate and transmit do. flections to the director for onward transmission to the guns 22RESTRICTED Figure 15 BATTLESEIP ISE TIPS 96 DIRBCTUR Howe 16 BEPTLESEIP 156 RADE ANTENNAE AND RANCH FUER 23RESTRICTED z & E IYPE 094 Lek. CLOCK (SHAGERTEAH)RESTRICTED ieueveune | a Gs Le “F fase SAGE KIBAN, a Figure 19 ie ¥Pe 96 orescror (woreaN) 4aNb PE 94 coocK (SsceE1e48) Flere 2 Scaunwny AseemnT PIOTYTNG ReoW 09 xAcATORESTRICTED ("rectprocal"). Figure 19 shows diagram for director clock and guns. Tho system was seen installed complete and undamaged in BB NAGATO and is shown in Figures 18, 20 and 23. In Figure 20 the range averaging device (a rectangular box at the left hand’ side) can be seen; the other bulkhead instruments are conventional. 2. Type 94 Clock (SHAGEKTBAN) In addition to the remarks above, the following points are of interest. There is only one automatic follow-up, and this is a pneumatic one on the range input fron the range averaging device. This pneumatic servo syste 4g taken from the Brown Compass Follow-up; it operates smoothly with Little hunting, and since {t is an exact copy of the Grown unit, no illu strations are given here. In order to give a short anslysis of the system, a schematic diseram (Fig- ure 21) was prepared and the following refers: a. Range Systen Future Range Ry = R + ABs aR + okt Re Where R= Initiel range and R + {MR ts present rence AR = Range difference due to ovn speed Range difference due to target specd Re = Range correction ‘The present average range from one or all rangefindsrs and radar is followed up as already described, and transmitted to the plot. (In the case of BB ISE, Figure 16 shows a mattress type antenna for reng~ ing only, stated to be 1.5 meters wave length and cood for 170,000, meters. "There is also a 10cm radar installation in Isz-tor ratze and bearing, but it was stated that the accuracy for bearing was very poor) « aR . 7 Range Rate $F 19 composed of two parts; 1.0., own ship's speed and target sp ‘The own speed rate componet, V cos By 1s obtained from own ship's speed resolvers, and target’ speed rate component 1s obtained by following up on the’range rate turning handwheel witch aligns a slit of light (through a simple lene aystem) Langentially with the range plot. Range difference due to own ship's speed 1a given by: cos B Een Ry OR = V cos B eS a aoer Where d= Angle of sight Gs Angle of descent Vy = Muzzle velocity ‘This function differs only slightly trom the ballistic function for wind deflection, and it can therefore be assuaed Tan, Ry (2-2) Ba weer * Gy veaiss oR: K'Veos B(Z -_—1__ R, " Vpeoss Where K and K* are constants for conversion to the units used. Range difference due to target apsed! ORV =v ein OT Where @ = target angle 26sntonig (nagar) Yooi9 1°96 Habs NVEIINAS PE IeAL RESTRICTEDRESTRICTED b. Super Elevation and Dip ‘These quantities are obteined by plate cams and are shown in the schematic diagram, Figure 21, ©. Deflection Systen Total deflection Dp = S+ D+ E+ Z+ Dg Where S = Deflection due to own ship's speed Deflection due to target speed jeflection due to wind Deflection due to drift tion due to spotting correction ‘speed Own ship speed Target inclination ‘Target pearing Vain e Ts C08 by vioos 6 2 a (Bh TL Wain (BY We) GF - yt) £ (Ry) ind velocity, and We - Hind direction From this we get: $+ D+ Bs (y cones VoinB) E+ Cw ain B- Hg) a -VasinB)(l - 2 ® ny” Ve cos 7 Both these terms ure solved separately and added differentially. Bearing rate is expressed by 23 2. ¥ cos @ + V sin, ang wind und own re ship's. speed by W sin ( B+ We) t sin Be This 1s obtained by add- ing the outputs of the resolvers of ovn ship's speed and wind, 4, otal Training Transmissions ‘The total training is as follow Bp = B+ Dy +aB+ m Where B = Present bearing ‘OB = Cross level dorreotion to training my = parallax correction for any nunber of batteries e. Number of Personne! Figure 22 shows the position of the operators whos tasks are es follows: Operator No. 1 Range setting