Power System Control (EE-4)

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3e
GATE
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Vol 4 of 5
RK Kanodia
Ashish Murolia
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PREFACE
The 3rd edition of GATE Electrical Engineering has been revised exhaustively as per new GATE Syllabus. The book
has been completely revised in this edition, with the purpose not only of updating the material, but just as important,
making the book a better learning aid. This new edition is enriched by increasing the number of problems as well as
covering more topics of a subject. The book includes both the Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) and Numerical Answer
Type (NAT) problems. Each problem is accompanied by a step-by-step and well-explained solution. To improve the
readability, the contents are represented with illustrative diagrams, standard notations, relatively consistent variable
naming and easy-to-understand explanations.
This new Edition is the outcome of 10 successive years of compilation, revision & improvement of contents
by the authors and their team. In the past few years, a rumor was spread to defame the book that it has some errors.
After continuously reviewing each edition, we must say that the book is completely error-free from typos or any other
errors. Some of our friends and colleagues teaching in various GATE coachings also claimed that a few solutions in the
books are erroneous. We individually worked on those solutions and discussed them with some distinguish professors of
respective subjects. We must conclude that there is only a difference in method of solving which has been interpreted
as an Error by many readers. Also, the book has been thoroughly edited to remove many errors (mostly typos) which
had crept into the previous editions.
The few significant changes in this edition are as follows:

1. The chapter inclusions and organization of each subject has been modified as per New GATE Syllabus.
2. Number of problems in each subject has been increased.
3. Some of the explanations have been simplified to make them more understandable to the students.
A student that has studied almost the syllabus of GATE during his/her B. Tech needs to enhance and practice
a standard and vast collection of problems based on fundamentals of the subjects. By studying and reviewing so many
solved problems and seeing how each problem is approached and how it is solved, a student can learn the skills of solving
problems easily and increase his/her store of necessary Knowledge. We would like to emphasize that there is no short
cut to learning except by “doing.”
It is hoped that with these changes the book will prove more useful to the students and the teachers. There is
no doubt that aspirants will benefit from this well placed book to score a good rank.
R. K. Kanodia
Ashish Murolia
SYLLABUS
Section 1: Engineering Mathematics

Linear Algebra: Matrix Algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors.
Calculus: Mean value theorems, Theorems of integral calculus, Evaluation of definite and improper integrals, Partial
Derivatives, Maxima and minima, Multiple integrals, Fourier series, Vector identities, Directional derivatives, Line
integral, Surface integral, Volume integral, Stokes’s theorem, Gauss’s theorem, Green’s theorem.
Differential equations: First order equations (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear differential equations with
constant coefficients, Method of variation of parameters, Cauchy’s equation, Euler’s equation, Initial and boundary
value problems, Partial Differential Equations, Method of separation of variables.
Complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchy’s integral theorem, Cauchy’s integral formula, Taylor series, Laurent
series, Residue theorem, Solution integrals.
Probability and Statistics: Sampling theorems, Conditional probability, Mean, Median, Mode, Standard Deviation,
Random variables, Discrete and Continuous distributions, Poisson distribution, Normal distribution, Binomial
distribution, Correlation analysis, Regression analysis.
Numerical Methods: Solutions of nonlinear algebraic equations, Single and Multi-step methods for differential equations.
Transform Theory: Fourier Transform, Laplace Transform, z-Transform.
Section 2: Electric Circuits

Network graph, KCL, KVL, Node and Mesh analysis, Transient response of dc and ac networks, Sinusoidal steady-
state analysis, Resonance, Passive filters, Ideal current and voltage sources, Thevenin’s theorem, Norton’s theorem,
Superposition theorem, Maximum power transfer theorem, Two-port networks, Three phase circuits, Power and power
factor in ac circuits.
Section 3: Electromagnetic Fields

Coulomb’s Law, Electric Field Intensity, Electric Flux Density, Gauss’s Law, Divergence, Electric field and potential due
to point, line, plane and spherical charge distributions, Effect of dielectric medium, Capacitance of simple configurations,
Biot-Savart’s law, Ampere’s law, Curl, Faraday’s law, Lorentz force, Inductance, Magnetomotive force, Reluctance,
Magnetic circuits,Self and Mutual inductance of simple configurations.
Section 4: Signals and Systems

Representation of continuous and discrete-time signals, Shifting and scaling operations, Linear Time Invariant and
Causal systems, Fourier series representation of continuous periodic signals, Sampling theorem, Applications of Fourier
Transform, Laplace Transform and z-Transform.
Section 5: Electrical Machines
Single phase transformer: equivalent circuit, phasor diagram, open circuit and short circuit tests, regulation and efficiency;
Three phase transformers: connections, parallel operation; Auto-transformer, Electromechanical energy conversion
principles, DC machines: separately excited, series and shunt, motoring and generating mode of operation and their
characteristics, starting and speed control of dc motors; Three phase induction motors: principle of operation, types,
performance, torque-speed characteristics, no-load and blocked rotor tests, equivalent circuit, starting and speed control;
Operating principle of single phase induction motors; Synchronous machines: cylindrical and salient pole machines,
performance, regulation and parallel operation of generators, starting of synchronous motor, characteristics; Types of
losses and efficiency calculations of electric machines.
Section 6: Power Systems

