esson(7) The Different invertebrate Phyla FOCUS POINTS: Describe the structural characteristics of the different groups of invertebrates: _ + Identify and describe the distinguishing features of each group; examples of animals belonging to the different groups. Characteristics of Invertebrates Observe the different invertebrates shown in the pictures below: om Grasshopper Jellyfish Earthworm Snail, Which animal is covered by an exoskeleton? Which animal has a segmented body? Give the habitat of each of the animals. Think This Over: What characteristic is common to all of these animals? wm * ¢ Fae @ ~~) OHM Animals are classified into two distinct groups: invertebrates and vertebrates, animals without and with backbones, respectively. Invertebrates range from microscopic to macroscopic and their body forms, structures, and modes of survival vary tremendously.phylum Porifera-The Sponges ehonges are ve in the marine environment watered the simplest animals, They are all aquatic. Most thrive In # 'eW species found in freshwater habitats. ‘ial ‘© and asymmetrical dially symmetrical. i With some species that are radially a Didermic but lack tissue level P ronal epithelial cells, amoeboid cel el or Sponges are sessi, ‘ganization. The body is composed of spe Nctions vary, and collar cells (Choanocyctes). (intracellular digestion) Sponges’ bodies are su (called spicules) that Ici cacum carbonate or spongin, a fibrous collagenous Protein. The composition of their spicules is used by taxonomists as the basis for classifying them into three distinct classes (Calcarea, Hexactinellida, and Figure 14.48: A stove-pipe sponge Demospongiae). i Ported by an internal skeleton may be composed of silica, Sponges reproduce both by the sexual and the asexual method (budding and regeneration). Phylum Cnidaria (Coelenterata) - Hydra, Jellyfish, Corals, and Sea Anemone Cnidarians are radially symmetrical animals that live in marine and feshwaterhebiat, (Bib YOU wow rian. They are didermic. A jelly like material called mesoglea fa sponge wil be shredded into fills the space between the two germ layers (ectoderm many tiny pieces, each piece would and endoderm). {grow into a full grown functional Most cnidarians have tentacles that contain stinging adult parce: called somatic cells (cnidocytes) from where the name of the phylum embryogenesis — Cnidaria was derived. The tentacles are used for protection and capturing food. Figure 14.50: Jellyfish, an umbrella-shaped (medusa) colonial polyp enidarian cnidarian, Figure 14.49: Hydra, 2 solitary polyp cnidarian Cells are organized into tissues that perform muscular, digestive, nervous, and reproductive a functions. The nerve cells are in the for maf a network covering the entire body that allows for the movement of the tentacles and body. 393The digestive system is sac-like, with only one opening that functions as the mouth and anus. This hollow digestive cavity was used by taxonomists in calling the phylum Coelenterata, ‘Two body forms exist among cnidarians - the solitary or colonial polyp form and the umbrella- shaped and free-swimming medusa forms. Reproduction may be sexual or asexual (budding). Some members exhibit a complex life cycle involving the alternation of the polyp (asexual stage) and the medusa (sexual stage)- Cnidarians are divided into three classes: Class Hydrozoa that includes the freshwater Hydra, Obelia, and colonial Physalia (Portuguese man-of-war); Class Scyphozoa (jellyfishes);, and Class Anthozoa (sea anemones and corals). Phylum Platyheminthes - The Flatworms (Planaria, Fluke Worm, and Tapeworm) ind flattened Platyhelminthes is composed of worms with bodies that are unsegmented a! dorsoventrally. They are found in fresh and salt water and on land. Flatworms are tridermic, and each layer gives rise to the various organs/systems (acoelomate body plan). Bilaterally symmetrical and with distinct head and tail region. Bodies are supported by a hydrostatic skeleton. Free living species (such as the planaria) have incomplete digestive tract with a single opening where food is ingested and waste products are egested. The parasitic forms are chiefly endoparasitic. They lack a digestive tract and have bodies that are covered with thick cuticle that protects the worm from being digested by the enzymes in the digestive tract of its host. ‘Tapeworms, liver fluke, and planaria are the representative examples of Phylum Platyhelminthes. Each belongs to a specific class and among the three, planaria is the free living species (Figures 14.52 to 14.54). Figure 14.52: Pianaria Figure 14.53: Liver fluke Figure 14.54: Tapeworm Phylum Nematoda - The Threadworms or Roundworms (Ascaris, Pinworms, Filarial Worm, and Trichina Worm) 394 Nematoda is composed of worms with slender and cylindrical bodies that taper on.both ends. Threadworms have bilateral symmetry and they are tridermic - the epidermis is covered with three layered cuticle that protects the worm from being digested by the enzymes in the digestive cavity of its host. The endodermis lines the one-way gut. The mesoderm gives rise to the body wall composed of longitudinal muscles and other internal organs, Between the muscular body wall and gutis a fluid-filled cavity called pseudocoelom that functions as the hydrostatic skeleton. The hydrostatic pressure in the pseudocoelom enables the worm to. maintain its rounded shape and facilitates movement.