and ronge rate due to turget speed Operator tio 2 Future range, own speed, wind apeed and direction settings Operator No. 3 Bearing engle and becring rete follow-up Operator No. & Deflection follow-up Operetor No: $ Jontrol officerRESTRICTED RANGE CLOCK RANGE (PLOT) HANOI mia gaat _-DEFLECTION DIAL DEFLECTION HANDLE v \ SEARING RATE MATCHING “SIAL -ARING RATE: HANDLE -ARING HANDLE BEARING DIAL, RANGE HANDLE oe / ) lien oP BBaove Ape 2 (TPR 94 LA. CLOCK. PEESORNBL Pigre 20 Compass FoLacs 29RESTRICTED \ f. Weights and Sizes Total weight « 4.25 ke ‘aoters meters meters Left deflection’... Right deflection... Left and Right: de Own speed Enemy sp It will be noticed that one of the limits in the parentheses refer to HeAs The equipment was designed only for L.A., but approximate deflections are applied for barrage fire against torpedo bonbers. he Compass Follow-Up Figure 23 shows a box in the plotting room of NAGATO, This box is almost completely empty save for a simple follow-up from the aavi- gational compass. It was the intention to develop a special fire control compass, but the war terminated before designs were per= fected. JRAINERS TELESCOPE POINTERS TELESCOPE aC OE ~~ TRAINER — 7 POINTERS: Fecescore, r More ‘a yon _. CO \ oer TRANSMITTER range, eggns evento RECEIVER steven er va at FOLLOWER ‘TRanane HANDLE, neo ‘TRANSMITTER os LEVELLER ame Figure 24 Ye 94 DiRwerUR (HOrBAN) SC¥RMAPIC DIACRAWRESTRICTED 3. Bype 94 Director (HOTBAN) ‘his low angle director for secondary batteries of capitel ships and sain director of light cruisers differs in the following respects from the main battery directors of the seme type. a. No parallex correction mechanisms; mention has already been made of this in the desoription of the STAGEKIBAN. b. Gross roll correction to training is added differentially in the SHAGEKIBAN so that the director telescopes remain undisturbed. es No spotting telescope for the control officer. A simple sche- matic diagram shows this director in Figure 24. 2. Generar ‘The four main types of fire control systems in Japanese Destroyers are as follows: a. HOIBAN (ola type) plus BIODOBAN Type 94, Mod 1 L.A. b. HOTBAN Type 94 plus BIODOBAN Type 94, Mod 2 Led e+ HOXBAN Type 2 plus BIODOBAN Type 2 HA./L.A. @, KOSHA SOCHI Type'9h (class: AKITSUXI) H.A, ‘the systems in (c) and (a) above have already been described in NavTerhJap Report, "Japanese Anti-Aircraft Fire Control", Index No. 0-30, but as for (a) and (bd), the only difference between then’ is that (a) belongs to the reciprocal type (already described in SIAGEKIBAN Type 92 and SHAGEKIBAN Type 92), and (b) delongs to the series type. There were no destroyers Gyallable having (b) system, nor any documems or drawings. The only in- formation available was from interrogations. It 1s a good L.A. system for small ships, being better than the HeA./LeA. HOIBAN Type 2 and BIODOBAN Type 2 for surface fire when the latter is in LAs, but the former ig strictly limited to surface fire. The director (HORAN) 15 fdentieal to the HOIBAN Type 94 already described for the main armament control, Figure 25 shows a demged director in cruiser AOBA (trainer's jside). 2. ‘Type 94 Computer (BTODORAN a. ‘This computer or clock (Figure 26 shows the leyout) is a tachy- Aotrie or rate measuring device, and provides future range end total @eflection as follows: (2) Future Range Ry = R + [BB+ Ryo, where Rye represents el} other corrections for range (2) Total Deflection Dz_= § +2 + Dg, where S is own speed cor~ rection and ie equnl to U812B ang 2 equals érirt, Dp being 811 corrections to deflection, “Figure 27 1s simplified schematic Giegren showing the main cheracteriatics of this computer. aiRESTRICTED {IFS 46 L.8. CLOCK (BrODOEAN) DrAGRaxrena (rImoTOIn ) YaVIO 96 Aki aang avunsAe3s NASTIS wanzo34 WILNSUSISIG wanuinsnvan = NUNSE24S19 aroun A ©_ variinswas Jronvaze woio37430 (QO) (63) [6] 3ONVY -BuNLNS 4 J - 4 v Wid 29 8 4 RESTRICTEDRESTRICTED Range ++ 20,000 meters Gun rang 19,800. moter Range