Traveller us: GrammarMODULE 7 MODULE 6 © MODULE $= MODULE 4. MODULE 3. «MODULE 2. MODULE 1 MODULE 5 Traveller Grammar Fann Contents ‘Unit (1a) Present Simple vs, Present Progres Unit2 (1b) Past Simple / Used to. Unit3 (le) Prepositions of Time Unit 4 (1d) Quantifiers (some, any, no, much, many, (a) Lot(s) of, (a) few, (a) little) Revision Module Unit (a) Past Progressive Theat cl ab) Sate amie oe sar wrogreave/ Time chimes (vhecew hile wosteaea Unit7 (2d) Present Perfect Simple / Present Perfect Simple vs. Past Simple Unit (2e) Present Perfect Simple with for, since, yet, already... Revision Module 2 Unit9 Ga) can, could, may, be able to Unit 10 (3b) have to, don't have to, must, mustn't, need to, don’t need to, needn! Unit 11 Ge) Indirect questions.. Unit 12 Ga) Comparisons. Revision Module 3 ‘Unit 13 (a) Foture will Ti Unit 14 (4b) will for predictions, will have to, will be able to Unit 15 (4c) 100, en0Ugh en ae Unit 16 (4) relative pronouns (vo, which, that) and adver wher) Revision Module 4.. Unit 17 Ga) Infinitves. Unit 18 (6b) -ing form. Unit 19 (e) should / had better... ‘Unit 20 (5d) Passive Voice (Present Simple, Past Simple). = Revision Module 5.0 {Unit 21 (6a) ay right, could ‘Unit 22 (6b) Conditional sentences type I /ifvs. when Unit 23 (6c) so, neither 100, ether Unit 24 (6d) Present Perfect Progressive / Present Perfect Progressive vs. Present Perfect Simple Revision Module 6 is Came a NCR pe res] Gear age Unit 26 (7b) Exciamatory sentences / Clauses of result Unit 27 (Je) Reflexive pronouns Unit 28 (74) Past Perfect Simple or Revision Module 7 Unit 29 (Ba) Reported speech-Statements Unit 30 (8) Reported spech- Questions / Commands Requests Unit 31 (8d) Conditional sentences type 2/ Wishes (unreal past) Revision Module 8 Irregular verbs 1 Stative Verbs:[ T m 7 { (1a) 2K Present Simple resent Progressive / Stative Verbs Look at the picture and read. ‘Az Daniel is that you? I don’t believe it! B: Richard, what are you doing here? ‘A: Pm visiting an old friend. And you? B: My wife and I are here on holiday. We really like this place. A. PRESENT SIMPLE vs. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE Present Simple es SHORT FORMS Twalk T do not walk I don't walk HelShe/it walks “HeeShe/lt does not walk He/She/It doesn’t walk WelYouThey walk: We/You/They do not walk ‘WelYou/They don't walk i aa ee Do walk? Yes, Ido. No, I don't. Does he/she/it walk? Yes, he/shefit does. No, he/shefit doesn't. Do welyou/they walk? Yes, welyou/they do. No, we/you/they don’t. Present Progressive ona ao Oo Tam walking Tm walking Tam not walking Tm not walking HelShelIt is walking | He/She/Ie’s walking | He/She/t isnot walking | He/She/It isn’t walking ‘WelYou/They are walking | We/You/They’re walking | We/You/They are not walking | We/ You/They aren't walking Ce aaa eae ‘Am I walking? Yes, lam. No, Pm not. Ishelshesit walking? Yes, helshefit is No, helshelit isnt. ‘Are welyou/they walking? Yes, welyoulthey are. No, weryou/they aren't + for habits or actions that happen regularly. | usually, always, often, ete. Isurf the Net every evening. every daylweek, ete + for permanent states. in the morning/spring, ete. He lives in New York. | | on Mondays/Monday morning, etc. + for general truths. at the weekend, etc. ‘Tigers don't live in Africa. once/twice/three times, ete. a week/day, etc.actions that are happening now, at the moment o John is talking on the phone at the moment. now, atthe moment “for temporary states. , i Tim staying at my cousins house these days. today, these days, this week/year et. + for future arrangements (we usually mention when). |_| tMight, tomorrow, ete. ‘Sue is taking the train to Berlin tomorrow. next week/year, etc. ‘The adverbs of frequency always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never, usually g0 [ay before the main verb, but after the verb be and the auxiliary verbs (do does) ) f A Fe often stays up late at night. Terry doesn’t usually wake up eariy. ‘Maria is clways sad. STATIVE VERBS + Stative verbs are not normally used in the Present Progressive. + senses: hear, smell, tase, see, ete + emotions: love, hate, like, prefer, want, et. | + thought, knowledge, belief: think, know, remember, mean, understand, etc. + various other states: be, have (possess) cost, belong | Some Stative Verbs can be used in the Present Progressive but with a different meaning, see ‘Mary is seeing her grandmother this Saturday. think offabout Im thinking of going windsurfing atthe weekend. have (with words like lunch, breakfast, bath, ete.) He's having hunch now. Although the verbs listen, look, watch refer to the senses, they are not stative verbs and can be used in the Present Progressive. We're watching a great documentary right now. A. Complete the sentences with the Present Simple or the Present Progressive of the verbs in brackets, 1A: Hey, Suzan what (you / do) here? BI__ (want) to buy a present for my cousin. 2, Water, (boil) at 100°. 3. At the moment Eric (listen) to the radio. (surf) the Net and his sister Excuse me sir thisbag_____(not befong) to me. Bi I'm terribly sorry. 5.1 (think) your mobile phone (ing). 6.1 (usually / finish) work at 5:00pm but this week L (ork) until late in the evening.1. They / go shopping f today? 