DOAN QUYNH (Chi bién)- TRAN NAM DUNG NGUYEN VU LUGING - DANG HUNG THANG TAI LIEU CHUYEN TOAN. DAI SO va GIAI TICH NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUG VIET NAMBANG PHIEN AM TEN MOT SO NHA KHOA HOC NEU TRONG SACH Phién am La-tinh | Phién am Tiéng Viét Phién am La-tinh | Phién am Tiéng Viét Archimedes. Jensen I-en-xen Bernoulli Lagrange La-go-ran-gio Binet Leathem Li-them Bolzano Leibniz Lai-bo-nit Bromwich Brom-uyt-so LHuilier Luyn-li-€ Bunyakovsky | Bu-nhi-a-cOp-xki L Hopital L6-pi-tan’ Cauchy Co-si Moivre Moa-vro, Cesaro Newton Niu-ton Descartes | Pascal Pat-xo-can Dirichlet Di-ric-lé Roberval R6-béc-van Euler O-le Rolle Farey | __Fa-ray Schwarz So-vi Fermat Phéc-ma Tao (Terence) | Tao (Té-ren-xo) Fibonacci Taylor Tay-lo Gauss Wallis U-a-lit Green Weierstrass, Vai-o-to-rat Hardy Well U-en Haros Ha-rot Zenon Dé-nong Cong ty Cé phan Dich vu xuat ban Gido duc Ha Noi - Nha xuat ban Gido duc Viet Nam gitt quyén cong bé tic phim 13-2010/CXB/91-2190/GD Ma so : TYT86H0-CPDLOI NOI DAU Bo Tai liéu chuyéh todn 11 nay a tiép ndi b6 Tai liéu (gido khoa) chuyén todn 10 di dugc xuat bin nam 2009. N6é nham : - Phuc vu viée day va hoc 6p 11 hé chuyén Toan, thé hién tinh thdn chuong trinh chuyén Toan da duge Hoi déng chuong trinh BO duyét, khé gan véi chuong trinh va sdch gido khoa Ton nang cao nhim gitip hoc sinh c6 thé chuyén déi ti viée hoc & hé chuyén sang hé khong chuyén va ngugc lai. - Lam mét tai ligu ging day cho giéo vién day cdc lép chuyén Toan. Gitip hoc sinh céc lép chuyén tu hoc, gitip hoc sinh khé gidi 6 cdc 16p dai tra c6 ti Lieu dé cé thé ty hoc, ty béi duéng thém. Bo ich Tai liéu chuyén Todn lép 11 bao g6m 4 cudn : - Tai ligu chuyén Toan — Dai sé va Gidi tich 1 - Tai ligu chuyén Toan — Hinh hoc 11 eu chuyén Toan — Bai tap Dai so va Gidi tich 11 ‘ai li¢u chuyén Toan — Bai tap Hinh hoc 11. Chiing 16i da mdi duge nhiéu thay day 6 cdc trudng chuyén, Iép chuyén (day céc lép béi dudng thi todn quéc té cing nhu trong nuéc, day cdc khéi chuyén 6 cdc truéng dai hoc,...) tham gia bién soan dé tai liéu sat v6i thuc tién gidng day, he chuyén & nudc ta, déng thdi gidi thigu duoc phan ndo doi nét giang day 6 he chuyén Toan cia cdc trudng d6. Cudn sach Tai liéu chuyén Todn - Dai s6' va gidi tich 11 nay gm 7 chuong va 2 chuyén dé : - Chuong 1 (Luong gidc) do Thay Nguyén Vit Luong (Trudng Dai hoc Khoa hoc tu nhién HA Noi) viet vé phuong trinh long gidc, Chit bien viet da phi tong dé cé trinh bay vé sé phic, nhan manh s6 phitc dudi dang lugng gidc. con lai, - Chuong 2 (Thong ké), chuong 3 (T6 hop va xdc sudt) va chuyén dé 1 (To hop) do Thay Dang Hang Thang (Trudng Dai hoc Khoa hoc ty nhién Ha Noi) viet. - Chuong 4 (Day so), chuong 5 (Gidi han), chuong 6 (go ham) do Thay Tran Nam Dang (Trudng Dai hoc Khoa hoc ty nhién Tp. Hé Chi Minh) viet. Trong cae chuong 5, 6 c6 trinh bay so luoc vé lay thita véi sé ma hitu ti, so ma thuc, so luge vé ham sé ma, ham sé légarit (hoc sinh sé duge hoc can than hon 6 l6p 12):- Chuong 7 (ng dung dao ham) do Thay Tran Nam Diing cong téc véi anh Vo Quée Bé Can, sinh vién nam 4 Dai hoc Y Can Tho viet. - Chuyén dé 2 (Gidi han ctia day s6) do Thay Tran Nam Diing cong tac voi anh Lé Phiie Lit, sinh vin nam | Dai hoc FPT, hoc x4 Tp. H6 Chi Minh viet Nhan dip nay, Thay Tran Nam Dang va Chui bién bay 16 Idi cam on dén céc anh V6 Quoc Ba Can va Lé Phiic Lit. Trong ting chong cé nhiéu vi du, nhiéu bai tap, bai todn (ké cA bai thi-ctia hé Cic bai tap déu c6 13i gidi n Todn ~ Bai tap Dai so’ va chuyén, thi hoc sinh gidi Toan quoc gia, quéc té. hoac hudng dan gidi day di tong cudn Tai liéu chity Gidi tich 11. Cfc tac gid cling Chi bién va Bien tap vien da rat co gang phdi hgp bien soan, bien tap bo sach nay va hy vong né gitip ich cho nhiéu thay gido, hoc sinh hé chuyén Toan, tuy nhién chung toi biét bi mong ddc gid lugng thit cho cac diéu dé va hy vong céc thay c6 va cée em hoc ich van cé thé con nhiéu thiéu s6t, Chting toi sinh trong qué trinh day, hoc, doc tai ligu nay déng gép ¥ kién cho chting t6i dé lin tai ban sau, sich phuc vu duge tét hon. Cac gop ¥ xin giti vé : Ban Todn, Cong ty c6’phdn Dich vu xudt ban Gido duc Ha Noi, Nha xudt ban Gido duc Viét Nam, 187B, Gidng \'6, Ha Noi. Ha Noi, thing 9 nam 2010 Chi bien Doan QuynhChuong I LUONG GIAC §1. CONG THUC LUGNG GIAC Phin nay nhac lai mot s6 cong thitc luong gide co ban, tinh bay sO phic duéi 1. CONG THUC LUONG GIAC CO BAN Trong phan tich vo hudng, Tai ligu chuyén Toan hinh hoc 10 di trinh bay gid ti luong gide cla cdc géc (cung) licn kd va c6é ndi dén mot sé cong thitc luong gidc cing mot so ting dung hinh hoc, trong d6 cac cong thite cong dong vai tro mau chot. 1. Cong thie cong Véi moi géc luong giée @, B, tacd: cos(a - B) = cosacos f +sinasin B cos(a + B)=cosacos B—sinasin B sin(a - B) =sinacos B-cosasin B sin(a+f)=sina cos f+cosasin fp. ‘Ta chi can chting minh cong thite dau tién rdi