<4,=== jl/n do ug dosjbdh do ;? ½B]E so ogcræbg do 4== b ;== ; == ½C phr ?=,=== jl/n do ug bkoeto krudh do ;4
dosdo ugb tofporbturb egekebj
egekebj do <?= ½C. [o porfetog kbædbs
kbædbs do proseûg do 2= jl/pj
jl/pj`<
`< y so roqueoro ug cbkth
_sbgdh
_sbgd h nhrquej
nhrquejjbs
jbs do 4 phr ; pj` E][
E][ phr
phr <= peos,
peos, (b) ¸Kuâgtbs
¸Kuâgtbs so roque
roqueorog8
orog8 (l) ¸Kûfh dolog
dolog brro`jbr
brro`jbrso8
so8 ¸
hlstrukkeûg8

Dbths

Dosjbdh ;?½ B]E kbjeogto Bkoeto krudh ;4½B]E creh

P6 <4=== jl/n w6 ?==== jl/n
T2 4== ½C t26 <?= ½C
T<6 ;== ½C t<6 ;=2.?; ½C
Tf6 ;?= ½C tf6 <0? ½C
K]6 =.32; ltu/jl½C kp6 =.?02 ltu/jl½C

kbr`b do kbjhr R6 2402<== ltu/jln DO6 4.? eg

DD<6D Dn  5>.40 ½C DE6 4.=<3 eg
DD26DDk ?= ½C DO6 ;.? eg
FJDT6 02.?< ½C DE6 ;.=3> eg
rd =.==3
tofporbturbs kbjûrekbs
J <=
rbg`h6 2== ½C rbg`h<6 ?2.? b'' =.520 ¼/ jeg
Ik6 =.<4 ik6 =.20
DTk/DTn6 =.?=> Ck6 =.4<?
TK6 T<+Ck(T2-T<) tk6t2+ck(t<-t2)
TK6 ;4<.? ½C tk6 <02.5= ½C

Tulh bkoeto Bgujh dosjbdh

bt6 =.=?2; bb6 =.=<23

@t6 50;5;0.=? @b6 2222??5.5<
D6 =.5033 kp Do6 =.=><
i6 =.=>0 D6 =.4?20
\o6 2=?;?5.; i6 =.=>>4?2?
]r6 2?.3 \o6 >;;<<.?2;>
ne6 <;>.23 ]r6 5.<5
neh6 2>0.== neh6 4<=

_K 2<5.;5
2/_d6 =.=2;0
_d6 0<.>42
 

Brob <><.42
Jhg` ;=>
#nhrq 0.0= >
jhgrobj ;<=
Brob robj6 <5;.44
_d robj6 0=.2=
\d gbj6 =.==3?

Kbedb do prosehg og tulh bkoeto kbædb do p

DCt64*c*@W<*J/<*`*DW<*De6   DCb64*c*@W

c6 =.==???
@.o6 =.03>   Do'6
D6 4>.=< jl/;
jl/;   \o'6
DC6 2;.3>
2;.3> je
jeq
q   c6
D]6 4.
4.?3
?3 pse
pse   @.O.6
D6

dC6
 BCj6 g*(SW</

S6 (@/;3==*
D]6(Dcb+DCj)
 

  B]E, quo so kbjeogtb

do hlstrukkeûg do =.==3.
uâj os oj cbkthr gbj do

EGSE\TEOGDH KH\\EOGTO[

Kbedb do prosehg og tulh bkoeto

c6   =.==??<

@.o6   =.044
D6   43.40 jl/;
DC6 ;.03 jeq
D]6 2.<2? pse

Seskhsedbdos
Tofp
Tofpor
orbt
btur
urbD
bDos
osj
jbd
bdh
h ;? ½B
½B]E
]E Bkoe
Bkoeto
to kr
krud
udh
h ;4 ½B
½B]E
]E
2== ;.? 4.3
<== 2.; 2.>
;== =.?0 =.>2
4== =.<0 =.42
x 2= 2=.;
y <= <2.;

Seskhsedbdos
Tofp
Tofpor
orbt
btur
urbD
bDos
osj
jbd
bdh
h ;? ½B
½B]E
]E Bkoe
Bkoeto
to kr
krud
udh
h ;4 ½B
½B]E
]E
 

2== =.=0> =.=00>

<== =.=0?? =.=0?
;== =.=0; =.=0<>
4== =.=0=5 =.=0=?

  roseûg bgñjh dosjbdh.   @.O.

TofporbturbDosjbdh
TofporbturbDosjbdh ;? ½B]E
½B] E
*J/<*`*DW<*Doq6 2== =.>;?
<== =.05?
=.4;;>   ;== =.0?>
44?00.=;   4== =.025
=.==34
=.044
43.40
43.40 jl/
jl/;
;
2<>.>
2<>.> jeq
jeq
  <*`m)6 ?.4>
?.4>  do jeq
jeq

  )6 3.
3.34
34 /
/ss
*D/244 4;.;;< pse
4;.;;<
 

kbædb do proseûg bgñjh dosjbdh.

Do'6 =.=4;>
\o'6 4<545.;5
c6 =.==345
@.O.6 =.03>
D6 4>.=< jl/;
dC6 ?5;.20 jeq
 BCj6 g*(SW</<*`m)6 <?.=>  do jeq
S6 (@/;3==*D)6 2;.4= /s
D]6(Dcb+DCj)*D/244 <=3.23> pse

_GB KH\\EOGTO KBJ. OG [O\EO \'6 (T

(T2-T<)/g(t<-t2)6
G KH\\. C\EB[ OG ]B\BJOJH ]'6 (T
(T<-t2)/(T2-t2)6
`6
DT6 30.32 ±C
 

Bkoeto krudh ;4 ½B]E

=.>4
=.>
=.03
=.0<2
 

=.50=<=502
=.;;;;;;;;
=.4?=02=5<