2. How often / you / travel / abroad? (once a month) 3, The children / learn f French / this year? (No / Spanish) 4, What / Brian / do / free time? (play basketball) 5. Linda / watch TV / now? (No / read a book) C. Choose the correct answer a, b or c. 1. Oh Mary, this chicken soup _ wonderful. 5. to Brighton with Jim on Saturday? a.smell besmells _c.is smelling a.Doyougo b.Yougo —_¢.Are you going 2.1___ of staying at home this weekend. 6. Were sorry but we that man. Tma bit tired. a.don'tknow b. knows _c.aren't knowing a. think bethinking — ¢.am thinking 7.Schools always _ in September. 3. Look at David. He ___an awful Tshirt. a.arestarting —b, start starts aiswearing —b. wear wears 8, Paul __ ina flat in the city centre. 4, Barbara to London at six tomorrow. a. lives bative c isliving a. flying bis flying —«. lies D. Complete the dialogue with the Present Simple or the Present Progressive of the verbs in brackets. Kovintlddey; Steves Witats vita} sas imoesr Lai. algmi® inn ee) A pany daye Steve 1 (cook). Kevin But you (never / cook). In fact, you (hate) cooking. Steve I (know), but (not feel) very well” and (want) something to eat. Kevin Oh. What (you / make)? Steve Chicken soup. Here, taste some. Kevin Mmm. ItUnit 200, > Past Simple / Used to Look at the picture and read the short dialogue. ‘A:Do you play any sports? B:No, I don't, But I played football when I was younger. Actually, Tused to be goalkeeper. A. PAST SIMPLE VHelShertt WiieShellt aia not phonefcome Tras cere WelYou/They Phoned/came | weryourThey | WelYouThey Uhelsherit : he/shetit . he/sherit ‘ Did syelyoulthey Phomelcomet Yes, Te, id Nov efyoulthey dt + for actions that started and were completed ata specific time in the past. We visited the British Museums two years ago. + for habitual or repeated actions in the past. Loften ate junk food when I was a teenager. yesterday, in 1980, etc. + for completed actions that happened one after the other in the past. | | two hours ago, five years ago, etc. Yesterday, I got back home from work, had dinner and went to bed. last night/week/Sunday/ March, etc. W/He/She/It UHe/She/lt Thelshefit ed to pl didn't use to play | Did to play? WervourThey "P| we/you/They artes welyoulthey “S*1° PAY + The verb used to is followed by the base form ofa verb It describes actions that happened often or regularly in the past but no longer happen. We form the interrogative and negative with did / didn’t We used to go skateboarding every afternoon when we were young. (We don't go now.) A. Complete the sentences with the Past Simple of the verbs in brackets. LAI (call) you yesterday, but you, (not be) at home. BI (go) to my cousin's house last night. 2. The children __ (have) breakfast and. (leave) for school. 3. The weather (be) awful yesterday, but fortunately it (not rain). 4. John (fall off his bike and. (break) his arm, 5. Amanda (do) very well in her Chemistry test. 6. My mother: (ook) a delicious meal yesterday.B. Use the prompts and the correct form of used to to make sentences. 1, My parents / not give / me /a lot of / money 2. You / go out / more / inthe past /? 3. Alex / swim / more J when / he /be / younger 4, You / go to the gym / when / you /be / teenager /? 5. People / not send e-mails /each other /in the past C. Complete the sentences with the Past Simple of the verbs in the box. 1. George anew car last month and was excited. 2. Bric home late last night and his parents angry. oon that leather jacket? 3. How much money: you 4.We 1 very good time on the beach last Saturday and we to leave. 5. Where. Ruth" to last month? D. Choose the correct answer a, b or c. A: So, Mr Andrews, have you got any work experience in writing sports articles? articles fora sports magazine and that’s why I thought that this was the perfect job for me. ‘A: Did you (2) ___working for that magazine after you got your degree? ell, at university (1) B:No, but (3) _for alocal newspaper after finishing university. It was a great experience working there. A: Why (4) ___ that job BI had to, It was to far from my house and I (5) ‘was really tired. Az Tsee here that youre fluent in Spanish. (6) at about 5:30 in the morning to get to work. At the end of the day, I the language while you were at university? fot exactly. When 1 was young, my family and [lived in Spain. We (7) ___ back when my father got a better job here, ‘A:Can you work during the weekendst ‘B: Sure! (8)__ during the weekends at my previous job too, s0 I don't mind. 1a, used to write b.use to write didn’t write 2.a. continue be continued use to continue 3.0, work b. worked use to work 4.4. youleave bedid you leave e-you left S.a.usedtowake up beusetowakeup _e.didn't use to wake up 6.a.Youdidstudy Did you use to study ¢, Did you study Z.a.came b did come & didn't come 8. didn't use to work use to work used to workPREPOSITIONS OF TIME at to show the exact time: in the expressions: with the days of the week: with dates: in the expressions: with periods ofthe day: ‘with months and seasons: with years and centuries: in the expression: during after before from. till/until/to ago for at sixo'clock + «at noon / at night / at midnight / at midday at the weekend / at weekends at breakfast / lunch f dinner at fifteen /at the age of twenty at the moment on Friday on Sth September on Friday afternoon ‘on weekdays ‘on his birthday / on holiday ‘on New Year's Eve in the morning / afternoon / evening I) on Sunday morning in April /in spring in 2006 / in the 20th