tir dé ding gid tri lugng gide cla cc géc lien két dé suy ra céc cong thite con lai. Gia sit céc diém M va N nam tren dudng ton lugng gidc tam O, gée A sao cho géc lugng gidc (O4,OM) = or, (OA.ON) = B thi OM 6 toa do (cosaz;sina), ON c6 toa,do (cos B;sin f) tir dé tich vo huéng OM.ON =cosacos f +sinasin B. Mat khéc 047.0) VOM ma da biétcos NOM =cos(ON,OM ) =cos| (O4,0M)—-(04,ON) | = cos(a- f). nen suy ra cos(a—f) = cosercos B +sinasin B. tana +tan Bf —tan@tan B” (khi céc biéu thite c6 nghia); ching cfing duge goi Ia cong thitc cong tan(a—)= tana —tanf Tur d6 dé suy ra tan(a+f)= “hangup + tana@ tan 2. Cong thife nhan doi, nhan ba Ap dung cong thie cong voi a = f, ta suy ra v6i moi géc lugng gide a: 2 2 2 cos” a —sin? a = 2cos* @-1=1—2sin*? a cos 2a sin 2@ = 2sina cosa (khi cc biéu thie cé nghia). Va ciing dé thay cos3a = 4c0s* a —3cosa sin3e = 3sina—4sin’ a. 3. Cong thiie ha bac Tir cong thifc nhan doi suy ra cong thitc ha bac: 4. Cong thi bién déi tich thanh tong va cong thife bién doi tng thanh tich Tit cdc cong thie cong, dé dang suy ra véi moi géc lung gide af, tac6: cosa cos =—[cos(a + 8) +cos(a - f)] sina sin B = - (a + B)— costa — B)] sinacos 6 sin(@ + B)+sin(a- f)).Trong cdc cong thite dé, dat a+ f=x, a-fB=y thi suy ra véi moi géc lugng gidc x,y, ta cé> x+y 0 x-y =cos——— a) cos x + cos y = 2cos ete » sin 2 cosx—cos y =—2sin Si he cos a sinx+sin y=2sin a 2 Tat cd cdc cong thie tren dugc ding nhiéu khi gidi phuong trinh Luong gic. sin x—sin y = 2cos. ll. SO PHUC VA DANG LUGNG GIAC CUA NO 1. S6 phite Mot chuyén dé (khong bat budc) 6 chuong trinh chuyén todn lép 10 da dé cap dén so phic : Ngudi ta xay dung duoc mot tap hop s6 goi 1A tap hop s6 phtic, ki higu C, chtia tap hop s6 thuc ®, trong dé c6 hai phép todn cong va nhan (ma khi thu hep lén B thi d6 1a phép ton cng, nhan s6 thuc) thoa man céc tinh chat twong tu phép todn cong va nhan so thuc (giao hodn, két hop, phan phéi...), trong dé moi s6 thy am déu cé can bac hai, moi phuong trinh da thiic déu c6 nghiém. phitc due viét duéi dang z=a+bi, a, b IA s6 thu, i 1a don vi ao (2 =-1), a goi la phan thue cia 2, 6 goi la phan do ciia z Hai s6 phite goi 1A bang nhau néu ching cé cing phn thuc va cling phan ao. Méi sé thuc a duoc déng nhat vdi sé phtic z cé phan do bang 0, viet z=a+0i=a Méi sO phtte cé phén thuc bang 0 goi li s6 ao ; vay sé ao cé dang z=bi(beR). S6 phite 0=0+0i vita IA s6'thuc vita lA sé do.b) Méi s6 phite z=a+bi (a.beR, ia =-1) duge biéu dién bdi diém M cé toa do (a; b) trong mat phang toa do Oxy. Cfc diém trén truc Ox biéu dién cdc s6 thuc nén Ox con duge goi [A truc thuc, ao nén Oy con duge goi 1a truc ao. cdc diém trén truc Oy biéu dién céc s Mat phang toa do Oxy ding dé biéu dién céc sé phite cdn duge goi 1a mat phang phite. Ciing coi méi vecto u(a; b) trong mat phing toa do Oxy biéu dién cho sé phitc z=a+bi (a, be R? =-1). a'+bi (a, ba, ERP? =-1), ta cOng cdc phn thuc véi nhau, cong cdc phan do v6i nhau, tite 1a z4z2'=(a+bi)+(a'+b'i)=(ata')+(b+b')i. c) Mudn cong hai so phite z=a+bi va Khi biéu dién sé phite béi vecto trong mat at phing toa dé (mat phang phttc), phép cong 86 phite duge di Tit dé dé thay phép cong sé phitc cé cdc tinh chat giao hodn, két hop, c6 sé 0 (dé 24+0=0+ +bi (a, bER, P= a~bi, Ta cing coi phép trir sé phtic z—z' I phép cong voi so doi: z véi moi zeC) va méi sé phtic 1) c6 86 déi -2 (sao cho z+(-2)=(-z)+2=0) ; 16 rang -2=2+(-2) +di (a,b, ¢,deR,? =-)), ta thuc hién mot cach hinh thie phép nhan hai biéu thie a+bi va c+di r6i d) Mu6n nhan hai s6 phite z=a+bi va w thay (7 =-1,cu thé la: =(a+bi)(c+di) = ac +adi + bei + bdi* =(ae—bd)+(ad +he)i du: (1+2/)3-)=5+5i 5 (a+bi\(a—bi)=a? +h? (a, be R). Phép nhan s6 phifc c6 tinh chat giao hodn, ’két hgp, phan phéi (d6i vi phép cOng) tuong ty nhu phép nhan sé thuc. (RO rang coi R 1a tap con cia C thi phép todn cong, nhan sé phi khi thu hep lén R 1a phép todn cong, nhan so thuc).e) Médun cha s6 phic z=a+bi (a, be R, i? ==1) 1 sO thuc Va +b? . Néu z duoc biéu dién béi diém M trong mat phang toa do Oxy, hay béi vecto i thi |z} OM | (khoiing cach tir M dén géc toa d6) va |z| =u) (do dai vecto 17). Ro rang |2|=0 khi va chi khi 2=0 vanéu z [A s6 thuc thi |z| [a gid tri tuyet d6i cla sé thuc dé. Dé thir lai ring =|zllwl véi moi sé phic z.w (nhung ta cé e+ wl <|z]+[u)). a-bi £) S6 phic lién hop cia sé phic z=a+bi IA s6 phic (a beR, P =-1). Néu z dugc biéu dién bdi d dién bai diém Af' déi xing véi diém M qua truc thyc Ox. m M trong mat phing phitc thi 2 duge biéu Dé thay rang vdi moi s6 phit w,tacd: z+w, zw z+ z| v6i moi s6 phic 2, va 2.2 Ngoai ra ciing dé thai /P va néu ki higu phan thuc, phan do cua z theo thif ty 1a Rez, Imz thi z+z Rez= . Imz g) Cho sé phitc w#0 thi v6i moi 86 phite z, c6 mot va chi mot so phite 2" . 