Kisi-kisi MST Term 1 grade 11

Part A
- Blood vessel layers
- Carbon dioxide transport (carbonic anhydrase)
- Oxygen dissociation curve
- Heart chamber and valve
- Cardiac Cycle graph
- Phloem structures and its function
- Symplast and apoplast pathway (the way of water)
 Similarities Between Apoplast and Symplast:
Apoplast and symplast are two ways in which the water moves from root hair cells to the
xylem.

Both the apoplast and symplast occur in the root cortex.

Both the apoplast and symplast carry water and nutrients towards the xylem.

In the apoplast pathway, water is transported from root hair to xylem through the cell wall
of intervening cells. The apoplastic route is blocked by a Casparian strip of endodermal
cells. Hence, the symplastic route is utilized to deliver water and ions over the cortex.
Since apoplast is made up of non-living components, the apoplastic route is least
affected by the metabolic state of the root.

The pathways of ion and water created by symplast are known as the symplastic
pathway. This pathway offers resistance to the flow of water since the selective plasma
membrane of the root cells handles the intake of ion and water. Moreover, symplasty is
affected by metabolic states of the root. The symplastic route occurs beyond the
endodermis in plants with secondary growth.

- Malaria and TB (symptomps and transmission)

 Malaria
Symptoms
Malaria is an acute febrile illness. In a non-immune individual, symptoms usually appear 10–
15 days after the infective mosquito bite. The first symptoms – fever, headache, and chills –
may be mild and difficult to recognize as malaria. If not treated within 24 hours, P.
falciparum malaria can progress to severe illness, often leading to death.

Children with severe malaria frequently develop one or more of the following symptoms:
severe anaemia, respiratory distress in relation to metabolic acidosis, or cerebral malaria. In
adults, multi-organ failure is also frequent. In malaria endemic areas, people may develop
partial immunity, allowing asymptomatic infections to occur.

Transmission

In most cases, malaria is transmitted through the bites of

female Anopheles mosquitoes. There are more than 400 different species
of Anopheles mosquito; around 30 are malaria vectors of major importance. All of the
important vector species bite between dusk and dawn. The intensity of transmission
depends on factors related to the parasite, the vector, the human host, and the
environment.

Anopheles mosquitoes lay their eggs in water, which hatch into larvae, eventually
emerging as adult mosquitoes. The female mosquitoes seek a blood meal to nurture
their eggs. Each species of Anopheles mosquito has its own preferred aquatic
habitat; for example, some prefer small, shallow collections of fresh water, such as
puddles and hoof prints, which are abundant during the rainy season in tropical
countries.

Transmission is more intense in places where the mosquito lifespan is longer (so
that the parasite has time to complete its development inside the mosquito) and
where it prefers to bite humans rather than other animals. The long lifespan and
strong human-biting habit of the African vector species is the main reason why
approximately 90% of the world's malaria cases are in Africa.

Transmission also depends on climatic conditions that may affect the number and
survival of mosquitoes, such as rainfall patterns, temperature and humidity. In many
places, transmission is seasonal, with the peak during and just after the rainy
season. Malaria epidemics can occur when climate and other conditions suddenly
favour transmission in areas where people have little or no immunity to malaria. They
can also occur when people with low immunity move into areas with intense malaria
transmission, for instance to find work, or as refugees.

Human immunity is another important factor, especially among adults in areas of

moderate or intense transmission conditions. Partial immunity is developed over
years of exposure, and while it never provides complete protection, it does reduce
the risk that malaria infection will cause severe disease. For this reason, most
malaria deaths in Africa occur in young children, whereas in areas with less
transmission and low immunity, all age groups are at risk.

TB

Common symptoms of active lung TB are cough with sputum and blood at times,
chest pains, weakness, weight loss, fever and night sweats. WHO recommends the
use of rapid molecular diagnostic tests as the initial diagnostic test in all persons with
signs and symptoms of TB as they have high diagnostic accuracy and will lead to
major improvements in the early detection of TB and drug-resistant TB. Rapid tests
recommended by WHO are the Xpert MTB/RIF, Xpert Ultra and Truenat assays.

Diagnosing multidrug-resistant and other resistant forms of TB (see Multidrug-

resistant TB section below) as well as HIV-associated TB can be complex and
expensive.

Tuberculosis is particularly difficult to diagnose in children.

M. tuberculosis is carried in airborne particles, called droplet nuclei, of 1– 5 microns in diameter.

Infectious droplet nuclei are generated when persons who have pulmonary or laryngeal TB disease

cough, sneeze, shout, or sing. Depending on the environment, these tiny particles can remain

suspended in the air for several hours. M. tuberculosis is transmitted through the air, not by surface

contact. Transmission occurs when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis, and

the droplet nuclei traverse the mouth or nasal passages, upper respiratory tract, and bronchi to
reach

Part B
- Double circulation (blood vessel, chamber, and heart valve)
- Transpiration process
- As water leaves the xylem in the leaf a tension is set up on the entire water column in the
xylem tissue of the plant.
- The tension is transmitted down the stem to the roots because of the cohesion of water
molecules.
- Water molecules stick together as a result of hydrogen bonding which continually break and
reform with other adjacent water molecules.
- At the same time, adhesion between water and the xylem vessel.
- Water adheres strongly to most surfaces and can be drawn up in long columns, through
narrow tubes like the xylem vessels of plant stem, without danger of the water column
breaking.
- Consequently, under tension the water column does not break or pull away from the sides
of the xylem vessels.
- The result is that water is drawn (pulled) up the stem. So, water flow in the xylem is always
upwards.
- We call this flow of water the transpiration stream and the explanation of water transport,
the cohesion-tension theory.

- The work of antibiotics

How do antibiotics work?
Antibiotics work by blocking vital processes in bacteria, killing the bacteria or stopping them
from multiplying. This helps the body's natural immune system to fight the bacterial
infection. Different antibiotics work against different types of bacteria.

Antibiotics that affect a wide range of bacteria are called broad spectrum antibiotics (eg,
amoxicillin and gentamicin).
 Antibiotics that affect only a few types of bacteria are called narrow spectrum antibiotics
(eg, penicillin).
Different types of antibiotics work in different ways. For example, penicillin destroys
bacterial cell walls, while other antibiotics can affect the way the bacterial cell works.

Doctors choose an antibiotic according to the bacteria that usually cause a particular
infection. Sometimes your doctor will do a test to identify the exact type of bacteria causing
your infection and its sensitivity to particular antibiotics.
- Tuberculosis (transmission and vaccination)