century in my free time “He was talking to John during the lesson. She went to the park after schoo. She went jogging before breakfast. We practise from two till/until/to five. We visited Greece three years ago. Tweatched TV for two hours.A. Circle the correct preposition, . Read the text and choose the correct preposition, 1. Tan started playing chess at / in the age of six. 2, They bought their house two years before / ago. ¢ ‘Two days (1) before / ago, the people of 3. Matt usually goes to bed early until / during the week. 4. Lwork from / in 9:00 to / before 6:30 every day. Bellview organised a Plant A Tree Day in , We were in Spain in / on 4 July ioeee Sas i ei the forest near Lake Triton. (2) In/ At the 6. Please come hom / during 10:30. A peor encemee HOES morning, a lot of people went to the forest 4 and started planting trees. The children had a great time. (3) At/ In noon, everybody B, Complete the sentences with prepositions of time. 1. My brother doesn't get up early the stopped to have some lunch and rest. morning. (4) Until / During their break, some Se em | aarncma een 3. There were no computers__the 19th local newspaper. Nobody left (5) after / century. until evening. It was a very important day 4,___ Monday morning Alice does the for Bellview! housework. 5.Let’smeet_____9:00 to have dinner together. 6. Simon's birthday is 16th January. D. Read the text below and correct the prepositions in bold. Randy started working for a company (1) on the age of 25 and now (2) in 37, he wants a change. He wakes up (3) ever 6:30 (4) on the morning to catch the 7:30 train and get to work (5) until 8:30. Sometimes he has to work (6) for weekends (7) in many hours and last year he even worked (8) during New Year's Eve, He rarely gets any time off (9) at the summer and he never spends enough time with his family. He feels that now is the time for a new beginning. > Quantifiers (some, any, no, muc (@) lot(s) of, (a) few, (a) little) Look at the photo and read the dialogue. ee A:T’'m starving. Have we got any meat in the fridge? B: Very little. But we've got some rice and a few vegetables, Would you like some fried rice?QUANTIFIERS (some/any/no/much/many/a lot of/lots of/ (a) little/(a) few) * We use some + uncountable / plural countable nouns in affirmative sentences and in questions when wwe offer or ask for something politely. There is some orange juice in the fridge. Would you like some chips? Can I have some tea, please? + We use any + uncountable / plural countable nouns in questions and negative sentences, Is there any orange juice in the fridge? ‘There aren't any chips on the table. + We use no (= not any) + uncountable / plural countable nouns in affirmative sentences to give a negative meaning. There is no cheese in the fridge. (= There isn't any cheese in the fridge.) + We use much with uncountable nouns, in questions and negative sentences. We don't have much money. * We use many with plural countable nouns, usually in questions and negative sentences. There aren't many books in the bookcase. * We use a lot of / lots of with uncountable and plural countable nouns, usually in affirmative sentences. There isa lot of coffee in my cup. There are lots of apples in the fridge. + We use a lite with uncountable nouns, in affirmative sentences. There isa little cheese on the table. * We use a few with plural countable nouns, in affirmati There are a few magazines on the table. + We use little with uncountable nouns, when there's not enough of something. We've got very litle time, + We use few with plural countable nouns when there are not enough of them. There are very few tomatoes left. sentences, For emphasis we can use: * very, $0, too + little/few When some, any, much, many, alot, lots, alittle, a few are used as pronouns, they are There's very litle milk in my coffee. | not followed by nouns. only +a little/a few ‘Do you have any money? No, | don’t have any. He's got only a few friends. don't need any more hats. | have lots. A. Complete the sentences with some, any or no, 1. There are apples in the basket, but there are bananas. 2. Is there milk in the fridge? 3. George sent e-mails yesterday to his friends, but he didn’t receive 4. There's light in this room. Its totally dark. 5. Let’s go shopping today. Ineed_ new clothes, B. Choose the correct answer a, b or c. 1, Football is a very popular sport and has got____ 4, They usually spend ‘money on clothes. fans all over the world. alotsof bemany allot aalotof — bemuch alot 5. Brian doesn't have. free time these days. 2. There isn't sugar in my coffee. a. much bilotof —_c. many a.many bemuch eno 6. Charles Dickens wrote classic novels. 3. Amy is a popular girl and has got friends, a. lots bemuch many a.lots bemuch —c. manyC. Circle the correct answer. 1. Tunderstood little / few of what he said. 2. Helen needs a little / afew stamps for her letters. 3. We went skiing at the weekend but there was very few / little snow. 4. There are very few / a few vegetables in the fridge. I can't make a salad. 5. Mary wants a little / Tittle sugar in her coffve but not much, 66. Roger has got very a few / few friends in London and feels lonely. D. Read the dialogues and circle the correct words. 1. A Could I speak to you for few / a lot / a few minutes, please? I've got a problem. Bi haven't got much / many / some time right now. Why don't we go for coffee this afternoon? 