* Nematodes can move through muscular contraction Such contraction creates pressure on the, pseudocoel ie fluid resulting in the formation of undulating waves Nae move from the anterior to posterior ‘end of the worm tl create a trashing movement. * Nematodes have a complete dig one way gut has two openings th mouth and anus. The free-living forms rotifers) thrive in the aquatic environment and feed ea , i i a chiefly endoparasi wide variety of food sources. The parasitic species and feed i i species of nematodes have humane seve the blood and tissue fluids of their hosts. About 50 spec + Nema a Sat the fe dioecious, with the females being larger than the males. Copulation transfers the life cycles en male genital pore. Parasitic nematodes produce eggs in large number and their sure transmission of ‘encysted larvae from one host to another. estive system. The fat function as the Figure 14.55: Ascaris lumbricoides is a (vinegar eel and Parasitic nematode Some Parasitic Nematodes M"! “8, we a + =a ae LS 9 om © XO 2 ® Figure 14.57: Pinworms thrive in the anus of infected people Figure 14.56: The Life Cycle of Ascaris, Ascaris lumbricoldes isthe large nematode that spends its adult stage inthe intestine of ts host. 7 female ascaris can lay as many as 200,000 embryonated eggs, which pass out of its Each day, host via the feces. Ascaris infection (called ascariasis) occurs in places where sanitary facilities are poor. When the host ingests the embryonated eggs, they hatch in the small intestine, the larvae penetrate intestinal wall and are carried to the lungs by the blood circulation. From the lungs, aan tgratein the trachea and are swallowed when they reach the esophagus. The worms reach in the small intestine; they mate and egg production begins again. sexual maturity ie five in the lower end of the | ir A = or the pinworms thri 'e large intestine (rectum). ‘At night the gravid female migrates neat the anal area and lays its eggs there. The eet ristic itchiness of the anus. When the eggs are ingested, the eggs hatch -auses the character - a o oF eistop Wr fe small intestine and migrate in the large intestine. The adult worms mate and 99 production begins n a short san of time. 395that live i % Wuchereria bancrofti or the filarial worms are the elongated, thread-like nematodes that live in the lymphatic system of humans, where they block and clog the vessels ca swelling and enlargement of a body part (such as the leg, arm), using the characteristic ‘a condition called elephantiasis, i ito. Filaria worms are transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito. Figure 14,58: Filaria worm as viewed under the microscope Trichinella spiralis is the nematode that causes the disease called trichinosis. The adult lives in the mucous membrane of the small intestine and other animals like the pig. The adult female produces eggs that hatch into larvae and are carried by the blood stream to the skeletal muscles of the host to encyst. If man happens to eat infected meat, the larvae come out and find their way into the small intestine and develop into adult. Phylum Mollusca - The Mollusks (Snail, Clam, and Squid) SS. Figure 14.59: Habit sketch of Figure 14.60: A Man with ‘elephantiasis Figure 14.61: Trichinella as seen under the microscope * Mollusks are the animals with soft bodies that are often covered with shells. * They have bilateral symmetry, tridermic, and with true coelom (coelomate). The body of a mollusk is divided into two distinct regions: the head-foot and visceral mass. The head-foot is used by the animals in moving and receiving stimuli; the visceral mass contains the different organ-systems. mantie-shell 7 tial marginal growth ae, ctenidium Figure 14.62: The body plan of a mollusk shell of squid and cuttlefish has been reduced to an inter! filled cuttlebone, respectively. + Mollusks have well-developed circulatory space that functions for gaseous exchange, 396 The entire molluscan body is covered with a heavy fold of tissue called the mantle, which also secretes the material that becomes the shell. The shell covers and protects the animal. Most mollusks are covered with three- layered shells, Shells protect the mollusks from attacks of predators. The number of shells varies depending on the species. Snails have one shell that covers the entire body to avoid the attacks of predators. Clams, mussels, and oysters have shells Consisting of two valves (bivalves) while the squid and cuttlefish lack shell. The nal chitinous structure called pen and gas- system. Between the mantle and the visceral mass is a waste elimination, and reproduction,+ Mollusks are heterotrophs. Some are catnivores feeding on small eee others are herbivores, scavengers, and parasites. radula aay eee mouths that contain a chitinous row of teeth called rearce. clams, oysters 2SPing and scraping food from the surface oF any Water containing f rs, and mussels lack radula so they are filter feeders. : 'Ng food particles enters the incurrent opening of the mantle transporting them into the f the digestive tract, mouth and to the rest of the organs of Figure 14. th feeding + Mollusks can swim, glide over the surface, or burrow underground. some 9 Ive by attaching themselves to any solid objects using protein threads ale Peal threads (as in the case of mussels) which they secrete or by secreting lim that will cement them on the surface (as in the case of oysters). y materials + Mobile mollusks have diverse locomotor structures. The snail in Figure 1464A below uses Ne muscular stomach in creeping over the surface. The clam in Figure 14.64B uses its hatchet-shaped footin burrowing itself under the ol, and the squid in Figure 14.64C uses its tentacles in swimming and its jet-propulsion technique in escaping predators. (A) (8) © Figure 14.64: Locomotor Structures of Mollusks + Most mollusks are dioecious and fertilization is external. Eggs are shed singly or in masses. Internal fertilization in some species of squid such as Loligo and Sepia is observed. During copulation, the male and female tentacles intertwine; then the male releases its sperm in the mantle cavity of the female near the oviduct; and the eggs are fertilized as they are released from the oviducts. The fertilized eggs are deposited in suitable areas underwater. initant (e.g. sand) ‘their mantie? Phylum Annelida - the segmented worms (earthworm, leech, and sandworm) cus (A): Earthworm (B): Leech (): Sandworm Figure 14.65: The Representative Annelids 397