Power generation concepts, ac and dc transmission concepts, Models and performance of transmission lines and cables,
Series and shunt compensation, Electric field distribution and insulators, Distribution systems, Per-unit quantities,
Bus admittance matrix, Gauss-Seidel and Newton-Raphson load flow methods, Voltage and Frequency control, Power
factor correction, Symmetrical components, Symmetrical and unsymmetrical fault analysis, Principles of over-current,
differential and distance protection; Circuit breakers, System stability concepts, Equal area criterion.
Section 7: Control Systems

Mathematical modeling and representation of systems, Feedback principle, transfer function, Block diagrams and Signal
flow graphs, Transient and Steady-state analysis of linear time invariant systems, Routh-Hurwitz and Nyquist criteria,
Bode plots, Root loci, Stability analysis, Lag, Lead and Lead-Lag compensators; P, PI and PID controllers; State space
model, State transition matrix.
Section 8: Electrical and Electronic Measurements

Bridges and Potentiometers, Measurement of voltage, current, power, energy and power factor; Instrument transformers,
Digital voltmeters and multimeters, Phase, Time and Frequency measurement; Oscilloscopes, Error analysis.
Section 9: Analog and Digital Electronics

Characteristics of diodes, BJT, MOSFET; Simple diode circuits: clipping, clamping, rectifiers; Amplifiers: Biasing,
Equivalent circuit and Frequency response; Oscillators and Feedback amplifiers; Operational amplifiers: Characteristics
and applications; Simple active filters, VCOs and Timers, Combinational and Sequential logic circuits, Multiplexer,
Demultiplexer, Schmitt trigger, Sample and hold circuits, A/D and D/A converters, 8085Microprocessor: Architecture,
Programming and Interfacing.
Section 10: Power Electronics

Characteristics of semiconductor power devices: Diode, Thyristor, Triac, GTO, MOSFET, IGBT; DC to DC conversion:
Buck, Boost and Buck-Boost converters; Single and three phase configuration of uncontrolled rectifiers, Line commutated
thyristor based converters, Bidirectional ac to dc voltage source converters, Issues of line current harmonics, Power factor,
Distortion factor of ac to dc converters, Single phase and three phase inverters, Sinusoidal pulse width modulation.
************
CONTENTS
ELECTRICAL MACHINES
CHAPTER 1 Transformer 3-22
CHAPTER 2 DC Generator 31-48
CHAPTER 3 DC Motor 49--76
CHAPTER 4 Synchronous Generator 77-104
CHAPTER 5 Synchronous Motor 105-120
CHAPTER 6 Induction Motor 121-146
CHAPTER 7 Single Phase Induction Motor and Special Purpose Machines 147-160
POWER SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Power System 3-22
CHAPTER 2 Transmission Lines 23-54
CHAPTER 3 Load Flow Studies 55-66
CHAPTER 4 Symmetrical Fault Analysis 67-86
CHAPTER 5 Symmetrical Components and Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis 87-106
CHAPTER 6 Power System Stability and Protection 107-130
CHAPTER 7 Power System Control 131-144
CONTROL SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 1 Transfer Function 3-34
CHAPTER 2 Stability 35-64
CHAPTER 3 Time Response 65-100
CHAPTER 4 Root Locus Technique 101-134
CHAPTER 5 Frequency Domain Analysis 135-170
CHAPTER 6 Design of Control Systems 171-194
CHAPTER 7 State Variable Analysis 195-230
CHAPTER 8 Modelling of Physical Systems 231-240
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS

CHAPTER 1 Measurement and Error 3-20
CHAPTER 2 Electro-mechanical Instruments 21-64
CHAPTER 3 Electronic and Digital Instruments 65-74
CHAPTER 4 Instrument Transformer 75-84
CHAPTER 5 Measurement of R, L, C and AC Bridges 85-112
CHAPTER 6 CRO 113-128
GATE Electrical Engineering-2017
in 5 Volumes
by R.K. Kanodia & Ashish Murolia
Page
g 131 Power System
y Control Chapter 7
CHAPTER 7
Sample Chapter of GATE Electrical Engineering-2017, Volume-4
POWER SYSTEM CONTROL
QUESTION 7.1 QUESTION 7.4
Three generators rated as 300 MW, 500 MW and 600 A constant load of 300 MW is supplied by two generators G1
MW have speed droop characteristics of 5%, 4% and 3%, and G2 , for which the respective incremental fuel costs are
respectively. The generators are operating in parallel at 60
n
dC = 0.010P + 20.0
i
G1
G1
Hz frequency. Now, the system frequency increases by 0.3 d
Hz due to change in load. What is the change in the system
o. 2
= 0.1122P
PGG22 + 15.0
c
load ? dP
PG2
a . re PG1 and PG2 are the generation in MW of G1 and G2
i
_______ MW
respectively. For most economical division of load between
o d the generators values ofP