2.4: Can you go to the supermarket? We need few / a few / a litte things. B:OK, Mum. ‘Az Get much / many / some bread. We haven't got much / many / some. There's also very little / any / few silk left, Get two cartons. B: OK, but give me a lot /lots of / many money because I want to buy any / much / some books from the bookshop, too. 3.A: What do you think of this dress? BI think it’ litle / alittle / much expensive. Anyway you have lots / alot of / few dresses. Why don’t you buy a skirt, instead? You haven't got no / some / any. 4. Az Your eyes are red. Are you tired? B: Yes, Lam, much / little / a little. I didn't get alot / much / some sleep last night. had a lot of / much / lots work to do. A: Would you like any / some / little coffee to wake you up? 5. Many / A lot/ Much foreigners live in my neighbourhood but very few / many / litte of them can speak English. Any / A little / Some of them are Italian and there are also a little / few / a few Mexicans. v #8&#=©]} A. Complete the sentenses with the Present Simple or the Present Progressive of the verbs in brackets. 1. Michael (asually / not go) to the gym in the morning. He (prefer) to go in the afternoon, 2. can't talk to you right now because L (rive) to work, 3. you and your friends (g0) to Oxford this weekend? 4 Christopher (know) your parents? 5. That laptop (belong) to Amanda, but Helen (se) it at the moment, 61 (see) my dentist tomorrow because I've got a terrible toothache. Tle (come) from Sweden but she. (live) in the USA. 8, What time Peter (leave) the office on Mondays? 10B. Choose a, b orc. Tim only seventeen years old but I have noticed ‘that my life has changed a lot in the past ten years. ‘When I (1)___ seven years old, (2)_most of ‘my time playing with my friends. Now that I'm in amy last year at school, [(3)__a lot because 1(4) ___to do well at school and enter the ‘university of my choice. I (6)__ so much free fs ia % aed pe oe i: i wpm doburmenlinnas aia am spending cused to spen 4 ete 3.a,always studies b. study always ¢. am studying all day. IS not just the lessons at school. This year T i 4a, want b.am wanting —¢. used to want So Seer ont afer echo 80:55 «weed io hare Se Oe TE hae (8) _home after 8:00pm and then Ihave af rete enaamns homework to do. I (9) __ away from home for so 7a, takes ete ag many hours when I was younger. I usually 8.a.usually get. get usually —_¢, usually got (10) __ really tied. However, (11)__that 9, a, am not b. didn't use to be , don't used to be Ishould continue to workhard ifIwantto be 10.a. felt b. feels feel successful in the future. Ia. know b.knew am knowing C. Complete the sentences with prepositions of time. i. cold winter night our cat mysteriously disappeared. 2. There are celebrations all over the USA. the 4th of July. 3. My grandfather was a sailor many years 4, Tusually have breakfast 8 otdock erence i 3. the age of eighteen he won an award for his invention. 6. Steve works 830 6:00 every day, so he’s very tired. 7. Let’s meet the weekend. D. Choose the correct answer a, b or c. 1. I'm sorry but I can't drink that coffee. There's very. 5. Adrian feels lonely in London because he’s got only friends. «little a.any balittle afew 2. Would you like chips, toot 6. They borrowed ‘money from their mother. ano bsome — c.any a. few b.some much 3, Don’t buy any more magazines. We've got ZI’ cold today so there aren't people in the a.lots bealotof — c.few swimming pool. 4. [can't make a sandwich because there's _ aany b.no some cheese in the fridge. 8.Can Thave tea please? ano beany calittle a.any besome cca few E. Write an e-mail to a friend that you haven’t been in touch with for some time. Write a few things about your routine, what you did last weekend and what your plans for next weekend are.Unit 5 ea, > Past Progressive Look at the picture and read the dialogue. ‘A: How did the accident happen? B: Well, Doris and Barry were driving to work. Cz They weren't driving to work. They were driving to their house in the country. ‘A: Anyway, was it raining? B: Yes, it was. C:No, it wasn't. imene Negative FULL FORMS i Bron) 1/He/She/It was playing W/He/She/it was not playing | —_I/He/She/It wasn't playing WelYou!They were playing | We/You/They were not playing | — We/You/They weren't playing CES Po 2 SHORTANEYTERS NEN LN ‘Was I/he/she/it playing? | ‘Yes, Ihe/she/it was. | No, I/he/she/it wasn't. ‘Were we/you/they playing? Yes, welyourthey were. | No, we/you/they weren't. + for actions that were happening at a specific point in time in the past. was sleeping at 11 o'clock yesterday evening. + to describe background scenes to a story It was snowing and the town was white and peaceful, + for actions that were happening at the same time in the past. In this case we usually use while. | While 1 was watching TV, my brother was playing computer games. + for an action that was happening in the past and was interrupted by another action. We use the Past Progressive for the longer action and the Past Simple forthe shorter action. We were having dinner. Suddenly, the phone rang. ‘A. Complete the sentences with the Past Progressive of the verbs in brackets. 1. Yesterday the weather was awful. It (ain) all day. 2. Paul (do) his homework while Samantha (listen) to the radio. 