rate 86 imote L.A, and 300 knots crude HA. setting 1b seeeeeeeeseee Ba 40 knots Buemy speed 2.1...) RO knota The BFODOBAN 4s prepared for two sete of ballistics 15em/50 cal and Weight . Height + Wath . main ermanent fire control systens for these two battleships repr Sonted the very latest ideas of tho Japanese fire control experts meal officers, and designers. ‘The ayaton consists of a director (HOTBAN), the caloulating table SStaceKrBaN), in the trenamitting station ox plotting ros at tlaally the SHOKUTEKIBAN, which (as in the ‘Type 92 systen) has no equs it American Navies, but is an integrel pert or the ¢ L.A. fire control system for providing target course and esos. Instead of being « sort of direce for in appearance, it.is an appendage to the SHAGEKIBAN, ‘receiving dure from the director and transmitting it to the calculating table, The transmissions trom the calculating table are gun training and quedrant elevation, |The system conforms to the conventional "series" arrenterest (in contrast to the "reciprocal" arrangement as in destroyers; aetna obsolete plus BIODOaAN Type 9h). 2, ype 98 Director (HOTBAN! a, Tho director toner 19 completely enclosed, and the optice of the Tertous operators are of the periscope variety, ‘protuaine tances tho root of the director. Since such importance’ ie plates Wer eoe Japenese on optios (due in some degree to poor radar\, they’ane Usted as follows: "es Operator No, 1 Layer .eeesseeeee + Wain telescope ‘Back horizon sieht Operator No, 2 Trainer ........ssseseseee Main telescope Searcher sight Onapaton HorS Control oftiéer .....-.... wnt taLescae Searche: Operator tio. 4 Cross leveller ......4RESTRICTED Tae, (2) (3) ‘Since ali sights are rigidly fixed to prisms only are noved (as in the U.S. @levation for these eights is 45° and Type 98 Calouleting Table (SHAGEKTBAN) ‘As soon from Figure 28, this equipment 1s in three main portions: Own ship's and target speed resolvers and bearing rate cal- Gp - Compass course BP = true bearing V_ = Own ship's speed vy = Target speed Ro = Range spotting and correction 1p - Target dial Wing oulator; L - Latituae tp = Temperature and huntaity BE = Range atfterence Br = Hangs day to dey correction = wine Yp = Lv. bY Tine of stent (Sp = Hae of flight clock) ‘Tangent elevation, parallax correction calculator, range and bearing plots, trals dials show: Bo - Azimuth correction Bt = Detection 2 Range correction EO > Future range Rno- Mean present renge correction F - Saper elevation Dp = Dip ‘The special 2 o-31 the structure of the tomer, thé Merk 37 systen). The seximun the maximum depression angle the dials show these queatities: speod resolver, deflection, and range difference cal- ‘the dials on this section show: ning and elevation transmissions; the atures of this calculating table are the automatic follow-ups which, up until the time of its design, had been lacking in nearly all Japanese fire control. The particular follow-up used wua an electro-mechanical type designed by the Aichi Clack Company, who also manufactured the table. A full description of this device is given in Part IV of this report. Calouleted Quantities ny eRe E+ 18B + Ry + aR © ORY 4 Oy + ky + ROTA,Y Ae > RaniRESTRICTED i 5 i ag bs es g 3 &RESTRICTED Wuere Rj = Future range R = Initial range Elapsed time required for obtuining present range = Spotting correction Own ship's speed correction ‘Target speed correction Wind correction I.