PG1 and PG2 are respectively
n
(A) 155, 145
p. (B) 140.9, 159.1
o
QUESTION 7.2
(C) 150, 150
sh
A power system is supplied by three plants P, Q and R, all (D) 160, 140
of which are operating on economic dispatch. At the bus of
Plant P the incremental cost is 10.0 Rs. per MWh, at Plant
Q it is 9.0 Rs. per MWh and at Plant R it is 11.0 Rs. per
MWh. The plants which has the highest and lowest penalty
in
factor are respectively ?
QUESTION 7.5
(A) P and R
o.
The speed regulation parameter R of a control area is 0.025
c
(B) Q and R
.
Hz/MW and load frequency constant D is 2 MW/Hz. The
ia
(C) Q and P a frequency response characteristic (AFRC) is
d
(D) R and P
o
_______ MW/Hz
. n
o p
sh
QUESTION 7.3
QUESTION 7.6
A power station’s plant load factor is defined as the ratio of
In pumped storage scheme, the generator is also used as
(A) the energy generated to that of maximum energy that
could have been generated (A) induction generator or synchronous condenser.
(B) average load to peak load (B) induction generator or synchronous motor.
(C) minimum load to peak load (C) synchronous generator or induction generator.
(D) minimum load to average load (D) synchronous motor or synchronous condenser.
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Signals and Systems
Power Electronics
A two bus power system is shown in the figure. Incremental Figure shows the incremental fuel cost curves of generators

fuel costs of the two generators are given as P and Q . How would a load more than 2PG , be shared
C1 = (0.35P
IC (0.35PGG11 + 41) Rs/MWhr between P and Q if both generators are running ?
C2 = (0.35P
IC (0.35PGG22 + 41) Rs/MWhr
loss expression is
PL = 00.001 (PG2 − 70) 2 MW
001 (P
The total incremental cost of the system is 117.6 Rs/MWhr
.i n
c o
a .
i
) Gen P will share more load than Gen Q
d
The optimal scheduling for generators are given as
(B) Gen P and Gen Q will share load of PG each
o
(A) PG 857 MW,, PG2 = 159.029 MW
218.857
218
n
(C) Gen P will share more load then Gen Q
.
(B) PG 200 MW,, P 160 MW
p
(D) Can not be determined
o
(C) PG 400 MW,, P 150 MW
sh
(D) PG 56 MW,, PG2 = 281.44
318.56
318
QUESTION 7.11
The load duration curve for a power station is shown in the
in
QUESTION 7.8 figure. The reserve capacity in the plant at 70% capacity
.
factor is
o
In previous question, the power loss will be
. c
(A) 8.1 MW
i a
(B) 44.70 MW
d
(C) 7.92 MW
(D) 6.4 MW
n o
p.
o
QUESTION 7.9
sh
The efficiency of a nuclear power plant is less than that of a
conventional fuel fired thermal plant because of _______ MW
(A) less rejection of heat in the condenser.

(B) higher temperature conditions.
(C) higher pressure conditions.
(D) low temperature and pressure conditions.

in 5 Volumes
Page
g 133 Power System
y Control Chapter 7
The incremental cost characteristics of two generators Two power plants interconnected by a tie-line as shown in the
delivering a total load of 200 MW are as follows : above figure have loss formula coefficient B11 = 10−33 MW 1 .
dF
F1 = 2.0 + 0.01 P Power is being dispatched economically with plant '1' as 100
1
dP
P1 MW and plant '2' as 125 MW. The penalty factors for plants
1 and 2 are respectively
dF
F2 = 1.6 + 0.02 P
2
dP
P2
What should be the values of P1 and P2 , for economic
operation ?
(A) P1 P2 = 100 MW
(B) P 1 80 MW, P 2 = 120 MW
n
(C) P1 200 MW, P 2 = 0
(D) P 1 120 MW, P
. i
(A) 1 and 1.25
o
80 MW
c
(B) 1.25 and 1
a . 1 and zero
d i (D) zero and 1
o
QUESTION 7.13
.n
When a ‘pumped storage’ power plant is operated in
conjunction with a steam power plant
op
sh
(A) The operating cost of the steam plant becomes optimum QUESTION 7.16
(B) Load factor of the steam plant is increased
Consider a power system with two plants S1 and S2 connected
(C) Chances of the tripping of the system decrease because through a tie line as shown below.
of the use of two heterogeneous type of plants
in
(D) Operation of the storage plant in the pumping-mode
.
during the low-load period improves the steam-plant
o
stability
. c
ia
QUESTION 7.14
o d When the load-frequency control of the system is considered,
.
A 100 MVA synchronous generator with H =
n the ‘Flat tie-line control’ system is preferred over the ‘Flat
p
ec /kVA frequency regulation system’, because
operates on full load at a frequency of 50 Hz. The load is
o (A) It is advantageous to control the frequency from any
sh
suddenly reduced to 50 MW. Due to time lag in governor
system, the steam valve begins to close after 0.4 seconds. The one particular plant without disturbing the other one
change in frequency that occurs in this time is during load-swings on either S1 or S2 areas
(B) This ensures that only the more efficient plant’s input
_______ Hz is controlled for load variation in any area
(C) Only the tie line is required to absorb the load-swing
(D) The load-change in a particular area is taken care of
by the generator in that area resulting in the tie-line
loading to remain constant