3. At8 o'clock yesterday morning, Mr Brown (drive) to work. 4, On my 30th birthday in 2001 we (ive) in Canada, 5. The children (play) computer games all day last Saturday. 6.Becky________(tand) at the bus stop but she (not ( wait) for the bus.B. Use the prompts and the Past Progressive to write questions and answers. 1. You / sleep / yesterday afternoon /? (No / talk / phone) 2. Emma / cook fat 1:15pm /? (No / do / washing-up) 3. The students / do project {two hours ago /? (No/take a test) | 4-You / sunbathe / beach / last Monday /? (ves) 5. He / watch / TV /at 9:00pm / last night /? (No /listen / radio) C. Look at the picture and write what the people were doing at 4:00pm yesterday. 1. Tony 2. Lee and Tom _ 3.Liam > Past Simple vs. Past Progressive / ime Clauses (when, while, as soon as) Look at the picture and read the sentences. twas very dark that night and it was raining heavily. We were driving along a country road when suddenly the car ‘made a funny noise and stopped.TIME CLAUSES To link main clauses and time clauses we use the ‘words when, while, as and as soonas. — = We use as or while + Past Progressive (time clause) + Past Progressive (main clause) to describe two past actions happening at the same time. While Twas sleeping, my mother was doing the housework. + We use when or as soon as + Past Simple (time clause) + Past Simple (main clause) to describe ‘two actions which happened one after the other in the past. ‘As soon as the old lady saw the thie, she started screaming. + We use as or while + Past Progressive (time clause) + Past Simple (main clause) or when + Past Simple (time clause) + Past Progressive (main clause) to describe two past actions. The longer action is in the Past Progressive while the shorter action, which interrupted the first one, is in the Past Simple. While we were playing tennis, i started raining. Wher it started raining, we were playing tennis. ‘When the time clause comes before the main clause, the two clauses are separated by a comma. When the time clause comes after the main clause, the two clauses are not separated by a comma. ‘A. Complete the sentences with the Past Simple or the Past Progressive of the verbs in brackets. 1. At 110! clock last night, our neighbours (make) alot of noise so we (call) the police. 2. first. (meet) Sandra ten years ago. We (study) History at the same university. 3. A: Why, the manager (shout) all day yesterday? BI think he. (Gee) the sales figures and he. (not be) pleased. 4, Last Tuesday Alice (decide) to cook something different. She (find) the recipe for an Indian dish and it____ (be) delicious, 5. The lecture was boring and the students B. Choose the correct answer a, b or c. {not pay) attention. 1. John was studying for a test he fell asleep. a. when b. while cas 2. Everyone ‘up as soon as the farnous writer walked in. a. standing b. stood was standing 3. What. in the garden so late at night? a. did you do b.youweredoing . were you doing 4. Robert was riding his bike his brother was skating. a. while b.when a5 soon as 5. My parents this house ten years ago. a. was buying b. bought «¢. were buying 6. Karen a shower when suddenly the lights went out. a. was having behad ¢. were having 6 ieee eeI Se C. Expand the notes into sentences. Use the Past Simple and the Past Progressive. 1 John / get ready / go out / when / Andrew / call 2. While / she / cook / her daughter / prepare / salad 3. Hugh / find / wallet / as / he / walk down / street, 4.As soon as / 1/ open / door / mobile phone / ring 5. Steve / sunbathe / when / it start / raining 6. She / listen / radio / while / she / do / housework D. Complete the dialogue with the Past Simple or the Past Progressive of the verbs in brackets, Police officer What time (1) you_____(return) home yesterday? MrsOlson I thinkI(2)____+(get) home at about half past five. Police officer OK, and what (3) you (do) at o'clock when the accident ® (happen)? Mrs Olson Himm, at six o'lock, let me see... I G) ase setsnweieg Gol the washing-up. Police officer So you (6) _—_— (be) busy in the kitchen. How Se (6ee) the accident then? Mrs Olson Well, as (8) _ (do) the washing-up, I (9) ps (look) out of the window. This is what 140) (see). A boy (et bicycle along Keynes Street. When he a2) (reach) the corner of Keynes and Walton Street, car (13) (turn) into Keynes Street. The driver (4) _____ (not see) the boy and (15) (hit) him. The boy (16) (fall) off his bike but the driver a7) _____ (not stop). He just (18) (drive) away! That's why I (19) (call) the police and (20) (report) the accident. Police officer (21) ___you (manage) to see the driver? Mrs Olson No, | (22) (not can) see him. He (23) (be) too far away.[imac > Present Perfect Simple Pri resent Perfect Simple vs. Past Simple Look at the picture and read the dialogue. A: Have you ever tried go-karting? B: No, [haven’t, Have you? A: Yes, [tried it last month, It was fun! ‘A. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE Brom Thave worked Te worked He/She/lt has worked HelShe/It's worked ‘WelYou/They have worked —_| We/You/They've worked ae ae Thave not worked Thaven't worked “He/She/lt has not worked He/She/It hasn't worked ‘WelYou/They have not worked | We/You/They haven't worked wo Have I worked? Yes, I have. No, I haven't. Has he(shesit worked? Yes, he/she/it has. No, he/she/it hasn't. Have welyou/they worked? | Yes, we/you/they have. | No, welyou/they haven't. + for actions which happened in the past, but we don't I've tasted Chinese food. mention when exactly. + for actions which happened in the past and their results | Tom has broken his left arm. are obvious in the present. + for actions which were completed a short time ago Pm exhausted! Pve just finished (usually with just). the housework B. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE vs. PAST SIMPLE Pe + for actions that happened in the past, but we aL ee don’t mention when exactly. Thave read that book. ever, never, before, always, just, so far, once, ‘twice, many times, recently, etern peas + for actions which happened at a specific time in the] | last week/monthiyear, ago, yesterday, in 1990, etc past. We say when. Tread that book last month, ‘Ago is always used with the Past Simple. Jwent hiking two weeks ago. ‘Before (when it means on a previous occasion) is used with the Present Perfect Simple. Pve been hiking before. A. Complete the sentences with the Present Perfect Simple of the verbs in brackets. 1. Jason. (atveays / want) to try scuba diving 21 (isit) Argentina twice in my life, 3. Sharon, (pend) all her money on clothes. Ail Seed a Seni nhielere (ever j taste) raw fish? 5. They. (never / travel) abroad before. 6.We (end) them two e-mails so far. B. Choose the correct answer a, b or c. C. Expand the notes into sentences. Use the 1 Jim. to twenty-five countries so far. Present Perfect Simple or the Past Simple. a.was travelling travelled ¢, has travelled sed aor sri 2.She Paris for the first time last summer. a. visited b. was visiting c.has visited 3. Mark, you the same mistake twice. 2. My brother / visit / Africa / a few years ago aaremaking b.havemade _c, made 4, Last night George a strange noise coming from the basement. a.washearing b.hasheard heard 5. Rita two days ago? a.Has sheseen Did she see _¢, Was she seeing. 3, Sheila / take / a pottery course f last year /? 6. Alex his project. a has just finished b. just finished have just finished 5. Mother / just / make / chocolate cake‘Module 2 D. Complete the text with the Present Perfect Simple or the Past Simple of the verbs in brackets. My family and I always spend all our suramer holidays abroad. In 2009 we (1) _ ___ (visit) Spain and in 2010 we (2) (g0) to Germany. We @) (be) to five different countries so far; Spain, Getmany, Egypt, Greece and Poland. We are now on holiday in Italy, We ®_ (arrive) in Rome two days ago. Yesterday our tour guide (5) (Cake) us on a tour of the city and we (6)____ Gee) Trevi Fountain and many other interesting places. Tomorrow we're going to Naples. I'm excited because I (7) (always / want) t0 see Mt. Vesuvius, After that we're going north to Florence or Venice, but we (8) (not decide) where yet. Un ' t EL) > Present Perfect Simple with for, since, yet, already ‘A: How long have you been in Cairo? B: I've been here for a few days, actually since last Friday. I've already visited the Pyramids but I haven't been to the Cairo Museum yet. PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE with for, since, yet, already We use the Present Perfect Simple with for and since for actions that started in the past and continue up to the present. P've been « teacher for six years, Tyve been a teacher since 2005. since + point in time It refers to the time when the action started, ae era pena for +a period of time Itrefers to the duration of the action. I've had this collection for six years, Present Perfect Simple + since + Past Simple To indicate when an action which started in the past and | Paul has lived here since he was born, continues up to the present started. yet is used only with the question and negative form | Have you finished yet? of verbs. It is placed at the end of the sentence. He hasn't arrived yet. already is used with the affirmative form of verbs. It is placed between the auxiliary and the main verb, or at the end of the sentence for emphasis. T've already seen that film. You've finished eating already! * Have / has gone means that someone has gone somewhere and is still there. Roy has gone to Liverpool. (He’s still there.) ‘Have / has been means that someone has visited a place but has returned, Roy has been to Barcelona. (He's not there now.)A. Complete the blanks with the Present Perfect Simple of the verbs in brackets and the boxes with for or since. LAL (try) to call Sally Smith ten times yesterday. Do you know where she is? B:No,I___(not see) her 2A: We (visit) quite a few museums we got here. What else is there to see? B: You can go to the palace. (you / be) there yet? 3. A: That's great laptop. How long. (you! have) i? Bl___(not have) it very long. My dad bought it for me two weeks ago. 4, A: Who's that with Simon? B: That's Tim, his best friend, ‘A: How long__(they / know) each other? B: They (know) each other 2000. ‘A: Wow! They (be) friends over ten years. B. Write sentences using the prompts below, the Present Perfect Simple and for or since. 1. Agnes / be / teacher / ten years 2, Paul / have / new motorbike / last month 3.1/ not / see / Richard / two days 4, My brothers /not play / basketball / three weeks 5. Emily / not be / abroad / 1999 C. Look at the table below and write sentences. Use the Present Perfect Simple or the Past Simple as in the example. ppack /suitease ‘g0/ museum vyesterday play / chess oon Saturday send /the letter get stuck in traffic last night order pizzas Linda hasn't packed her suitcase yet,D. Read the sentences and choose a or b. 1. Anne has taken up mountain climbing and_.