1 . sao cho z=wz' ; dé chinh 1a sé phite z 52W. $6 phife z'duge goi 1a lw thuong cia z chia cho w va duge viét 1a Dé dé nhé phép chia z cho w, ta c6 thé vietll UE Vidu = “Tei d+i0 Dé thay ring :| $6 phitc | cn duge viet 4 7! va goi la (56) nghich dio chia w. RO rang w Vi du: Van ki hiéu 2’ ntan ding thitc sau : (vi dé thr (I z422 +23 4.42") =z) =1-2""1). . h) Cho 86 phtic w thi s6 phife z sao cho z? =w goi la mot can bac hai cla w. Viet w=a+bi (a, beR. ? =-1), cintim z=x+yi-(x.yeR. ? =-1) sao cho (x+ yi)? =a +i, tite [A tim (x3) thoa man He phuong trinh véi hai an sé, (2 =a (x2 492) (x2 -y?) |rw=0 Vay khi b= 0 tite khi w 1a s6 thuc a thi x=tVa,) vax=0,y =0 tie la z=tVa néu a>0 =a tte A z=+ inéua<0.Ki 60 =f Sleeve ao?) + (odor?) vakhi 6 <0 in emf s (axa? +0?) - Boner) ‘Tom lai: w=0 cé ding mot can bac hai la 0. w#0 c6 ding hai cn bac hai IA hai sé doi nhau khac 0 (hai khac 0 c6 téng bing 0). Vidu: w=-3+4i cé hai can bac hai la (142i). z°+Bz+C=0 trong dé A, B,C 1a Ung dung : Giai phuong trinh bac hai A: ba sé phifc cho truéc, 4+ 0 (nghiém céin tim IA s6 phite = ). 2 2 Dé thay 42? + Bercaa{2 +B:}ec- a(z+2) Fc ) -Btis a e nén nghiém 1a ao trong dé 6 1A mot cin bac hai ciia biét thitc A= B?-44C Vay phuong trinh bac hai cé hai nghiém (don) khée nhau hodc mot nghiém (kép). N6i cich khac, cé phan tich (v6i moi z): Az* + Bz+C=A(z > 1a hai s6 phiic (phu thuge 4, B. C) Ngudi ta chtg minh duge dinh Ii goi la dinh li co bain cita dai s6 néu len mot tinh chat quan trong cita tap s6 phttc C: Moi, phuong trinh da thttc bac n véi hé s6 phic 2" 4 Ay yz tl +..+ Az! + Ay =0(A, 4 . Ay, Ay 1a nhiing s6 phite cho truéc, 4, #0,n 21) déu cé it nhat mot nghiém phiic; tir dé suy ra n6 c6 n nghiém phitc (khong nhat thiét phan biet). N6i cach khac, cé phan tich (v6i moi z ): ee zee A Ag ea 2. Dang luong gidc cua sé phitc a) Argument ctia sé phite khéc 0 Néu s6 phite 2 #0 duge biéu dién béi diém M trong mat phing toa do Oxy thi sé do cla géc luong gide (Ox, OM) goi la mot argument cla z. Vay argument ciia 2 #0 xc dinh sai khéc 2ka, k eZ. (hinh 1.1) R6 rang néu — 1d mot argument cla sé phite z=x+yi40 (x. yeR/? =-1) thi x=|zlcosg, y=lzlsing nén z\(cos@ + ising) Nguoc lai, sO phite z#0 viet dudi dang z=r(cosp+ising) voi r>0 thi Hinh 11 r=|z| va g lA mot argument cla 2. Dang z=r(cosp+ising) voi r>0 goi 1a dang licong gide cia s6 phitc 2 #0 (con goi la dang modun-argument cha z ). Chi ¥: * Ngudi ta con ding ki higu argz dé chi mot argument ctia = va cing doi khi coi s6 phtte z= 0 cé argument 1a so thuc tiy ¥. * Néu g 1a mot argument cua z thi —g 1a mét argument cla 23 tir d6 khi 2 =|2|(cosg+ising) #0 thi 1 (cos(-) + isin(-g)) osp-ising).Vi du: Moi argument cia 2 =1-i 1a > +k2a (k €Z) va moi argument cia 1) lb Z+k2r (kez). b) Nhan, chia sé phitc dudi dang luong gidc. Cong thite Moivre va ting dung Cho hai s6 phtic z=r(cosp+tising), w= p(cosy tisiny) (r, p. g weR. ? =-1) thi theo cong thiic cong trong luong gidc (xem lai muc I), ta c6 zw=rp(cose+ising)(cosy +isiny) =rp|cosgcosy —singsiny + isin gcosy +siny cose)] =rp(cos(yty)+ising+y)) va tird6, Khi w #0 (tte la p #0), ta 06: 2 a2) 2" feoty—y)+ising-y)].- wow p : argument ctia tich hai s6 phtfc 14 téng cla cdc argument cua hai so phic dé, cdn argument ciia thuong hai sé phtic 1a hiéu cla cdc argument cita hai s6 phic d6. Day 1a ¥ nghia hinh hoc (lugng gic) dep dé cia tich, thuoing hai sé phttc. Tir dé suy ra vdi moi s6 nguyen duong 7 ta Cong thife nay goi 1A cong tite Moivre (Khir #0, cong thite d6 cing ding Coi z° =1 khi 7 #0) Khi r =1, tadugc: (cosg + ising)" =cos ng + isin ng] (véi moi sé nguyén 7); cOng thite nay cling duoc goi la cong tute Moivre.a-i? Vi du: Dé tim phan thuc, phan ao cla sé phtte z= 7» ta c6 thé tinh (Su) weir _ (V2) 4 Loef = 4 arg z = 2arg(1—i)—3arg(—V3 +2) -2-£)-s( 3 )--3 (mod2z) , 1 --.0 4 tird6 suy ra z= Nguoi ta thudng néu hai ing dung sau day clia cong thite Moivre: i) Tinh can bac n cita so phite w. Cho s6 phite w va s6 nguyén duong n. Méi nghiém cia phuong trinh z goi la mot can bac n cla w. RO rang w=0 chi cé mot can bac n, do la sé z=0. Voi w 40, vict w dudi dang luong gide w=r(cosg+ising) (r=|w|>0). Ta di tim z= p(cosy +isiny), p=|zl>0 sao cho z”=w. Theo cong thie Moivre, ta duge p" (cos ny + isin ny) = r(cos p+ ising) va suy ra: pate, y=L kon (keZ). nn Dé ¥ rang argument cia nén cho k=0, 1, 2, phitc khdc 0 xdc dinh sai khac boi nguyén cha 27 .n-1,tadugc n gia tri phan biét cla z. Vay mdi sé phitc w#0 c6 n can bac n phan biét; chting duge biéu dién béi cdc dinh cita mot n-gidc déu noi tiép dudng tron tam tai gdc toa do O, ban kinh Yr (khi n=2, d6 1a hai diém doi xting qua O : xem lai muc II.1.h).Vi du: Do w=8i c6 mot argument bang Fi nén ba can bac 3 ca 8i 1A cdc so phic : 21 =2{ cos +isin™) V3 +i Hinh 1.2 3a. 3a . cos—+ isin }=-2i. 2 2 (xem hinh 1.2) ii) Ung dung vao lugng gidc Tinh sinng, cos np (n la s6 nguyén duong cho trudc) theo cac lity thita cla sing, cosy. Chang han khi n =3, taco: (cose + ising)’ =(cosg)’ +3(cosg)’ (ising) +3(cosg)(ising)” +(ising)* = cos’ g—3cospsin’ 9 +i(3cos? psin y—sin’® g) ma theo céng thttc Moivre thi vé trai bing cos3¢ + isin 3¢, nén suy ra: cos39 = cos’ g-3cosgsin? g =4cos* p—3cosp 3 gy =3sing—4sin® g sin39 =3cos” gsing—s (xem lai phan 1.2). Tuong tu, khi n=4,do (cose +ising)’ = cost p+4(cosg)’ (isin g)+6(cosg) (ising) + . +4(cosg)(ising) +(ising)* nén tir cng thtte Moivre suy ra 7 cos4y =8cos' y—8cos* y+1, — sin4dg =8cos? gsing—4cosgsing. 