GATE EE vol-3
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Signals and Systems
Power Electronics
The incremental cost curves in Rs/MWhr for two generators For a synchronous generator connected to an infinite bus

supplying a common load of 700 MW are shown in the through a transmission line, how are the change of voltage
figures. The maximum and minimum generation limits are ( ) and the change of frequency ( ) related to the active
also indicated. The optimum generation schedule is : power ^P h and the reative power ^Q h ?
(A) DV is proportional to P and Df to Q
(B) DV is proportional to Q and Df to P
(C) Both DV and Df are proportional to P
(D) Both DV and Df are proportional to Q
. i n
c o QUESTION 7.20
a. t is the correct expression for Area Control Error
i
ACE h for an interconnected 2-area power system, if DPt
d
its incremental tie line power deviation, Df is frequency
o
deviation and b is frequency bias coefficient ?
. n C = bΔP
(A) ACE ΔP Δf
o p (B) ACE
C ΔPt + bΔf
sh
C = 1 ΔP
(C) ACE ΔP Δf
b
(D) ACE
C ΔPt + 1 Δf
b
. in
o
QUESTION 7.21
(A) Generator A : 400 MW, Generator B : 300 MW

. c less power system has to serve a load of 250 MW.
ia
here are two generation ( G 1 and G 2 ) in the system with
(B) Generator A : 350 MW, Generator B : 350 MW
d
cost curves C1 and C2 respectively defined as follows ;
o
(C) Generator A : 450 MW, Generator B : 250 MW C1 ( ) = PG1 + 0.055 # PG1 2
n
C2 ( ) = 3PG2 + 0.03 # PG2 2
.
(D) Generator A : 425 MW, Generator B : 275
Where PG1 and PG2 are the MW injections from generator G 1
o p and G 2 respectively. Thus, the minimum cost dispatch will be
h
(A) PG1 250 MW; P 0 MW
QUESTION 7.18 s (B) PG1

(C) PG1
150 MW; PG2 = 100 MW
100 MW; PG2 = 150 MW
The steam power plant efficiency can be improved by (D) PG1 0 ; PG2 = 250 MW
(A) using large quantity of water.
(B) burning large quantity of coal.
(C) using high pressure and high temperature steam.
(D) decreasing the load on the plant.

in 5 Volumes
Page
g 135 Power System
y Control Chapter 7
By increasing the transmission voltage to double of its A power system has two synchronous generators. The
original value, the same power can be despatched keeping Governor-turbine characteristics corresponding to the
the line loss generators are
(A) equal to original value P1 = 50 ( )),, (51 − f))
(51
where f denotes the system frequency in Hz, and P1 and P2
(B) half the original value
are, respectively, the power outputs (in MW) of turbines 1
(C) double the original value and 2. Assuming the generators and transmission network to
(D) one-fourth of original value be lossless, the system frequency for a total load of 400 MW
is
_______ Hz
QUESTION 7.23
. i n
An isolated 50 Hz synchronous generator is rated at 15 MW
c o
a .
which is also the maximum continuous power limit of its QUESTION 7.26
i
prime mover. It is equipped with a speed governor with 5
d
droop. Initially, the generator is feeding three loads Two generators G1 and G2 rated as 200 MW and 400
o
MW each at 50 Hz. One of these loads is programmed to MW respectively, are operating in parallel. The droop
n
characteristics of their governors are 4% and 5%, respectively
.
trip permanently if the frequency falls below 48 Hz .If an
p
additional load of 3.5 MW is connected then the frequency from no load to full load. At no load the generators are
o
will settle down to operating at a system frequency of 50 Hz. If total load of 600
h
MW is being shared by the generators, then power generation
s
_______ Hz in G1 and G2 are respectively
(A) 266.67 MW, 333.33
(B) 300 MW, 300 MW
(C) 231 MW, 369 MW
QUESTION 7.24
.in
(D) 150 MW, 450 MW
Two generators G1 and G2 , rated as 200 MW and 300 MW
c o
.
respectively are supplying power to a network. Both the
i a
generators are loaded at 50% of their individual full rated
d
capacity and the system frequency is 50 Hz. The load on
QUESTION 7.27
o
system decreases by 150 MW and the frequency rises
n
Hz. The droop of generator G1 and G2 are respect
.
In previous question, assume free governor operation. What
p
(A) 0.0083 Hz/MW, 0.0056 Hz/MW will be the system frequency at this load ?
o
(B) 0.005 Hz/MW, 0.005 Hz/MW (A) 49.82 Hz
sh
(C) 0.0025 Hz/MW, 0.0016 Hz/M (B) 50.18 Hz
(D) 0.0048 Hz/MW, 0.0064 Hz/M (C) 52.31 Hz
(D) 47.69 Hz

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Signals and Systems
Power Electronics
Consider a power system with three identical generators. A load centre is at an equidistant from the two thermal