__4, I've never done volunteer work __ a. she found it very interesting a, but I'd like to , she finds it very interesting b, but I wanted to 2. At How long have you lived here? 5. A: When did you feed the cat? B:T've lived here__. (alata 4. for ten years a. Since two pm b. ten years ago b. At two pm 3. We've always wanted to travel around the world 6. They've raised a lot of money for the children's but__. hospital so far. [think ___. a. we've only gone to Spain a. they did a great job b, we've only been to Spain b. they're doing a great job ne A. Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Simple or the Past Progressive. Last night, as Sandra and I (1) ___ (come) home, something unusual Cee (happeny: We (3)_ (notice) a light in the factory at the end of our street, We (4), (think) that it 6), _ (be) strange. Aswe (6) (walk) towards the factory, Sandra (7) (cee) smoke coming out of a window. The factory (8) ___ (be) on fire! 1 (9), (ruin) toa telephone box and (10) __ (phone) the fire brigade. The people in the neighbourhood (11), (be) afraid because the fire (12)__ (be) very lose to their houses. While we (13) (wait) for the fire brigade, Sandra, some other people and I (14) __ (try) to put ont the fire but it (15) ___ (ge) bigger by the minute. A few minutes later, the fire brigade (16) ___ an hour, the firemen (17) __ ___farrive). Luckily, after (put) the fie out and (18) (thank) us for our help. 8. Expand the notes into sentences. Use the Past Simple and the Past Progressive. Lewhile // try / fix / car /1/ get / terrible headache 2. students / run out / of the classroom / as soon as / bell / ring 3. we see / John and Emily / as / we / leave / restaurant 4-all/ our classmates / listen / carefully / while / George and I / present / our project 5. when / she / lock / door / she / turn off / lights / and / go / bedBSN . Complete the sentences with the Present Perfect Simple of the verbs in brackets and circle the correct words. L you ever / never (visit) France? 2. Tom (not buy) any new clothes this month / already. 3. My friends already/yet__________ (use) their skiing equipment, 4. Stella (not decide) where to spend her holiday yet / before. 5.Mycousin just / ever (cook) some Chinese food. 6. Bruce ever/never_________(try) raw fish before, 7. You (make) the same mistake twice / yet. you (visit) the Animal Shelter before / just? D. Complete the dialogues with the Present Perfect Simple or the Past Simple of the verbs in brackets. 1, A: Thope Susan doesn’t get lost. c B: Don’t worry. She (be) here twice before. 2.A:______you__(take) your car to the garage yet? Br Yes, [have I__(take) it to the garage yesterday afternoon. 3, A: Beth, wash the dishes, please. Bil (already / do) it 4. A: We (lovays / want) to travel around the world but we (only Ibe) to South Africa, - B: Really? We. (go) there last year. 5. A: How long you. (know) Jane? BI (first / meet) her last summer. E, Imagine that you are on holiday. Write a postcard to a friend telling him/her what you have already done and what you haven't done yet. Also, write about something interesting that happened on a specific day. Use the Present Perfect Simple, the Past Simple and the Past Progressive.Unit 9 a) > can, could, may, be able to Look at the pictures and read the speech bubbles. Se Well, you won't be able fo geton the plane without it, Henry! ‘A. CAN/COULD/MAY Can, could, may, must, etc, are modal verbs an + they do not form all the tenses. + they are the same in all persons, singular and plural + they form the interrogative and the negative without auxiliary verbs (do/did). + they are followed by the base form of a verb, without to, eae es Cerne + to ask for permission. + to make polite requests or ask for a favour. Can/Could/May I go to the park, Mum? Could is more polite Yes, you can/may. Can/Could you give me a lif? No, you cantt/may not. * To make polite requests and offer help. ‘We use Shall | / we to make suggestions or Gan/Could/May I have some more tea? to offer to do something. | Can/Could/May get you some coffee? Shall we go awcy for the weekend? Shall help you? B. CAN/COULD/BE ABLE TO * We use can to express ability in the present. The baby can speak. + We use could to express ability in the past. I could climb trees when I was young. + Be able to expresses ability and forms all tenses. It is mainly used in tenses where we cannot use ca, Thaven’t been able to go shopping since last month,5 Se CONN A. Circle the correct word. 1. Mathew couldn’t / can't drive a car. He's too young, 2. [haven't been able to / could not contact Mr Parker all day. 3. May / Can't I see your passport and ticket please? 4. Its too hot in here. May / Could you open the windows? 5. When Eric was young, he has been able to / could run very fast. 6. This man was able to / may not save the baby from the burning building. 7. George couldn't / can’t come with us tonight. He has a lot of work to do. B. Read the situations below and write questions asking for permission. Use can, could, may. 1. Kate wants to leave school early today. What does she ask her teacher? 2. Bob and Jeff want to go to the beach tomorrow. What do they ask their parents? 