¥, correction due to gun erosion Gorrection due to earth's rotation AR, 2 Barometric and dellistic corrections Rios Day to day correction For own ship's, target, and wind speed correctors there are two sets of multiplying devices! aR+ OR! + aRy = (Voos B+ v sin @) fy (Ry) + [Wcoa(Wg =u) + v sin 8) fp (Ry) end for the terms ORy, SR, and GRq there are independent calculating devices. Lateral Deflection DpiS+D+E+Z+0+ De Total deflection ‘Own ship's speed deflection brift Target speed deflection Wind deflection Deflection due to earth's rotation spotting For own ship's target and wind deflections, there ere again two sets of multiplying devices, thus: (v sin B+ v cos @)£3(R)) + [Wain (Wy =u) + ¥ cos 6] £,(R)) now v sin @ = SB cos B a ycos @= (28 ~ Vain and vy cos 0 = (#3 ~ LenB In these equations Rana dB are obtained from the phot, V cos B ts the output of own sitp's Speed resolver, and —5A®* is the output of own ship's speed venring rate calculator. These two quantivies are transmitted to the target resolver linkage where their intersection point represents target inclination and speed. o. Limits Hoasured range ...seesereeeeerersssee 50,000 meters, Gun Tange sessecseceveceessceeseeeeee bly 300 meters, Maximum deflection ...s.sseeeeeseee 1 RbeRt 130 mils Left 160 mils Deflections in azimuth eeseeeeeeseeeeeeees SCO mila Own ship speed vrveeeescsssescccccereeseee 35 KROES Eneny ship speed ss.vsccccsese 40 kno Wind speed . oa T16 neters/s yurenents Maximum Length seeeeeseeee + 365 meters Waximum height :..ccsrsss 15 meters Weight ... ae UPS metric tonsRENNIE MNBL 8B Bata 67 sunfig aaipiwisayRESTRICTED 4, Type 98 SOKUTEXTRAN a, The schematic diagram of the SOKUTEKIBAN is given in Figure 29. ‘The SORUTEKIBAN solves the following equations for target speed and inolination: # eae = vcos 6+ VainB- => 388 rt oO Target length Present. range Inelination angle ‘Target speed Own ship speed Target inclination "Pru bearing Range rate SIG BB weckme Bearing rate From equation (1) atove target bearing 1s obteined, but equations (2) and (3) above are aolved vostortally; te. Vgg and Ray are edced tom gether Vectorially and v and @ are obtained, “Fhe metfod adopted tor Solving these equations 13 an optical one. “The diagram in Figure 30 ‘Shows how this i done. In this diagram, two deflecting oriass A and Aare rotated in opposite directions, causing the light spot on the sereen to move along the dianeter DD in proportion to the cosine of the rotation of the prisas. ‘The rotation of the priams ia arranged fase function of L, Rand < so that the equation is thereby satisfied. ALL Anpute to the SOKUTEKIBAN are by power seleya end trensaissions Of vend 6 are nade by seleyn to the SHAGEXIBAN. bs Measurements Length... seeeee 1,0 meter wath .2.o2ys: Heights : It 0.8 meters Wesent + + 066 kg = th igure 30 18 $8 sonmentane oPriCa, swaaNccmaTRESTRICTED Part IIT STABLE ELEMENTS AND STABLE VERTICALS £ ‘A. A BRIEF ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH IN THE JAPANESE NAVY ON. GYROS 1, ype 98 Gyro Horizon ‘The research on the gyro horizon (for stable vertical) for the Japanese Mavy was commenced in 1932 under the guidance of Rear Admiral (Tech) 3. NITA, and.the first endeavor was to stabilize a priem of a gun sighting telescope by a simple pendulous gyro (dianoter 130m). In early experi- mental models many errors of construction were found, such as bed design of gimbals, incorrect damping arrangeaents, and Largo errors due to linear Aocelerations from roll or alteration of course. From these early experi ments, the Type 98 emerged and was Tinally tried out in 1935 in battleship HII, which wes Used Tor many experimental purposes. There are no draw~ ings, schematics or anything else, all having been destroyed; but the dit gram’Pigure 31 haa been made from’ seeing tho equipment and fron discuss. fons with Mr. TAKEMURA, a research worker associated with the institu railable are as follows, and it is not known how reli- Diameter of gyro wheel ...- 30.50n Speed of gyro wheel .. CISIIEEII GT 600 "peur Angular momentum 1°2187°x' 109" abs units deouracy of settling » Errors of roll and piteh vecccc..0. Follow up errors at sensitive side 2...) Total follow up errors . Period of undemping Period of damping « Damping ratio : ‘The follow-up mechanism, fed from the amplifier, provided a measure of roll and |this was trananitted to the L.A, director for removing roll in the Line or sight. The worst: features of this model were hunting in the follow-up, end gimbed friction. Figure 32 19. photograph of this equipment. 