The transmission losses are negligible. One generator(G1) generating stations G1 and G2 as shown in the figure. The
has a speed governor which maintains its speed constant at fuel cost characteristic of the generating stations are given by
the rated value, while the other generators(G2 and G3) have F1 a + bP P1 + cP
P12 Rs/hour
governors with a droop of 5%. If the load of the system is F2 a + bP P22 Rs/ hour
P2 + 2cP
increased, then in steady state.
(A) generation of G2 and G3 is increased equally while
generation of G1 is unchanged.
(B) generation of G1 alone is increased while generation of
G2 and G3 is unchanged.
(C) generation of G1, G2 and G3 is increased equally. Where P1 and P2 are the generation in MW of G1 and G2 ,
(D) generally of G1, G2 and G3 is increased in the ratio
.i n
respectively. For most economic generation to meet 300 MW
of load P2 respectively, are
o
0.5 : 0.25 : 0.25.
c
(A) 150, 150
.
ia
100, 200
d
(C) 200, 100
QUESTION 7.29
n o (D) 175, 125
A power plant consisting of two generations G
p. 2 supplies
o
a total load of 450 MW. The fuel costs of two generations G1
sh
and G2 are C1 and C2 respectively, given as following
C1 = 100 + 2P
P1 0. 0
QUESTION 7.32
C2 = 200 + 2P
P2 0.01P 2
Three generators are feeding a load of 100 MW. The details
where P1 and P2 are the generation in MW of G1 and G2 of the generators are
respectively. The economic load scheduling of the two units
in
will be Rating Efficiency Regulation (Pu.)
.
(MW) (%) ( on 100 MVA base)
o
(A) P1 225 MW,, P2 = 225 MW
Generator-1 100 20 0.02
.c
(B) P1 180 MW,, P2 = 270 MW Generator-2 100 30 0.04
ia
(C) P1 300 MW,, P2 = 150 MW Generator-3 100 40 0.03
d
(D) P1 240 MW,, P2 = 210 MW In the event of increased load power demand, which of the
o
following will happen ?
. n (A) All the generator will share equal power
o p (B) Generator-3 will share more power compared to
sh
Generator-1
QUESTION 7.30
(C) Generator-1 will share more power compared to
In previous question, the incremental fuel cost of the power Generator-2
plant in Rs/MWh will be
(D) Generator-2 will share more power compared to
(A) 4.25 Rs/MWh Generator-3
(B) 10 Rs/MWh
(C) 5 Rs/MWh
(D) 6.5 Rs/MWh

in 5 Volumes
Page
g 137 Power System
y Control Chapter 7
Incremental fuel costs (in some appropriate unit) for a power Incremental fuel cost in Rs/MWh for a plant consisting two
plant consisting of three generating units are generation units G1 and G2 is

C1 = 20 + 0.3P , IC2
IC C3 = 30
. P2, IC dC
C1 = 0.1155P + 150
1
Where P1 is the power in MW generated by unit i for i = 1, 2 dP
P1
and 3. Assume that all the three units are operating all the
dC
C2 = 0.25P
0 25P2 + 175
time. Minimum and maximum loads on each unit are 50 dP
P2
MW and 300 MW respectively. If the plant is operating on
economic load dispatch to supply the total power demand of where P1 and P2 are the generation in MW of G1 and G2
700 MW, the power generated by each unit is respectively. If The system is operating on economic dispatch
with P1 P2 = 200 MW and 2PL /2 0.2 , where PL is
(A) P1 . ; P2 = 157.14 MW; P3 = 300 MW the transmission loss, then penalty factor of G1 will be
(B) P1 157. ; P2 = 242.86 MW; P3 = 300 MW (A) 1.25
(C) P1 300 MW; P 300 MW; P3 = 100 MW
.i n
(B) 1.562
o
(D) P1 233. ; P2 = 233.3 MW; P3 = 233. MW (C)
.c .800
i a
QUESTION 7.34
o d
A power system consisting two generating
. n G1 and
p
QUESTION 7.37
G2 has minimum cost dispatch with P 0 MW and
PG2 = 275 MW and the loss coefficient
o Two regional systems, each having several synchronous
sh
B11 = 0.10 # 10−22 MW 1 generators and loads are inter connected by an ac line and
a HVDC link as shown in the figure. Which of the following
B12 =− 0.01 # 10−22 MW 1
statements is true in the steady state :
B22 = 0.13 # 10−22 MW 1
The penalty factor of plant G1 is

(A) 1.3245
. in
(B) 4.08
co
(C) 2.452
a .
(D) 1.825
d i
n o
p. (A) Both regions need not have the same frequency
o
(B) The total power flow between the regions ( ) can
QUESTION 7.35
sh
be changed by controlled the HDVC converters alone
In previous question, to increase the total load on the system (C) The power sharing between the AC line and the HVDC
by 1 MW will cost an additional Rs 200 per hour. The link can be changed by controlling the HDVC converters
additional cost in Rs per hour to increase the output of plant alone.
G1 by 1 MW
(D) The directions of power flow in the HVDC link (P
Pdc )
(A) 151.0 Rs/MWh cannot be reversed
(B) 81.56 Rs/MWh
(C) 49.0 Rs/MWh
***********
(D) 109.6 Rs/MWh