15c) Cong thitc Euler Moi s6 phic z v6i médun bang I déu viet dugc dudi dang z=cosptising (eR, @ xéc dinh sai khac A272, ke Z). Biéu thite cosg+ising cdn duge viet tit Ae" (Idy thita cha sé duong ¢ v6i sé mii ig tuong tu hinh thie véi lily thita e” véi n 1A sé nguyén), tte 1a dat e =cos+ising (coi e° =1). (Hoc sinh Anh, My con viét cisg dé ghi biéu thie cosy +ising vi céc chit edi c, i, s nhac nho dén cos, i, sin). Khi dé quy tac nhan sé phttc dudi dang luong gidc dugc dién ta thanh (0 ol — glory) quy tac chia s6 phitc thanh ig e io-y Taelew), el va cong thttc Moivre tro thanh (e” i =e"? (n la s6 nguyen) Ro rang e!? = le ap vatacé: el? | e+e cos in ? 2 2? 2 cac cong thie nay duge goi la cong thie Euler. Ung dung : Voi n nguyén duong cho trudc, c6 thé tinh tich cos” g, sin” g theo cose, sing, cos2g, sin2g, ..., cosng, sinng . Ching han: 4 i 4 oto 2Fler) afer) eases (er) le) )0(e") (e*) | ale” -e®)! =A le} fee) -te er -e)| ]-fcamtessioo) cos4g +4cos29+3). Chi ¥: Moi sé phtic z c6 thé viet dudi dang z =|z/e'”(g 1a mot argument cia z), dang dé goi 1a dang mit cia 80’ phite 2. BAI TAP CONG THUC LUGNG GIAC TRONG TAM GIAC Sau day la mét sé bai tap sit dung cdc cong thitc luong gidc dé xdy dung mot sohé tite long gidc trong tam gidc ABC. 1. Ching minh ring a) ss 2 2 2 b) cos +605 B+ cosC =1+4sin 4 sin Ssin& c) sin? A+sin? B+sin? C =2+2cos Acos BeosC d) tan A+tan B+tanC = tan A.tan B.tanC A.B BoC cA e) tan—tan— + tan—tan— + tan—tan— =1 2 2) 2 2 2 2 2A-DSVGT 1 17A B Cc A Be f) cot—+cot— + cot — = cot — cot — cot — 2 2 2 2 2 2 g) cot Acot B+cot BcotC + cot Ccot A=1. SO PHUC VA SO PHUC DUGI DANG LUONG GIAC 2. 18 Chiing minh rang dé tim nghiém thuc cila phuong trinh bac 3 : w+ pr+q=0, ba 3 (p,q lacéc hing s6 thyc cho truéc, p <0, (2) (8) <0), c6 thé dat x =2 5 cosw r6i hay gidi phuong trinh bac ba dé. Vi du : Giai phuong trinh x° -3x-1=0 da 2 x < = = +a @ 1a 86 4o khéc 0 cho trudc. Ching minh rang s6 phttc 2 théa man 2 za s6 thuc khi va chi khi z la s6 40 khac a Xéc dinh tap hop cdc diém trong mat phang phttc biéu dién cdc sé phitc 1a s6 Ao khi va Ching minh ring voi hai s6 phic a, B cho truéc thi 2*2 = chikhi |a|=|f| vaa# B. Cho A, B, C 1a ba diém phan biét trong mat phang phitc theo tht tu biéu dién cdc 86 phic or, B, y. Ching minh ring 4, B, C 1a ba dinh cia mét tam giée déu khi va chi khi c6 mot trong cdc dang thtic sau: a) @+Bj+yj? =0, trong dé j 1a mot nghiém cia phuong tinh 1+z+2z? =0; b) a? +f? +7? -ap- py-ya=0. Cho 4,B,C 1d ba diém phan biét trén dudng tron don vi (dudng won tam O, ban kinh 1) trong mat phéng toa do Oxy theo thit ty bigu dién céc s6 phite @, B, 7. 2-DSVOT IT10. ll. 12. Ching minh rang ABC 1a tam gidc déu khi va chi khi cé mot trong cdc diéu kien : a) a+Br+ b) a@B+ Bytya=0 a) Cho hai sé phtic a, 8 biéu dién béi hai diém phan biet 4, B trong mat phang toa dé. Chiing minh rang tap hgp céc diém biéu dién céc sé phttc at Bz (trong d6 z 1a 86 phitc ty ¥, | z|=1 nhung z # -1).la dudng trung truc ciia doan thing AB b) Chiing minh rang | z|S Tim cdc s6 phtfc w dé phuong trinh bac hai déi v6i z sau day 24(wtlz+w? =0 cé it nhat mot nghiém thuc. Giai phuong trinh én C: z44(2-4)* =82, Giai he phuong trinh ba én phttc 2, 2), 23 sau: at2+2,=1 247923 =1 xa *) Ia 86 thuc (1 s6 40). a) Tim so nguyén duong n bé nhat dé sé phitc 2 -i b) Tim s6 phic z biét [z-1-iJ=V5 va argument cia z-i bang Athan (keZ) c) Hdi khi no cé s6 phitc 2 ma argument cila z—2-i bing at k2a (ke Z) va mot argument cla z—1 bang geR voi cosg>0, tang=! (/ 1a s6 thuc cho truéc) ? 1913. 14, 15. 20 1 a) Tim dang Iuong gidc cia s6 phic [TSOP +!SiN® (Ry (pis str miu sO 1+cosy—ising khac 0). b) Tim dang lugng gidc ca s6 phtic (1+sing+icosg)* (peR) c) Chitng minh ring sé phic z théa man | z|=1, z #1 khi va chi khi c6 s6 thuc a dé 2=2*! Tinh a khi z=cosotising. a Ding céng thtfc Moivre (va cong thttc Euler) dé tinh : a) cosa +cos(a +9) +cos(a +29) +...+.cos(a@ +ng) , sing +sin(a +g) +sin(a@ +29) +...+sin(a + ng), (a, ge R, n nguyén duong cho trudc); b) cosy+cos39 +cos5¢ +...+cos(2n—lep, sing +sin3g+sinS¢ +...+sin22n-Ng, (a, ge R. n nguyén duong cho trudc). Ching minh : Is 2n+l 2 2kx__,) z -1=(z-NJ || 22-22 1 ¢c a) z @-) ( rea | 4) not b) eee ery (ze) kel no) sink 8 T[sin _v2n+1 fa Qn tt antl gh” 1 on hn [eos 2n+l (trong d6 [ug la tich cc $6 14,19,.