2. Type 1 Gyro Horizon As a airect result of the shortcomings in the Type 98, referred to above, pe 1 Was produced under the same guidance as Type 98 (Rear Admiral S. Nita), bat with the addition of Lt. Cndr. FUJITA and Ur. G. OTA. This was fa great improvement on the previous instrument; the follow-up was better and the gyro was air supported. ‘This equipaent wes originally installed in airc:uft carrier SHTNYO, re- moved to KURE, and thence to the Technical Research Institute In TOKYO, where it survived the bombing. Figure 33 shows diggramatically the sali- ent features; the three photographs (Figures 34, 35 and 36) show the gen~ eral appearance. In size it 4s equivalect to the U.S. stable elenent wark VI, end the nuaber of subsidiary compoueuts io also apiroxiastely tue saxe except for the addition of the calculetion nechasism whioh weig..s aprosiuately 1C00 pouuds and stands ebout four feet high, ihe ouly risures aveiluble exe 88 follows:RESTRICTED *E FoRweD FOLLOW-UP MECHANISM c FOLLOW-UP TRANS, urn OWL DAMPING bavice. GUNNERY L CONTROLLER. orno case. FOLLOW-UP MOTOR ‘CALCULATION MECHANISH DMMETER OF GYRO WHEEL 30.8 cM ANGULAR MOMENTUM. 2.67 X 10% ABS. UNIT NO. OF REVOLUTION 8600 PER MIN CONTROL MECHANISM awe 3 {Pe 98 MRO woRTZOW DrACRAN Figure 2 {PH 98 GRD AORIZON CASTHERESTRICTED AMPLIFIER GUNNERY CONTROLLER — CALCULATION MECHANISM FOLLOW-UP ‘AIR 0.5 KG/CM DIAMETER OF GYROWHEEL 20 cM 120 U/MIN a a es ANGULAR MOMENTUM 2.1XI0" ABS. UNITS. ZARING CUP 26.CM NO.OF REVOLUTIONS 10.000 PER Mitt Pteure so [7 CIO BORTEDN CORP OMENS DIAGRAM Pare 2 {108 1 oto noetzax cowrouseTsRESTRICTED Figure {PE 1 GYRO HORIZON CLAPCHEETS, Fitura 36 ‘vPe 1 Gy¥o soer2ow crapauiS 43RESTRICTED Diameter of gyro whoo) soreie?288 SE eyrermnecl = : Ahguiar noaentun e+, lic02: BUY igo"abs units AME bearing support, ais, Air pressute => Aecubacy of a Period of undamping Period of dampine Danpine ratio sss Bosra of pitch and’ Fo Errors of Folloy up aechaniaa’ Totel errors incluting treneatasion = ‘The calculating mechanism (see Figure 37) receives director setting and director training, roll end cross roll (relative to a true compass besr~ {ng) tros the gyro horizon, and transmits roll and cross roll corected for D/S training to the director. There, by astohing pointers, the operators apply the necessary data for roll in’ the line of sight and’cross roll for indirect fire. ‘Thig equipment was designed originally for L.A. fire for main batteries of capital ships, but was applicable also for dual purpose guns of medium caliber, ‘The complete system was considered too complicated, and Japan's industrial capacity too limited, for production of these units. 3. Type & Gyro Horizon ‘This equipment 1s comparatively simple. It 1s designed as an ald to ste- bilization for AA control rather than a conplete stabilization system, and depends to a great extent upon the skill of the operator. It consists primarily of a vertical gyro (see Figure 38) with « altror ‘founted on the top. This can just be seen in Figure 39. The gyro is aultably supported, end a spot of Light 1s reflected from the mirror onto @ screen with crosawires, This can’ be seen at the top right in Figure 40. The operator holds two large handles and follows the sot of light by aov= ing the entire instrument, thereby following-up the gyro. By this action he tranemlts roll and orogs roll to the director where these values can be followed-up by hand and used instead of thé horizon, It will be seen that there are two hand follow-upe and the results are not very good. Refer to Figure 41, Details are as follows: Dianeter of gyro wheel .+.seseeeseeeseseeerssspees BOB, Moment of inertia Receesers 5 iot"ex one Angular ropentun ..+104cs0+ VRB 19 ee cn?