SUBJECT THEMODYNMICS

SUBMITTED TO SIR ALI MURAD JOKHIO

GROUP MEMBERS
Sanaullah Baloch 19MN12
Kiran Kumari 19MN24
Sajid Gopang 19MN40
Abdul basit 19MN38
Mustaneer 19-18MN04
Sohail 19-18MN41

DEPARTMENT MINING ENGINEERING

 OPEN ENDED LAB

Object
To determine the choking condition in convergent Nozzle

Equipment
Nozzle pressure distribution unit

Theory
Nozzle
A nozzle is a device that increases the velocity of a fluid at the expense of
pressure. ... The cross sectional area of a nozzle decreases in the flow direction
for subsonic flows and increase for supersonic flows.
Convergent Nozzle
A convergent nozzle is a nozzle that starts big and gets smaller-a decrease in
cross-sectional area. As a fluid enters the smaller cross-section, it has to speed
up due to the conservation of mass. To maintain a constant amount of fluid
moving through the restricted portion of the nozzle, the fluid must move faster
The Nozzle Pressure Distribution Unit
The Nozzle Pressure Distribution Unit, "TPT", allows to investigate the pressure
distribution and the mass flow rate in nozzles (convergentdivergent and convergent
nozzles). The unit includes three types of nozzles: Convergent type (conical) nozzle,
with 6 pressure tappings

Choked Condition
When the back pressure is equal to the inlet pressure, then no fluid can flow through
the nozzle. As the back pressure is reduced the mass flow through the nozzle increases.
However, when the back pressure reaches the critical value, it is found that no further
reduction in back pressure can affect the mass flow. When back pressure is equal to the
critical pressure, then velocity at exit is sonic and the mass flow through nozzle is at a
maximum and the condition is called as choked condition. The maximum mass flow
through a convergent nozzle is obtained when the pressure ratio across the nozzle is
equal to the critical pressure ratio.
FORMULA

Procedure
 Connect the equipment (Figure 4.2) to compressed air (up to 9 bar) supply.
 Using inlet pressure control valve, set the inlet pressure to 5.4 bar,
 Using outlet pressure control valve (needle valve). set the back pressure
initially 5.4 bar.
 Note the mass flow.
 Reduce the back pressure by 0.4 bar and note the values