GATE EE vol-3
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Signals and Systems
Power Electronics
SOLUTIONS

SOLUTION 7.1 Solving the above two equations, we get,
Correct answer is –192.5 . PG1 = 310 = 140.9 MW

2. 2
The change in the system load is calculated to be
n
P = 300 − 140.9 = 159.1 MW
i
Δf 2
DP =−b SR1 + SR2 + SR3 l
.
R1u R2u R 3u fR
=−b 300 + 500 + 600 l 0.3

c o
.
0.05 0.04
04 0.03 60
=− 192.5 MW
i a SOLUTION 7.5
o d Correct answer is 42.
. n Change in load demand(in MW/Hz) is given as following
SOLUTION 7.2
o p TPD =−bD + 1 l
R
sh
= b2 + 1 l
Correct option is (B). 0.025
Let the penalty factors of the systems are LP , LQ and LR
. Since the system incremental cost l should satisfy the = 42 MW/Hz
equation
in
l = 10
10.00LP 9 0LQ = 11.0LR
9.0
9.0L
It must be the case that LQ > LP > LR .
o.
c
SOLUTION 7.6
.
ia
Correct option is (D).
d
The pumped storage scheme has the advantage that
o
SOLUTION 7.3 synchronous machine can be used as synchronous condenser
. n
for VAR compensation. During light load period the generator
Correct option is (B).
p
works as synchronous motor.
Load factor of the plant is defined as the ratio of average load
to peak load.
h o
s SOLUTION 7.7
SOLUTION 7.4 Correct option is (A).
Correct option is (B). PL = 00.001 (PG2 − 70) 2

001 (P
PG PG2 = 300 We know that plant factor of plant n is given as

Ln = 1
0.1PG1 + 20 = 0.1122P
PGG22 + 15 1 − 2PL /2Pn

in 5 Volumes
Page
g 139 Power System
y Control Chapter 7
For Plant 1 : SOLUTION 7.10

2PL = 0
Correct option is (A).
2PG1
So L1 = 1
For plant 2 :
2PL = 00.002 (PG
002 (P 70)) 002PG2 − 0.14
0.002P
00.002
2PG2
SOLUTION 7.11
L2 = 1 = 1
2 P ( .14 0. ) Correct answer is 10.
1− L
2PG2 Given that plant capacity factor is 0.7. We know that
Let l is the total incremental cost of the system. 70T
Capacity factor =
Now plant capacity # T
n
L1 dCC1 = 0.35P
0 35PGG11 + 41 = λ ...(1)
i
plant capacity = 70 = 100 MW
.
dPPG1 0.7
o
and
Reserve capacity = plant capacity
c
peak load
.
C2 = 0.35PG2 + 41 = λ
L2 dC ...(2)
= 100 − 90 = 10 MW
a
dP
PG2 ( .14 0. )
From equation (1)
PG1 = λ − 41
d i
0.35
no
From equation (2)
PG2 = 1.14λ 41
p. SOLUTION 7.12
o
...(4)
0.35 + 0.002λ
Given that l = 117.6

Thus,
/MWhr
s h Correct option is (D).
P1 P2 = 200 ...(1)
For economical operation
PG1 = 218 857 MW, PG2 = 159.029 MW
218.857
dF
F1 = dFF2
dP
P1 dP
P2
.in
2 P1 = 1.6
0.01P 1 6 + 0.02P
P2
o P1 P2 - 40 ...(2)
.c
SOLUTION 7.8 g equation (1) and (2), we get
i a
P1 120 MW,, P 80 MW
d
Correct option is (C).
o
Power loss
n
PL = 0. (PG2 − 70) 2 MW
(P
PL = 00.001
001 (159 029 − 70) MW = 7.926
(159.029 2
p. SOLUTION 7.13
o
sh
SOLUTION 7.9

SOLUTION 7.14
The operating temperature and pressure in the nuclear power
plant is less than compare to conventional thermal plant. Correct answer is 51.
Kinetic energy stored in rotating parts of generator and
turbine

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Ke = 5 # 100 # 1000 SOLUTION 7.17
= 500 MW -sec Correct option is (C).

It is given that excess power input to generator before the Given incremental cost curve
steam valve begins to close is 50 MW. Therefore, excess
energy input to rotating parts in 0.4 sec will be
Kex = 50 # 1000 # 00.44 20 W -sec
Stored kinetic energy \ ( )2
Frequency at the end of 0.4 sec
f1 = f # Ke Kex
Ke
= 50 # b 500 + 20 l
1/2
- 51 Hz
500
.i n
c o
SOLUTION 7.15
a .
d i
o
The load is at the bus of plant 2, so the line loss will not be
n
.
affected by variation of P2 . The loss coefficients
p
B12 B21 = 0 and B22 = 0
o
For a 2-plant system, the total loss is giv
sh
PL = P 12 B11 + P 22 B22 + 2P
PL = P 12 B11
Incremental transmission loss for plant-1
2PL = 2P
2P1 B11 2 # 100 # 10−3 = 0.2
2P1
. in
Penalty factor for plant-1
o
1 = 700 MW
= B
c
1 − 2PL /2P1
.
For optimum generator PA = ? , PB = ?
a
1 m curve, maximum incremental cost for generator A
i
= = 1.25
1 0. 2
= 600 at 450 MW
now for plant-2, incremental transmission loss
o d and maximum incremental cost for generator B
n
2PL = 0 = 800 at 400 MW
.
2P2
p
minimum incremental cost for generator B
Penalty factor for plant-2
o
= 650 at 150 MW
sh
= 1
1 − 2PL /2P2 Maximum incremental cost of generation A is less than the
minimum incremental constant of generator B. So generator
= 1 =1
1 0 A operate at its maximum load = 450 MW for optimum
generation.
PA = 450 MW
PB = (700 − 450)
SOLUTION 7.16 = 250 MW