/sec Speed of wheel ...cs.ccccssccsessesscesteteee 20,000 BPR Danping coefficient characteristics (i.e., time taken for gyro to settle from @ displacesent of 1.59) Accuracy of settling parece wees 15? Aoouracy of stabilization +. IIL BS (destroyer) Figure 42 shows the crude resolver and transmitters, and Figure 43 shows the instrument installed in destroyer HAMAZUAI in the plotting room. 4. Horizon With Air Supported Spherical Gyro ‘This research project consisted of a sphere supp2rved on an air cushion, that had an electro magnetic rotating field for providing the rotatine foree, and at the sane tine, a vorticsllv rotating field as © dampin= 44RESTRICTED Figure 7 {78 1 @tRO CHLCHLATING BoK Pegure 58 17PR 4 Cro moRTEON o7K0 45RESTRICTED Figs TRE 4 GIRO mRRTZOW SHEEN 46RESTRICTED AN3HOdNOD “TWINOZIHOH ZHI SON3S" HOIHM YOLOW SNONOUHONAS-3738 WIR Hd 0COOZ SNOLLNTIOARY 40°ON SLINN “Sav .01 X 2° WhANWOW AV TNONY WO 8 Ta3HM-ONAD 40 USLaNVIC WETIOUANOS ANINNND (QNVH aH As) WSINVHOAW dfl-MOT10d ori maaioN cHiD Ai tr aura NOILOSUIC ONIId 40 wOsoM en-MOTIOS NOILOSUIO ONIN WSINVHOSW. TOULNOD SSvaHOo AaNovW “OUL937a © SNOTNGNAd YOLONGNOD ONILVLOY aBHM-O8AD youuIn TWANOZINOH ONILOT TITYRESTRICTED TIPS 4 or8D woRTZDH HeSLER segura 12 ‘He crin wokezan cSIMG 48RESTRICTED 0-34 device. This spherical gyro is slightly bottom heavy and the damping force varies as tho displacement of the aphere from 1ts vertical position. in this wey the damping control 1s a miniaum with minimum displacement. The diagram in Figure 44 shows the device without eny mechanism for caa- pass follow-up or gyro follow-up. (The+equipment was completely destroyed in an air raid on 15 April 1945 before the final features could be added). ‘The accuracy required was 2.5' of arc for all conditions of roll end pitch and this figure was obtained on trial just before tne equipsent was de- stroyed. Details are as follows: Dianeter of gyro sphere « ceeteeeeeeepesesepes Lem Moment of inertia .... setgereees 52 104 ep on? Angular Momentum ..s.scssssssocessceceees 108 er em?/sec 5. Gyro Hortzon-Dual Stabilizer Figures 45 and 46 show a scheme attempting to use rate of turn gyros with one degree of freedom each for stabilization. ‘The equipment consists of two large gyros with exes perallel, rotating in opposite directions. The scheme was copied from a Geran stabilization syetem for small machine cun mounts. Tho gyro system 1e precessed by roll and cross roll components, and provides training and elevation corrections for the sight and gun for’ present position data. The gun deflections are supplied seperately from a calculating. mechanisa and edded differentislly by moans of olectrical differentials, Details ure as rollows: Diameter for gyro wheel... .sssceseeseesepeeseesapee LOR Wonent of inertia of gyro wheel ........ 51h x 104" gr om Spoed of gyro wheel ve+eeeeeeeeeccccessseesees 20,000 RPL Accuracy of settling’. ae eeeeers ei Settling from 5° displacement ....cssssseeveeseeeee Lala Errors due to piton and roll ap oe 6, Gyro Horizon Type K 7 = ED ‘This equipuent was developed towerds the end of the war, but so promising were the experimental models timt orders were placed for eastines for pro- duction units similar to the prototype. Tats device is shown in the sketeh (Firure 47). Its merit lies in the fact thet friction with the rotating pivot is Fenoved by rotating the pivot.at the sane speed as the gyro. Thus, relative to the pivot, there is no friction of a rotating nature. Certain interference harnonies Tr Bulted and the voltase in the lower coil wes increased fron 50 to 70 volts to overcone this trouble. This treatment was successful and the vibration trouble was overcome. The apparatus is very much as shown in the sketch. ‘There is no apparent provision for the effects of cua shock; for this reason the equipment is beiaz forverded for further investinetion, The equipnent ts shown in Figure 48, and there wes no additional sear for transmission of the quantities measired. Apparently only level and cro: level values were sourht, and If so, the sensitive unit is smell in si: Details are as followa: Dianeter of gyro wheel Moment of inertia ves Speed of Wheel ...