3. You are in a shop and you want to try on a shirt. What do you ask the shop assistant? 4. You are at your friend’s house and you want to use the phone. What do you ask him? 5. George wants to borrow his sister's camera, What does he ask her? 6. Carol and John haven't finished their project yet and they want to bring it to school on Monday. What do they ask their teacher? C. Look at the pictures and the prompts and write requests. Use can or could. 1 give / pencil 2. open / door 3. dlose/ window 4, answer / phoneD. Complete the dialogues with can, could, may or be able to. 1. A: Mum, Iwatch TV for one more hour? B: I'm afraid you Its late. 2A: Michael swim? B: Ofcourse, he he’s a very good swimmer. Actually, he swim very well when he was ony five years old. 3. A: Children, Thave your papers please? B: Miss, finish mine. Do you think I have a few more minutes? Az Yes, you 4A: you teach me how to drive? do that. You are too young to drive. > have to, don’t have to, must, mustn’t, need to, don’t need to, needn’t Look at the pictures and read the sentences and the speech bubbles. You don’t need/have to ‘ake a taxt I'l pick you up from the office. You must drive with the lights on at night. You mustn't go through a red traffic light. & i MUST/HAVE TO T must give James a call. Must we go so soon? + in the negative to express prohibition. You mustn't touch anything in the museum. + in the affirmative and interrogative to express obligation in the present and future. You have to wear a uniform. Do you have to work on Saturdays? + in the negative to express absence of obligation, ‘She doesn’t have to eat the cake if she doesn’ like it. + in the affirmative and interrogative to express obligation in the present and future.MY OSS SSS ‘= Must expresses an obligation that the speaker imposes on himself/herself or others. Have to expresses an obligation that is imposed by somebody or something else. ‘* Must and have to form the Past with had to/didn’t have to. The affirmative expresses obligation and the negative absence of obligation in the past. Kate didn’t have to goto school yesterday because she was il. + To express prohibition, we can also use can’t. You can’t use your mobile phone in the hospital B. NEED (TO) as a main verb in all tenses in the affirmative, interrogative and negative. Iti followed by a full infinitive and forms the interrogative and negative with auxiliary verbs (do/does, did) + as a modal verb in the interrogative and negative of the Present Simple only. Its followed by a bare infinitive and forms the interrogative and negative without auxiliary verbs. rs es don't need to go | Do T need to go? Be need t0 0 Ineedn’t go | Need I go? ee He/She/it doesn’t need to go Does he/shelit need to go? Ee ase ret a He/She/lt needn't go | Need helshe/it got Ct! WelYourThey need to go We/You/They don’t need to go | Do welyou/they need to go? WelYou/They needn't go | Need we/you/they go? + in the affirmative and intertogative to express necessity. Tneed to talk to Jane. + in the negative to express absence of necessity. You don’t need to buy anything She needn't do the washing-up. I'll do it comorrow. A. Choose the correct answer a, b orc. 1. The weather is fine today. Paul take an umbrella a. needs to 1b. mustn't c.needan't 2.You ‘use your mobile phone during take-off. a.dontneedto —_b. mustn't c haveto 3. Becky study hard for her Maths test. a.hasto . needs don't have to 4. Charlie, remember that you be home at Lipm. a. must behas to need 5. can’t go out tonight. I finish this report for my boss. acneed b. needn't cchave to 6. Kelly, you __ to hurry. We've got plenty of time. a, mustn't don't need, coneedin't 7. They. park here. It's not allowed. a. needn't b. don't have to mustn'tMSS B. Complete the sentences with the correct form of need. 1, We haven't got any milk or eggs. We to go to the supermarket today. 2. You hurry. We have lots of time. 3. Charlie go to the meeting tomorrow? 4.You_____ to shout Ican hear you. 5. Dad to use the car today. We can’t take it. 6. Miss, which units of the book. we to study? 7-lan to practise a lot. He's an excellent tennis player! 8. You take the bus. I'l drive you home. C. Use the prompts and the correct form of the verbs given to make sentences. 1. You / smoke / hospital 2. We/ wake up / early / tomorrow. It’s Saturday. 3. She / cook, There is lots of food. 4, Children J talk / loudly / library 5. He / take / taxi. I'll drive him to the airport. 6. The fridge is empty. Lisa / go / supermarket D. Complete the dialogues with the words in the boxes. mustnt_haveto _-hadto___donthaveto ‘Are you ready, Jim? Ina minute, Come on, we leave now, FERRY Ann, we be the first to arrive at the restaurant. The last time we went out with Bob and Jane, we__wait for them for one hour! Tknow, and that was really annoying, That's why we keep them waiting now. donttneedto_havetocan__cant__should shouldn't So, how are we going to get to the stadium? By can of course. But we ____ park near the stadium. Of course, I forgot about that. Hey, guys, don’t worry. We take the car. We use public transport. ‘What? I hate taking the bus. It’s so tiring walking to the bus stop and... EREPRERT E Come on, Alex. You walk a bit every day. It's good exercise. You take the car everywhere you go. Hey, you two, stop talking. We De iii, Aa, : leave, Do you want to miss the beginning of the match?