in 5 Volumes
Page
g 141 Power System
y Control Chapter 7
SOLUTION 7.18 Now solving equation (1) and (5), we get

PG1 = 100 MW
Thermal efficiency of steam power plant depend on three PG2 = 150 MW

factors.
(1) Pressure of the steam entering the turbine
(2) Temperature of the steam entering the turbine
(3) Pressure in the condenser SOLUTION 7.22
Thermal efficiency increases with increasing pressure and
temperature of steam entering the turbine while efficiency Correct option is (D).
decreases by increasing the pressure in the condenser. Total loss for a transmission line is obtained by following
expression
n
P = P 12 B11
where B
.i he loss coefficient given by
SOLUTION 7.19
c o B11 Ra 2 Rc2
V1 ^pff h
a .
i
Correct option is (B). r B11 \ 1 2
d
V1
o
Therefore line loss would be one fourth of the original value
. n
if the voltage is doubled.
SOLUTION 7.20
o p
sh
ACE is given by SOLUTION 7.23
C = ΔP
ACE ΔPt + bΔf
Correct answer is 49.42.
Maximum continuous power limit of its prime mover with
in
speed governor of 5% droop. Generator feeded to three loads
o. of 4 MW each at 50 Hz.
Now one load Permanently tripped
SOLUTION 7.21
. c f = 48 Hz
ia additional load of 3.5 MW is connected than f = ?
d
Change in Frequency w.r.t to power is given as
PG1 + PG2 = 250 MW
o
Given
drop out ffrequency
n
) = PG1 + 0.055PG12 Df = # Change in power
.
C1 ( rated power
and 4 ...(2)
p
C2 ( ) = 33P
PG2 + 0.03PG22
= 5 # 3.5 = 1.16%
o
from equation (2) 15
sh
dC
C1 = 1 + 0.11P
PG ...(3) 16 # 50 = 0.58 Hz
= 11.16
dPPG1 100
and dC
C2 = 3 + 0.06P
PG2 ...(4) System frequency is = 50 − 0.58
dP
PG2
= 49.42 Hz
Since the system is loss-less, therefore
dC
C1 = dC C2
dP
PG1 dPPG2
So from equations (3) and (4)
0.11PG1 0.06PG2 = 2 ...(5)

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SOLUTION 7.24 PG1 = 231 MW
Correct option is (A). PG2 = 600 − PG1 = 369 MW

Load shared by the 200 MW generator
PG1 = 200 150 = 60 MW
200 + 300 #
Load shared by the 300 MW generator

300 SOLUTION 7.27
PG2 = 150 = 90 MW
200 + 300 #
The droop for the generators System frequency
for the 200 MW generator
f1 = 50 − 0.04 # 50 # 231 = 47.69 Hz
=− 0.5 = 0.0083 Hz/MW 200
60
i n
for the 300 MW generator
=− 0.5 = 0.0056 Hz/MW
90
o.
c
SOLUTION 7.28
.
ia
orrect option is (B).
d
Given power system with these identical generators
o
G1 has Speed governor
SOLUTION 7.25
. n
G2 and G3 has drop of 5%
p
Correct answer is 48. When load increased, in steady state generation of G1 is only
o
Given: two generators increased while generation of G2 and G3 are unchanged.
sh
P1 = 50 (5
( 0
P2 = 10
100 1 )
total load = 400 MW than f = ?

SOLUTION 7.29
P1 P2 = 400
in
.
50 (50 ) 100 (51 ) = 400
The incremental fuel cost of G1
50 + 102 − 8 = 3f
c o dC
C1 = 2 + 0.01PP1
.
dPP1
f = 48 Hz
ia he incremental fuel cost of G2
d
dC
C2 = 2 + 0.02PP2
o
dP
P1
. n For optimum load division the two incremental costs should
p
SOLUTION 7.26 be equal, that is
o
dC
C1 = dC C2
sh
Correct option is (C). dP
P1 dP
P1
Since the generators are in parallel, they will operate at the 2 + 0.01P1 = 2 + 0.02P2
same frequency at steady load. Let load on generator G1 is
PG1 and load on generator G2 is PG2 . If Tf is the change in P1 = 2P2 ...(1)
frequency then we write Total load by the two generators
Δf P2 = 450
= 0.04 # 50 ...(1) P1 ...(2)
PG1 200
From of equation (1) and (2), we get
Δf
= 0.05 # 50 ...(2) P1 = 300 MW, P2 = 150 MW
600 − PG1 400
From equation (1) and (2), we get

in 5 Volumes
Page
g 143 Power System
y Control Chapter 7
SOLUTION 7.30 SOLUTION 7.33
Correct option is (C). Correct option is (A).