-..U,)- kal§2. HAM SO LUGNG GIAC VA PHUGNG TRINH LUGNG GIAC CO BAN 1. Cac ham sé y = sinx va y = cosx * Cac ham so y Ham s6 y = sinx Ia hm s6 18, ham s6 y = cosx la ham s6 chan, sinx vay = cosx c6 tap xac dinh 1 R , c6 tap gid tri la [-1; 1]. * Chiing 1a nhiing ham sé tudn hoan véi chu ki co so 27 . Thue vay, sé T ma p . n a (7) sin(x+7)=sinx véi moi x thi khi x=>,ta phai co sin al ea tir do a+ T= a +k2n (ke Z) (nhin wen dudng tron luong’ gidc!), suy ra T=k2n, kheZ Neguoc lai, 16 rang sin(x+k2z) =sinx voi moi xeR. Tuong tu, ham s6 y = cosx cé chu ki co sé 277 Vay dé khao sat sur bin thién cla céc ham s6 nay, chi cn xét chung tren doan dai 27 . * Voi méi diém M trén dudng tron long gidc, goi H, K theo thtf ty 1a hinh chiéu cia M trén truc hoanh (truc césin), truc tung (truc sin). Quan sat chuyén dong cita diém H, diém K khi M chay trén dudng trdn luong gidc theo chiéu duong mot vong, dé thay: 3a 5 A ji - ( y = sinx déng bién tren (-5: A nghich bién tren | 2; %) 22 (22 y =cosx déng bién tren (—7; 0), nghich bién trén (0; 7). n Bict cde gid wi sins, cosx tai ede diém dic bigt x=0, x=4%, x= 27 . dé lap duoc bang bién thién cita cde ham sO y = sinx va x trén [-2; 2], phdc hoa duge dé thi cia ching réi ding tinh chat 2122 tudn hoan chu ki 27 cla cdc ham s6 y = sinx, y = cosx, phdc hoa duge dé thi cua cdc ham dé nhw trén hinh 1.3 Hinh 1.3 Do y =cosx = sin( x2) nén dé thi cia ham s6 y = cosy suy ra dugc tir dé thi cla ham s6 y = sinx bang cdch tinh tién dé thi ham so y = sinx sang trdi doan c6 do dai z. * Ham sé y=asin(ox+6)+e (a, b,c, o€ Raw #0) 1a mot ham s6 tudn hoin véi chu ki co's 2% vi \o| asin(o(x+T)+b)+c =asin(ox+b)+c, VxeR © sin(ox +b +07) = sin(ox +b), VxeR © of =k2n (ke Z) erak keZ). a Dé thay tap gid wi ca ham s6 la [-lal+e ;|al+c]. D6 thi cdc ham s6 dé cé dang tuong tu dé thi ham sé y = siny nén goi ching 1a duéng hinh sin, RO rang ham s6 y=acos(@x+b)+e (a, b, c, aE Raw 40) ah 5 eet ee . 2 A cing IA mot ham sé tudin hoan véi chu ki co sé = va dé thi ciia né cing [a oO mot dudng hinh sin. :* Xétham so y=asinx+beosx (a, be R, a? +b? #0). Co thé viet cosx |. asinx +hcosx=Va EOP Tegan he 2 2 Do (=) (pea) =I nén c6 aeR (xéc dinh sai khéc Var +e?} \Va2+5? 2 a f b 2ka, keZ) dé cosa ===, sina=————, Va? +0? Va? +6? asinx+bcosx= Va? +b" sin(x+a). Vay y=asinx+bcosx (a? +b? #0) 1a mot ham sé tudn hoan véi chu ki co tkdd s& 2 , dé thi LA mot dudng hinh sin (tap gid ti la [ver +b?; Va? +b ] ). Cac ham sé y = tanx va y = cotx Ham s6 y = tanx 6 tap xéc dinh 1a D, = R {Es kalke zh, ham s6 y =cotr c6 tap xéc dinh la D, = {ka|keZ}. Ching la nhimg ham s6 lé, cé tap gid tri la R ; 18 nhig ham sé tuan hoan véi chu kico so 7 Ham s6 y = tanx déng bién tren méi khodng (- +h 7 + ts] ke Z. D6 thi cla né nhan méi duéng thang x = Ske (k €Z) lam mot dudng tiem can (tie 1a diém M tren 46 thi c6 hodnh do cang gan Stkn thi M cing xa gc toa d6 O nhung cang gan dudng thing x =~ +-k7 ), (Kem hinh 1.4). 8 8 fg 5 Ham s6 y = cotx nghich bién tren méi khoing (ka; 7+kr), keZ. D6 thi nhan méi dung thing x = kz (k ¢ Z) lam mot dung tim can. (Xem h.1.5). 23oy y 7 Nia haa Hy 1 w ay ts | | y= tane y= cote Hinh 14 Hinh 1S 3. Phuong trinh long giac co ban va ham sé luong giac ngugc Cac phuong trinh luong gidc sinx = m, cosx = m, tanx = m, cotx = m, trong dé x 1a an sO (xR), m la sé thyc cho truéc goi 1a céc phuong trinh luong gide co ban. a) Phuong trinh sinx =m 1) R6 rang khi |m| > 1, phuong tinh vo nghiém. 2) Khi m=1 thi nghiém 1a xa 5+2kn voi keZ. Khi m=-1 thi nghiém la xa 54 2ka voi keZ y: 3) Khi |m| <1, xét dudmg tron lugng gidc géc A, tam O, lay diém K trén truc sin sao cho OK =m, ké duéng thing qua K vudng géc véi truc sin cat dudng tron lugng gidc tai hai diém M,, Mz thi s6 do cia méi géc long: gid (OA, OM,), (OA, OM) 1a mot nghiém cita phuong tinh. (Xem hinh 1.6). Hinh 16 24N&u s6 do mot géc lugng gidc (OA, OM) 1a a thi s6 do ciia moi géc lugng gidc (OA, OM) IA a+k2r (kEZ) va s6 do cia moi géc lugng gide (OA, OM ) la w-a+k2n (keZ). Vay tap nghiém cua phuong trinh sinx = m la {a+k2n|keZ}U{2—a + k2n|k eZ} va ta viet : [. x=a+kin sinx =m <> (keZ) x=a-at+k2nr hoac viet sinx =m<¢>x=(-ltatkn, keZ. Neu chon M, thudc phan ben phai truc tung cita dudng tron long gic thi c6 thé xét s6 do @ clia (OA, OM) thda man 2 sinx =m, 7 S85 va ta cé sinx =m <> x=(-1)‘ arcsinm+ka, keZ Cho m thay ddi thi arcsinm thay d6i theo va ta dugc ham s6 (doi khi ki hi¢u m thanh x, cdn x thanh y) ben > [3 5] xb» y=aresinx, N6 1a ham sé ngugc ciia ham sé 25[ee] 1, phuong trinh vo nghiém. 2) Khi |m| <1, xét dudng trdn lugng gic géc A, tam O, lay diém H tén truc césin sao cho OH =m, ké dung thang qua H vuong géc voi truc césin cat duéng tron luong gidc tai hai diém N,. Nz (xem hinh 1.8) thi sé do cia mdi géc lugng gide (Ox, ON), (Ox, ON>) 1 mot nghiém cita phuong trinh, tir dé suy ranéu a 1a Hinh 18 mot nghiém cia phuong trinh cosx = m thi tap cde nghiem cia n6 1a {+a +k2z|k € Z} va viet: cosx=me>x=tatk2r,keZ. 26Dé thay phuong trinh c6 nghiém duy nhat a thoa man O cosx=m, 0SxS7 va ta cé cosx =m <> x= tarccosm+2ka, keZ Cho m thay déi thi arccosm thay déi theo va ta duge ham sé (doi khi ki hiéu m thanh x, con x thanh y) [1] > [0 x] xX - y=arccosy. N6 1a ham sé nguoc clia ham sé [o: z] > [- 1] x yscosx, D6 thi cla hai ham s6 nay (vé trong cing hé truc toa d6) déi xttng voi nhau qua dudng Hinh 19 thang y = x (xem hinh 1.9). Trong may tinh ding ki higu cos” thay cho arccos. Vi du : Gidi phuong trinh cml . 