- Acourscy of settling « Rolling error seeseess Amplitude ....0000t Total weiaht s.ccscseRESTRICTED EXTERNAL, ROTATING FIELO__ ADEQUATE FOLLOw-UP MECHAMISH MUST BE ADDED ACTUALLY THIS TOTAL APPARATUS 18 CONTROLLED BY THE SOMPASS TO THE CONSTANT DIRECTION Figure SPRBRCA, CFI soarecH Faure 05 Go woerzew sranr creeRESTRICTED NIN Yad O00DZ 133HM-OUAD 40 SNOILNTOASY 40 ON NO UD 401% 4's 133HM OW 30° VILU3NI 30 LNaWOW ‘negra urcrTiaNas Woz AD armeny {19guia WOLOW an-moTIOS| W3LSAS-OMAD AB G3ZITIBYLS SI SIX S11) LN3NOdNOO| WANOZIYOH 3H. SaNaS _HOIHM| YOLOW SNONOUHONAS-a736| yatarany rr) TBBHMOUAD 40 UBL2NVIC \ yoLowens (Nolsszo3ud Niviwa9 HLM) S2IONY NIVLYaD SN3d0“3Sv9-ONAD ZHI NBHM SLOV AVIZY SIHL wo7naNae aa | ‘waaay Yoronsanowo. waiariany YBTIONLNOD AUBNNNORESTRICTED STEEL PALL) ivor cane mere oumren oF srno-rune, s.o8 ecxwelee denims] aoc ol NO. OF REVOLUTIONS 20,000~1000 PER man SeRO THRE. THIS HORIZON 18 THE DIRECT TYPE. IF YOU WANT TO SEND THE HORIZONTAL COMPONENT To ANY REQUIRED POSITION, ADEQUATS FOLLOW-UP MECHANISIN MUST RE ADDED. Figure a7 ‘90 wowreaw 7-H DLACEN (no RoRIZON 7-3 GENERAL VIBRESTRICTED 7. Qther Research In the Naval Research Technical Laboratories there were sone other experi~ mental gyro systems, but all with reference to gyro compass research. No Vital points of interest have been brought to the fore by these Japanese Jolentiste whose main contribution has been in detail rather than in or: inal studies. Part IV ‘SERVO MECHANISMS AND TRANSDUGTORS A. GENERAL ‘There are four types of follow-ups used for fire control purposes in the Jap- 1. Meohantoal The friction torque amplifier or F.A. torque amplifier. This power follow-up system in Japanese fire control gear is an exact copy of the nerioan Bothlehen Torque Anplifier. The Japanese design was taken from the American Machinist Magazine in 1928 (no record of the month). It is eauslly similar to the British Admiralty Research Laboratory's Wechenical Torque Amplifier. ‘hia torque amplifier is founded on the "capstan" principle end the incre~ fients of power produced therefrom are small anooth increments dependeat upon the slipping of a band ona drum, (This definition is emphasized for purposes of comparison with Type 4 to be discussed later.) 2. Electric Torque Amplifier [A sample of this well-known device has been shipped to the Ordnance Inves- tigating Laboratory, (reter to Eolosure (A), and there are several other semples in the Type 94 KOSHA SOCHI (igh Angle Computer) described in NaviechJep Report, "Japanese Anti-Aircraft Fire Control”, Index No. 0-30. Te consists of two magnetic clutches on each side of a driven plate iden- tical to tho Ford Instrument Company's power follow-up of the original Mark 94 director. 3. Pneumatic Follow-up Reference has already been made to this device in this report under’ the heading "type 94 L.A. Clock (SHAGEKIBAN)", (Part II, B, 2), It is an exact replica of the Brown Compass Follow-up. So fér as tt is knowa, it {s only used for the single application cited, viz., the range follow-up in the Type 94 'SHAGEKIBAN. A. EleotrocMechantsm Follow-Up a. Description - This device does not appear to be a straight copy of ang entating torque amplifier, although it has certain features Teminigcent of many torque amplifiers. Fundamentally, it is a mechanical device; the electrical components are only used’ to actuate what aight be termed "valves". These are foshanivel valves and can be further described as clutches or devices wectake rotation fron one member and transfer the rotation in small inerements to other (output) menbers.RESTRICTED ‘This torque amplifier 1s the most prominent feature of the Type 98 System in MUSASHI and YAMATO, and other modern vessels of which 20 samples remain. The Aichi Clock Company has destroyed their records (or all records were destroyed for thon when the factory was denol~ ished by bombing), and the following description has, therefore, been prepered from interrogations and sketches. The device must be con- sidered in two seperate parts; first, the