1.

hw 7
(1) Assuming that the Bolzano-Weierstrass Theorem is true for R1 , prove that the Bolzano-
Weierstrass Theorem is true for Rp for any p ∈ N by mathematical Induction. (Hint: Let
(an ) be a bounded sequence in Rp+1 . Write an = (xn , yn ) for all n ≥ 1 where (xn ) is a
sequence in Rp and (yn ) is a sequence in R. Show that (xn ) is bounded in Rp and (yn ) is
bounded in R.)
(2) Let (M, d) be a complete metric space and N be a subset of M. Let (N, dN ) be the metric
subspace of (M, d) associated with N. Prove that (N, dN ) is complete if and only if N is a
closed subset of M.
(3) In Calculus, we have learned the following important properties for convergent sequences:
Theorem 1.1. Let (an ) and (bn ) be sequence of real numbers and k be a real number.
Suppose that
lim an = a, lim bn = b.
n→∞ n→∞
Then
(a) lim (an + bn ) = a + b;
n→∞
(b) lim (kan ) = ka;
n→∞
(c) lim an bn = ab
n→∞
an a
(d) lim = if b ≥ 0.
n→∞ bn b
In class, we also proved
Theorem 1.2. Let (an ) be a sequence in Rp with an = (a1n , · · · , apn ) for n ≥ 1. Then (an )
is convergent in Rp if and only if (a1n ), · · · , (apn ) are convergent in R. In this case,
 
lim an = lim a1n , · · · , lim apn .
n→∞ n→∞ n→∞
p
Let (xn ) and (yn ) be sequences in R such that limn→∞ xn = x andlimn→∞ yn = y. Use
Theorem 1.1 and Theorem 1.2 to prove the following statements:
(a) lim (xn + yn ) = x + y.
n→∞
(b) lim kxn = kx.
n→∞
(c) lim an xn = ax.
n→∞
xn x
(d) lim = if b ≥ 0.
n→∞ bn b
(e) lim hxn , yn i = hx, yi.
n→∞
(4) Do project in Bartle’s Book. 8β (a), (b), (c) on page 61.
p
P∞1 ≤ p <p ∞ and l (N) be the space of sequences
(5) Let
p
a : N → R of real numbers such that
n=1 |a(n)| < ∞. Define a function k · k : l (N) → R by
∞
!1/p
X
kak = |a(n)|p .
n=1
(a) Prove that lp (N) is a vector space over R. (Prove that lp (N) is a vector subspace of the
space of real valued functions F(N, R).)
(b) Prove that k · k is a norm on lp (N). This norm is denoted by k · klp (N) . (You need exercise
(4)).
(c) Let us denote the norm space (lp (N), k · klp (N) ) simply by lp (N). Prove that lp (N) is a
Banach space over R.
(d) Let α be a real number and a : N → R be the function a(n) = 1/nα . Determine all α
so that a ∈ lp (N).
(e) Prove or disprove that lp (N) ⊂ lq (N) for p > q.
(f) Prove that lp (N) ⊂ l∞ (N) for all 1 ≤ p < ∞.
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(6) Let a and b be two
P∞vectors in l (N).
(a) Show that n=1 a(n)b(n) is absolutely convergent in R. (Hint: use Cauchy-Schwarz
inequality; see (4)).
(b) Define
∞
X
ha, bi = a(n)b(n).
n=1
Prove that h·, ·i defines an inner product on l2 (N) so that ha, ai = kakl2 (N) . By Exercise
(5) and this exercise, l2 (N) is a Hilbert space over R.
(c) Two vectors v, w in an inner product space V is orthogonal if hv, wi = 0. For each i ∈ N,
define ei : N → R by (ei )(n) = δin for all n ∈ N. Here δij is the number defined by
(
1 if i = j
δij = .
0 otherwise
Prove that {ei : i ∈ N} is an orthonormal family of vectors in l2 (N) (in other words,
elements of {ei } are unit vectors and are orthogonal to each other) and compute the
distance kei − ej kl2 (N) for any i 6= j.
(d) Let S∞ = {a ∈ l2 (N) : kak = 1}. Prove that S is closed and bounded.
(e) Show that (ei ) is a sequence in S∞ and does not have any convergent subsequence in
S∞ . (This example tells us that in a metric space, a closed and bounded subset need
not be sequentially compact).
(f) Let fi = ei −2ei+1 for all i ≥ 1. Determine the orthogonal complement V of {fi : i ≥ 1},
i.e.
V = {a ∈ l2 (N) : ha, fi i = 0, for all i ≥ 1}.
(g) Let gi = ei − 3ei+1 for all i ≥ 1. Determine the orthogonal complement of W of
{gi : i ≥ 1}, i.e.
W = {a ∈ l2 (N) : ha, gi i = 0, for all i ≥ 1}.
(h) Let hi = ei − 5ei+1 + 6ei+2 for all i ≥ 1. Determine the orthogonal complement Z of
{hi : i ≥ 1}, i.e.
Z = {a ∈ l2 (N) : ha, hi i = 0, for all i ≥ 1}.
Prove or disprove that Z is the direct sum of V and W. In other words, is it true that
V ∩ W = {0} and Z = V + W ?
(i) Let a be a vector in l2 (N). For each n ≥ 1, we define sn = a(1)e1 +a(2)e2 +· · ·+a(n)en .
Then (sn ) is a sequence of vectors in l2 (N). Show that (sn ) is convergent to a in l2 (N).
In this case, we denote
X∞
(1.1) a= a(n)en .
n=1
The expression 1.1 for a is called the Fourier expansion of a with respect to the or-
thonormal family {ei : i ∈ N}.
X∞
2
(j) Let (ak ) be a sequence of vectors in l (N). By (6i), we can write ak = ak (n)en .
n=1
Prove or disprove that lim ak = a in l2 (N) if and only if lim ak (n) = a(n) for any
k→∞ k→∞
n ≥ 1. (Compare to (3)).
(7) Let R∞ be the subset of F(N, R) consisting of sequences a : N → R such that there exists
N ∈ N so that a(n) = 0 for all n ≥ N.
(a) Prove that R∞ is a vector subspace of lp (N) for all 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞.
(b) Prove that R∞ is not a closed subset (subspace) of lp (N) for all 1 ≤ p ≤ ∞. (This
implies that (R∞ , k · kp ) is not a Banach space, where kakp = kaklp (N) for a ∈ R∞ by
exercise (2).)