2) 7 5 : Dé thay arccos 5 = a nén ta duoc tka, keZ a. 3 xa 2s bn, ke ¢) Phuong trinh tanx =m Xét dudng trdn Luong gidc géc A, tam O, lay diém T trén truc tang sao cho AF =m. Dudng thing OT cét dudng tron Ign gidc tai hai diém A, Py Adi xiing qua O, s6 do clia méi géc ngng gide (Ox, OF), (Ox, OP,) 1a mot nghiém cia phuong trinh (xem hinh 1.10). Tirdé suy ra néu @ 1a mot nghiém 27cia phuong tinh tanx = m thi tap nghiém cia phuong trinh dé 1a {a+k7|k eZ} vata con viet : tanx=max=atka (keZ). Dé thay phuong trinh cé nghiém duy nhat @ thoa min ~tx=arctanmtka (keZ)| Cho m thay ddi thi arctanm thay déi theo va ta duge ham s6 (doi khi ki hiéu m thanh x, con x thanh y) : Hink 110 7 R > {-2,2 2°2 x > y=arctan x. N6 1A ham s6 nguge cita ham s6 (-3: 5)+ R 272 x y=tanx. Hinh 1.1L D6 thi cita hai ham s6 dé (vé trong cing hé truc toa do) déi xing qua duémg thang y = x (xem hinh 1.11). Trong méy tinh ding ki hiéu tan” thay cho arctan. a) Phuong trinh cotx = m Khi m=0, cotx=Oeox=F kn, _ 1 Khi m#0, cotx=me tanx=— © x=arctan—+ka, keZ. _ om Ciing c6 thé xét ham sé R — (0; 2) x +> y=arccotx 2816. 17. (xée dinh béi: arccotx= y <> coty=x, O x=arccotm+kr, keZ Hinh 1.12 BAI TAP Chting minh 4 2 2 a) arcsin— +arccos —= = arccot—; 5 V5 i b) arctan > arctan 1, 2 arctan : 3 4 3 c) arctan (—2) + arctan (-3) = -%. Ching minh ring véi moi xe R, |x[<1, tacd : : n aresin x = —aresin(—x) = Dt —arccos x = arctan x a . arccos x = 7 —arccos(—x) = 7 aresin xX =arecot Je : l-x a : arctan x = ~arctan(—x) = 7 eeotx = arcsin og Vie 2918. Ching minh rang véi x, ye R, |x| <1, |»]<1, tacé: a) arcsin x +aresin y = aresin( efi? + y i=) néu xy $0 hoae x7 +? <1 : ar -aresin{ ry? +yVimx?) nex >0,y>0.x 4y?>1 =x atesin( vyi—y? + y 1-3?) néux<0,y<0.x2 49? >1 arcvos( ay -Vi=? Vi] néux+y20 b) arccos x+arecos y = —— 2 ~are00s( xy - i= Wi-y) néuxty <0. 19. Ching minh rang véi x, ye R, xy #1, tacé: x+y arctan=~ néu xy0,xy>1 x+ =a +arctan2*» néu x <0,xy>1. §3. PHUONG TRINH LUGNG GIAC DON GIAN I. MOT SO NHAN XET VE PHUONG PHAP GIAI 1. Céc bude giai mot phuong trinh luong gidc Giai phuong trinh luong gidc gém ba bude co ban sau day : Bude 1 : Dat diéu kién dé phuong trinh xéc dinh. Buéc 2 : Giai phuong trinh. Buéc 3 : Loai nhing nghiém vi pham diéu kién dat ra & bude 1. (Biéu dién diéu kién, két qua thu duoc & buéc 2 tren dudng tron luong gidc néu cin). (sin3x-sin x)(cot? x—1) ‘Vi du 1. Giai phuong trinh cos3x +cosx 30Gidi. Diéu kién : x#—+— 4 2 cos3x # —cés [cos3x # cos( — { * hE xe-Ztma (kymleZ). sinx #0 |sinx #0 xin Phuong trinh da cho tuong duong hai trudng hop : 1) sin3x sin x = 0 < sin3x = sinx xaka kn (keZ). 2 x . cotx=1 ae 2) cot? x-1=0 ° (keZ). cotx=—1 3a ae D6i chigu v6i diéu kién, ta thay phuong trinh v6 nghiém. O Vi du 2. Giai phuong trinh V2cos* x +cosx—1=sinx. Ww 2cos? x +cosx—-120 V2cos* x +cosx—1 =sinx. Ta thay néu sinx <0 thi phuong trinh vo nghiém nén ta cé Gidi. Ta c6 qd) | sinx20 we 2cos* x +cosx-120 2 ‘ 2cos* x +cosx—1=sin? x. Nhiing x 1a nghiém cita phutong trinh 2cos? x +cosx~1=sin? x thi théa man 2cos? x+cosx-120 nen: 31sinx20 inx>0 Mey) ee 2 2cos” x+cosx-1= sin“ x 2cos” x+cosx—1=1—cos* x sinx>0 cosx=—1 sinx20 | (sinx 20 3cos?x+cosx-2=0 | |°"* 5 cosx =— 3 cosx=—1 sinx20 2 cosx=+=cosa(0 (cot2x-1)(cot? 2x+cot2x+3) =0 ecot2x=1e2x=Z+kreox= tthe, 4 8 2 Két hop véi diéu kién ta duge x = Fake 2.8 (keZ).0 Dap so: ip s6 7 © Sut dung cac hang dang thitc luong gidc va dai sé Vi du 4. Gidi phuong trinh = 4cosx—2sinx =3+cos2x. Gidi. Phuong trinh da cho duge viét lai (cos x +sin x) + 3(cos.x —sin x) =3+ (cos x—-sin x)(cos.x +sin x) . Sit dung dang thie : au+bv=ab+uv © (u~b)(v—a)=0, phuong trinh da cho tuong duong véi (cosx +sin x-3)(cosx-sin.x=1) =0 f Xx aa © cosx—sinx-1=0 Sas ee Vik . x x © 2sin=]| cos +sin 2 2 Xét haj trudng hop : a) sing =0<> 2 = km co r= 2ke (keZ). b) cos +sin> =Oe3 tan = Leo t=“ thn ee x= 2 4 2ka (keZ). 