regulator or the electrical component as shown in Figure 49 and 30, and, second, the follower which is the mechanical portion showa in Figure 51 and 52. (1) Regutetor The same nomenclature is used in ail the diagrams, and the oper ation of the device can be observed in each one in turn, If A is the gear with internal teeth, B the pinion meshing with A, and © the "crank-like” shaft to wileh pinion B is attached ‘and on which it rotates, then the locus of a point P is a3 shown in view (b) of Figure 49. Then, if nj be the nunber of teeth of gear A and ng be tho number of teeth of gear B, and angle @ the angle through whioh G 1s turned, we have tho situat~ fon when P once more mects the clrounterencs ag es2 If next a pillar with contacts be mounted at P to operate contacts £, a type of very sensitive avite). results. This switch cauges an electro-mgnet to attract » soft iron core to one sideor the other, depending on the direction of rotation. By multeblé choice of the ratio $2, tho co-'ect will be ade only once-for a brief instant of time until contuct 1s again established, In this way the instrument ects as a very sensit- tive switch. Snell mechanical energy has been converted to electrical gnergy and then back to a more powerful mechanical Rovenent of an intermittent on-off types (2) FoLlower - This movement ie trananitted by light linkages to valves” or clutches which engage with olreular plates 0, P, @ These plates are attached to gears E, 7, and G driven by a constant speed motor, If the rotation of A's counterclockwise, Band D will be rotated in a clockwise direction; and if £15 fixed with @ and F free, then G and F will be rotated in a coun- terelockwise direction, ’as will H. Again, with F fixed and G and E free, then G and'E will rotate clockwise end go Will H, and so on.’ In other words, ty determining the rotation of either B or F, the rotation of Hoan be reversed, In the cen- tral position with H stopped, E and F aust be free with G fixed. In operation, therefore, if B is rotated, either one of L or Lt willbe pushed outwards’ and the other pulled inwerds by means of a spring, This movement causes one of the contacts P or P' to make and the other to break, so that either J or Kis actuated. If the follow-up speed is slower than the input to the sensitive Bide, both magnots would be energized simultaneously if it ware not for the fact that a fork or yoke M causes a rod N to Keep open one or the other contact, ‘This yoke M is therefore a kind of coarse control to ensure rotation in one direction or the other until the speed of the follower exceeds that of the sen- sitive side.FOLLOWER : : j 3 RESTRICTEDRESTRICTED B, QUARAGTERISTICS OF THE MECHANTSIS ‘The worst feature of the mechaniom is that the follower, in theory, 1s always going in Jumps; the reason is that there is no slippage as in the capstan type of torque amplifier desoribed in Pert IV Al, dut instead, the follower is struggling always to go at the same speed as the discs 0,'P and Q, or alter= natively to be stopped. ‘Tia follow-up, therefore, is not a smooth copy of the input, and ts only smoother than it 4s in theory by virtue of the inertias involved. However, Inertias must not be unduly increased as violent hunting would result. Figure 82 LSCERO- MECHANICAL THOUS APE 57RESTRICTED ENCLOSURE (A) LIST OF EQUIPMENT SENT TO ORDNANCE INVESTIGATION LABORATORY NAVAL POWDER FACTORY INDYAN' HEAD MARYLAND MavTeqhJap No. Item 7250-3016 ‘Type K7-H3 Artificial Horizon 350-3018 Magnetic Clutch Torque Amplifier 350-3019 Sensitive Eloment type 4 Gyro Horizon 521-3407 Firing Timo Instrument ~ NAGATO ‘TB21-3408 “Firing Mme Instrument - NAGATO 3821-3409 Firing Mme Separator - NAGATO ENCLOSURE (B) LIST OF DOCUMENTS FORWARDED TO WDC THROUGH ATIS NavTechJap Wo. Item 21-3427 ‘Torque Amplifier ND21-3436 | Reduation of Dispersion 21-3437 Projectile Dispersion ND21-3438 Dispersion Reports ND21-3439 Dispersion Charts ND50~3021. 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