The incremental fuel cost of G1 We know that Optimal Generation

dC
C1 = 2 + 0.01PP1 C1 = IC
IC C2 ,
dPP1
and P3 = 300 MW (maximum load)
= 2 + 0.01 # 300 = 5 /MWh
C 3 = 30
IC (Independent of load)
The incremental fuel cost of G2
dC
C2 = 2 + 0.02P 20 + 0.3P1 = 30 + 0.4 P2
P2
dP
P1
0.3P1 0.4P2 = 10 ...(1)
= 2 + 0.02 # 150 = 5 /MWh
Hence the incremental fuel cost of the plant for most economic P1 P2 + P3 = 700
operation is 5 Rs/MWh. P1 P2 + 300 = 700
. i n P2 = 400 ...(2)
co
From equation (1) and (2)
.
P1 = 242.8 MW
SOLUTION 7.31
i a P2 = 157.14 MW
o d
n
F1 = a + bP
.
P1 P 12 Rs/hour
ccP
p
F2 = a + bP
P2 2cP 22 Rs/h
For most economical operation
o SOLUTION 7.34
sh
P1 P2 = 300 MW then P1, ?
Correct option is (A).
We know for most economical operation
For a system having two generation plants, transmission loss
2F1 = 2F2 is given by
2P1 2P2
PL = P 12 B11 + 2P1 P2 B12 + P 22 B22
in
P1 + b = 4cP
2cP 4 P2 + b
.
2 = 2P
2P1 B1111 2P2 B12 + 0
P1 = 2P2 ...(1)
P1 P2 = 300 ...(2)
c o = 2 # 150 # 0.1 # 10−2
.
ia
from equation (1) and (2) + 2 # 275 (− 0.01 # 10−2)
P1 = 200 MW , P2 = 100 MW
d
= 0.3 − 0.055 = 0.245
n o Penalty factor for plant G1
. L1 = 1 = 1 = 1.3245
p
1 0.245
1 − 2PL
o
2P1
sh
SOLUTION 7.32

Given that three generators are feeding a load of 100 MW. SOLUTION 7.35
For increased load power demand, Generator having better
regulation share More power, so Generator -1 will share More Correct option is (A).
power than Generator-2. It is given that incremental cost of the system
l = Rs 200 per MWh
Let the incremental cost of plant G1 is dC P1 then
C1 /dP
L1 dC
C1 = l
dP
P1

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1.3245 dC
C1 = 200
dP
P1

dC
C1 = 200 = 151 Rs/MWh
dP
P1 1.3245
SOLUTION 7.36

On economic dispatch,
n
L1 dC
C1 = L dCC2 ...(1)
i
2
dP
P1 dP
P2
Where L1 and L2 are the penalty factor of plant G1 and G2
o.
c
respectively.
For G2 penalty factor is
a .
i
L2 = 1
1 − PL
d
2
o
2P2
. n
= 1 = 1.25
1 − 0. 2
o
P1 = P2 = 200p
sh
Put values of P1, P2 and L2 in equation (1), we have
L1 ( .15 # 200 + 150) = 1. )
L1 = 281.25 = 1.5625
180
. in
c o
.
SOLUTION 7.37

i a
Here power sharing between the AC line and HVD
od
can be changed by controlling the HVDC converter alone
. n
because before changing only grid angle we can change the
p
power sharing between the AC line and HVDC link.
o
sh
*********


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The few significant changes in this edition are as follows:

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Transform Theory: Fourier Transform, Laplace Transform, z-Transform.

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Section 6: Power Systems

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Section 8: Electrical and Electronic Measurements

Section 9: Analog and Digital Electronics

Section 10: Power Electronics

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS

POWER SYSTEM CONTROL

QUESTION 7.1 QUESTION 7.4

a . re PG1 and PG2 are the generation in MW of G1 and G2

o d the generators values ofP

p. (B) 140.9, 159.1

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QUESTION 7.7 QUESTION 7.10

Sample Chapter of GATE Electrical Engineering-2017, Volume-4

The load duration curve for a power station is shown in the

(A) less rejection of heat in the condenser.

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QUESTION 7.12 QUESTION 7.15

d i (D) zero and 1

o (A) It is advantageous to control the frequency from any

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QUESTION 7.17 QUESTION 7.19

Sample Chapter of GATE Electrical Engineering-2017, Volume-4

a. t is the correct expression for Area Control Error

(A) Generator A : 400 MW, Generator B : 300 MW

o p and G 2 respectively. Thus, the minimum cost dispatch will be

QUESTION 7.18 s (B) PG1

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QUESTION 7.22 QUESTION 7.25

Two generators G1 and G2 , rated as 200 MW and 300 MW

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QUESTION 7.28 QUESTION 7.31

Sample Chapter of GATE Electrical Engineering-2017, Volume-4