33 3ADSVGT IDap sO: x=2k7, xa-S42ke (keZ).0 Vi du 5, Giai phuong trinh cos5x+ ! +4sin3xsinx =2. cosx Gidi. Diéu kién : cosx eco xe T+ke (keZ). Tacé — cosSx =(cos5x+cos3x)—(cos3x + cos x) + cos x =2cos4xcosx—2cos2xcosx+cosx. Suy ra £28 < 2cos4x—2c0s2x+1=1-4sinxsin3x. Vay phuong trinh da cho tuong duong voi $ 1 cor ey coeoe > (o0s5s-1 j=0 cosy cosx cosx cosSr=1 | x= 2h ° | “| 5 (ke Z) (théa man diéu kign). cosx=1 x=2kr 2. Phuong phap so sanh © Sit dung bat ding thie luong gidc Vi du 6. Giai phuong trinh cos x +cos3x = tan~+cot~. Gidi. Diéu kién : sin cos 40 x#2kn (ke Z). - Xét trudng hop tan? <0, tacé tan~+cot><-2, xay ra dau dang thie khi va chi Khi tan =-1,ma cosx+cos3x>—2, xy ra dau dang thttc khi va chi khi cos x = cos3x = Vay phuong trinh duge nghiém ding khi va chi khi 34 3B-DSVGT 11x eee an (eZ) cosx=—1 eae 3 A td x ae a - Xét trudng hop a >0, tacd tan 7 toot 22, dau dang thttc xay ra khi va chi khi tan2-=1, ma cosx+cos3x <2, dau dang thie xay ra khi va chi khi cosx =cos3x=1. Vay phuong trinh dugc nghiém ding khi va chi khi tan* =1 4 (v6 nghiém). cosx=1 Dap sO: x=-2+4ke (keZ).0 © Su dung bat dang thite dai sé 1 1 Vi du 7. Giai phuong trinh sin* x+5cos! re 2 : b Gidi. Sit dung bat dang thite a? +b? +c? 23") ta thu duge ee le sin’ x+| 25 *} 4) 28 | 55 2 2 2 5 Datu ding thiic xy ra khi va chi khi 2 sin? x = 28 * 6 3sin? x =1 2 x=@+2kr ae xen-a+2kt («0¢[-Z.4]}< ~ al (kleZ).0 sin B x= B+2lz. x=n-f+2n 35{ du 8, Giai phuong trinh 8cot? x+2tan® x=10 Gidi. Ap dung bat ding thttc Cauchy cho 10 sé hang, ta c6 * (cot? x+cot? x+...+ cot? x) +(tan® x + tan® x)= 10. 886 hi es Dau dang thiic xay ra khi va chi khi cot? x= tan’ x tanx=+1<> 3. Phuong phap xét su bién thién Vi du 9. Giai phuong trinh cos* 3x - sin? 3x = (sin x + cos x)(2sin 2x -1). Gidi. Phuong trinh di cho tuong duong véi : cos® 3x ~ sin? 3x = sin3x—cos3x. Gia sit cos3x cos’ 3x —sin? 3x <0, phuong trink khong théa min. Gia sit cos3x > sin3x => cos’ 3x —sin’ 3x 2 0 = sin3x > cos3x. Vay phuong trinh chi cé nghiém khi rT sin3x = s3x eo tan3x=1eo 3x4 thn coxa +k (ke Z). ad Dap 6: x= 4+k2 (ke Z).0 aps6: x= +kZ (ke Z) II. MOT SG DANG PHUONG TRINH LUONG GIAC DON GIAN 1. Sir dung cong thitc sin? a+cos?a=1 dé giai Khi ta sit dung céc ding thitc dé gidi phuong trinh, thuc chat 1a da thuc hién cde phép bién déi dai sd, vi thé céch gidi cdc phuong trinh luong gidc gidng hét céch gidi mot sé phuong trinh va hé phuong trinh dai s6. Do dé, 6 day chting tdi trinh bay song song cdc phuong trinh lugng gidc va cde phuong trinh dai sé hay hé phuong trinh dai s6 cé cach giai tuong tu dé cdc ban dé so sénh. 36Vi du 10. Giai cdc phuong trinh, hé phuong trinh a) sin x +cos* x =sin x +cosx Gidi.a)Tacé sin? x+cos* x =sinx+cosx <9 (sinx +cosx)(I-sin xcos.x) = sinx+cosx © (sinx +cosx)sinxcosx =0. Xét cdc trudng hop : i) sinx=0e9 x=ka (ke Z). ii) cosx=Oeox=2 tka (keZ). iii) sinx+eosx=0<> tnx=—leox=—4 tka (keZ). Két hop nghiém, ta duge dap sé : xa tke : xe (keZ). 2 , a So +y [@ty)xy=0 one c x? +y? 1, a) sin’ x+cos” x=sinx—cosx b) Gidi.a)Tacé sin’ x+cos* x =sinx—cosx = sin? x + cos? x =(sin x —cos.x)(sin? x + cos” x) © 2cos? x+sin? xcosx—sin xcos” x=0 2 ° cos x{ 2cos? x+sin? x-sinxcosx 37* Trudng hop cosx=0 thi x= Ft kr(k Z) langhiém cita phuong trinh * Truong hop, cosx #0. Chia ca hai vé cia phuong trinh cho cos*x #0, ta thu dugc tan? x—tanx +2 =0 (v6 nghiém). Dap so: xaZ tke (keZ). b) Hé da cho tuong duong véi fon er Seys(e-yorty?) [2x +)x7-ay7=0 7 2 +y=1 =0 el 7% of Qo a LUrrr—~—s—SSs M61 s6 phuong trinh luong gid duoc gidi bang cdc phép bién déi hoan toan dai 86. Duéi day ching ta xét mét sé vi du minh hoa. Vi du 12. Giai céc phuong trinh, hé phuong trinh 2,42 5 x+yo=1 a) cos’ x~sin’ x=—cosx+sinx of 7 xy =-xty, Gidi. a) Phuong trinh da cho duge viét dudi dang cos’ x+cosx=sin’ x+sinx. Néu cosx > sin.x thi vé tréi > vé phai, suy ra phutong trinh vo nghiem. Néu cosx 0,cosx 20. utv=l+uy 4 Dat u = Vsinx,v=Vcosx, (u,v 20), ta dugc hé { ub +y Tacé laut +vt =? +y?)? -20?v? =[(u tv)? 2a}? - 207? ma u+v=l+4uv néntacé 1=[(+uv)? 2? 200? 9 1= 0? v? +1)? - 27? aut +1 uw =0 =0 Hé trén tuong duong véi { 1 hoac { v= v=0. Vay hé da cho wong duong voi |" = ° x= 4% (ke z).0 cosx=0 2 Dé bien doi phuong trinh lugng gidc, cdc ban nén chi ¥ dén mét s6 dang twong duong ciia cong thitc Py-ta-go (sin? x+cos* x =1) : sin? x = (I—cosx)(1+cosx), cos” x = (1-sin x)(1+sin x), +cosx=1 (khi 1l+cosx #0). 1+cosx Vi du 14, Giai cdc phuong trinh ae) sn? sin® x 3sin* x a) tanx=cosx+———__ b) V3+cosx =2cosx+ 1+cosx 1+cosx 1+cosx ' c) tan? x= - . l+sinx 39Gidi. a) Diéu kién : cosx #0, cosx #-1. Ap dung dang tuong duong cia cOng thttc Py-ta-go, ta c6 : sin? tant =cosx+— "eo tanx=leox=24kr (ke Z). 1+cosx 4 Keét hop diéu kién, duge nghiém la x “4+ kas keZ. b) Digu kien cosx 4 -1. Phuong trinh da cho tuong duong cosx + \3+e0sx = 34> 3 + .cosx = (3 — cosx)’ <> cos’x — Tcosx + 6 =0 & cosx= 1 x= 2kn (k € Z). (loai) c) Diéu kién cosx # 0. Phuong trinh da cho tuong duong l-cos*x _1+cosx 1+cosx \f1—cosx = Loose 2, | Leos | 1608 1) 20 1-sin?x 1+sinx 1+sinx )\ 1-sinx l+e ; i - © ( +ensay(sinx cos x) =0 cos” x Xét cdc trudng hop : a) cost =-] x= +42kn (ke Z). b) sinx = cosx © tanx = 1 exs Seka (keZo 2. Phuong trinh dang Asinx + Bcosx = C Phuong trinh bac nhat d6i véi sinx va cosx cé dang Asinx + Boosx=C (*) C6 thé gidi phuong trieh nay theo céch sau : (*) 4 VA +B? (aaa) 40cosa = : B sina =——=——. VA? +B? “Vase Phuong trinh c6 nghiém Khi va chi khi A? + B’ > C?. VA° +B Tir d6, (*) tr6 thanh sin(x +a) Ngoai cdch giai trén, ta cdn 06 thé gidi bing céc cdch khéc. a) Néu [4] = |C| hoac |B| = |C| Khi d6 chting ta gidi phuong trinh nhd hing ding thttc luong gidc. Vi du 15, Giai cdc phuong trinh a) 3sinx — 2cosx = 2 b) sine + 3cosx = 1. Gidi, a) Ta 06 3sinx — 2cosx = 2 <> 3sinx = 2(1 + cosx) © 6sin~ cos = eos? ° 2eos> (sin ~2e08 Xét hai trudng hop : © cost a0 2 = 2 thn vant kn. p 2 2 pu x 8 e 3sin= —2cos— =0 tan= = == tana 2 _ es =atkneo x= 2a + 2kn (ke Z). b) sirix + 3cosx = 1 < 3cosx = | - sinx. ( a = ee 2) ( x xy <> 3] cos——sin= |} cos—+sin= |= | cos~~sin— : 2) 3) 2 2 2 2 <> (cos sin’ 2cos~+4sin= |=0 2 "2 2 2 41x = aka x 4 727" ben.a satkr (x=2at+2kr b) Néu [4] # |C|, |B] #|C| 2 Céch gidi : Dat r= tan®. Khi dé sine = 75 ; cose = 1-5. 2 l+r lee Vi du 16. Gidi cdc phuong trinh a) 3sinx + cosx = 2 b) 4sinx + cosx = 3 tian. Gidi. a) Néu x = 7 + 2k7 thi sinx = 0 ; cosx = —1 khéng théa man phuong trinh. Vay x= + 2km khong 1 nghiem. Xét x é m+ 2kn, khi 46 cos £0. Dat r= tan? duge 1 34v6 oh =20 641-7 =24+2P 3? 6+ 1=00 ; l+r 132¥6 a Xét hai truéng hop: a) tan 2 328 nace mathe co e= 202k (keZ). 3-V6 b) tan = = tan Bo 5 =f thr eo x= 28+ 2kn (keZ). Dap s6: x=2@+2ka;x=2B+2ka (keZ) +6 4 rota 3-96 3 voi @ = arctan b) Digukien: x#7+2k7 (ke Z). Dat tatnd, ta thu duge 428 1-" pt Ste BHP =P 4307 4043 Tete eh P44? -714+2=0 2 (t-1I? 451-2) =0 -5+V33 @tel; reo 2 Xét cdc trudng hop : —rr—r—r—C—C—= 2 2 2 x _ $+ 33 # tend = = tana et aatkresx=2a+2kr (keZ). . tan = S93 an p co Xa pekn es v0 28 2h (2. Nhdn xét : Khi gidi cde phuong trinh cé diéu kién phu thi dat t= tant thuong tién Igi hon cdc each dat khdc Vi du 17. Giai cdc phuong trinh va hé phuong trinh 3sinx+2cosx=1 a) 3sinx+|2cosx-I]=1 ; 1 pps oe Gidi. a) Dat t= tans, ta thu duge 1 1-37 >0 ess 6r+1-3 =142? | (47? -6r=0 1-37? <0 poi 6t=1437 =1477 3 7 2t° + 6t-2=0. 43~3-Vi3 Gidi ra ta duge 1 = 0;¢ === . Suy ra _. 2” = 2k: JB ° 2 oe (keZ). tan =o ee poate nial b) Dat t= tans ta thu duge ~ 6f+2-207 =/ +1 o 414150 2 et=l+——e 37-6r-1=0 = |f=1£—— v3 2 (owes t—4t+1<0 ° Suyra tan2=1+.=tana 2 2a+ke & x=2042ke (keZ).O 2 V3 2 Mot sé phuong trinh dua vé dang Asinx+Bcosx=C Sit dung cdc phép bién déi : a) sin(x +@) =cosa@sinx +sina cosx = asinx +bcosx (a=cosa;b=sin@). b) cos(x+@) =cosa@ cos x —sinasinx = asinx + bcos x(a =—sina;h = cosa) ©) (asin x+b, cos x)(ay sin x +b, cos x) = aay sin? x-+ iba cos* x + (ajby + ayb,) sin x cosx (1- Son 1 C0828 1+cos2x +(%2 + ab, )sin2x 2 2 2 = Asin2x+ Beos2x+C. (A= by + ayb, B= bby = aay C= yay +bb2 2 2 dé dua phuong trinh vé dang Asinx+Bcosx=C. 44Vi du 18. Gidi phuong trinh 2sin( r+2 sins 2008%=3. Gidi. Ta c6 (8). _ 2sin(x+Z sins 20sx=3. Visinx toons sine + 2eonx=3 © (14+-V3)sin x = 3(1-cosx) 2(1+y3)sinZ cos = 6sin® > @ 2sin2} (1+. ¥3)cos~ -3sin= |=0. p 2 2 Xét hai trudng hop a) sin} = Oo = kr co x= 2k (keZ) b) ant —193 cana co Sather x=20+2ke (keZ).0 Vi du 19. Giai cdc phuong trinh a) Bsinx+cosx)(cosx—2sin x) =1 b) asin(x+)oos(x+%)-1 "6 3 oO) 2eosxeos{ s+) 4sin2x=1. Gidi. a) Ta c6 (3sin x +cos.x)(cosx—2sin x) =1¢> cos” x—6sin? x +sinxcosx =1 L+eos2x _ 6(1-cos2x) | si 2 =1 7cos2x+sin 2x =7 © 2sinxcosx =14sin? x <> 2sinx(cosx—7sinx) = 0 kn atk. sinx=0 ‘ ] 1 (keZ). eae 7 45b) Taco asin( +2 Jos{ 6 . eo det 5 =F 4 2kn eo xke (keZ). =14> 2 sin(QQx+2)-sin =1esin( 2x42)-1 26 2 c)Tacé: : 2eosoos{ +} sin2x=1.>o0e{ 20+) cos dsin2x=1 3 © 4 (cos 2x V5 sin 2x) 44.4 4sin2x = 19 cos 23+ (8-V3)sin 2a =I © 2(8- V3)sin xe0s x = 2sin’ x € 2sinx[ (8-V3)cosx-sinx ]=0 sinx=0 xakn ° ° (keZ).0 tanx =8-V3 = tana x=atkn 3. Phuong trinh cé chifa biéu thitc sin x + cos x 46 Khi gap phuong trinh lugng gidc c6 chifa biéu thite sin x+cos.x, ta cd thé tim céch rat (sinx+tcosx) lam thita sO chung dé don gian phuong trinh. Luu ¥ mOt s6 cach bién ddi sau day : 1) cos2x = (cosx—sin x)(cos x +sin x) 2) 1+sin 2x = (sin x + cos x)? 3) L+tanx=— cos x (sin x +cos x) 4) et Gen) sinx 5) sinx+ 4) =sinx+cosx 6) VPeos(x—7) =cosx+sinx 7) sin? x +cos? x = (sin x + cos x)(1—sin xcos x)8) sin3x—cos3x =(sinx +cosx)(4sin xcos.x—1) 2(cosx—sin x\(cos x +sin x) 9) cot x—tanx =2cot2x = - : sin 2x 3x. 10) 14 sin? = cos~* + cos? Ssin3t sin x +cosx) ) ( 785 2 =) = ( y sin3x , cos3x +—— 1) : = 4cos2x = 4(cos x—sin x)(cosx+sin x). sinx cosx Vi du 20. Gidi phuong trinh sau ; 123 , 2083x VBsin{ 4% ) sinx cosx 4 Huéng dan. Diéu kién : sin2x #0. Phuong trinh da cho tuong duong vdi 4cos 2x = sin x +cosx <> (sinx +cos x)(4cosx—4sinx-1)=0 sinx+cosx=0 tanx=—-1 |. sin x—cosx sate — = sin3x—cos3x. sinx cosx 3x Vi dy 21. Giai phuong trinh © Huong dan. Diéu kién sin 2x #0 Phuong trinh da cho tuong duong voi 4cos 2x = sin3x —cos3x © A(cos x sin x)(cos x + sin x) = (sin x + cos x)(2sin 2x—1) = (sin x +cos x)[2sin 2x-1—4(cosx—sin x)]=0. Xét cdc trudng hop : a) sinx+cosx=0 tanx= b) 2sin2x—4(cosx-sinx)-1=0. Dat = cosx—sin x,|t|< V2, khi do 7? 47