❳⑩❈ ❙❯❻❚ ❚❍➮◆● ❑➊

❚!♥ ❚❤➜% ❚&

✣➔ ◆➤♥❣✱ ✷✵✶✾

❚!♥ ❚❤➜% ❚& ✶✴✷✻

❈❤"#♥❣ ✹✿ ❚❤)♥❣ ❦➯ ♠- .↔
✶✳ ❚-♥❣ .❤➸ ✈➔ ♠➝✉
❛✳ ❈→❝ ❦❤→✐ ♥✐➺♠✿
✲ ❚!♥❣ $❤➸ ✿ "➟♣ ❤&♣ "♦➔♥ ❜+ ❝→❝ ♣❤➛♥ "/ "❤0♥❣ ♥❤➜" "❤❡♦ ❞➜✉ ❤✐➺✉ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝9✉✳ ❚<♥❣
"❤➸ ❝> "❤➸ ❤?✉ ❤↕♥ ❤♦➦❝ ✈C ❤↕♥✳
✲ ▼➝✉ ✿ ♠+" "➟♣ ❝♦♥ ❜➜" ❦➻ ❝G❛ "<♥❣ "❤➸✳ ❙0 ❧K&♥❣ ♣❤➛♥ "/ ❝G❛ ♥> ✤K&❝ ❣M✐ ❧➔ ❦➼❝❤
"❤KO❝ ❤❛② ❝Q ♠➝✉✳
✲ *❤➨♣ ❧➜② ♠➝✉✿ ✈✐➺❝ ❝❤M♥ ♠+" "➟♣ ❝♦♥ ❜➜" ❦➻ ❝G❛ "<♥❣ "❤➸✳
✲ ▼➝✉ ♥❣➝✉ ♥❤✐➯♥✿ ♠+" ♠➝✉ ❧➔ ♥❣➝✉ ♥❤✐➯♥ ♥➳✉ ✈✐➺❝ ❝❤M♥ ❝→❝ ❝→ "❤➸ ✤K&❝ "✐➳♥ ❤➔♥❤
✤+❝ ❧➟♣ ✈➔ ❝> ①→❝ U✉➜" ❝❤M♥ ♥❤K ♥❤❛✉✳
❱➲ ♠➦" "♦→♥ ❤M❝✱ ♠+" ♠➝✉ ♥❣➝✉ ♥❤✐➯♥ ❦➼❝❤ "❤KO❝ n "Y "<♥❣ "❤➸ ❝> ♣❤➙♥ ♣❤0✐ "❤❡♦ ❜✐➳♥
♥❣➝✉ ♥❤✐➯♥ X ❝> "❤➸ ①❡♠ ♥❤K ♠+" ❜+ n ❜✐➳♥ ♥❣➝✉ ♥❤✐➯♥{X1 , X2 , ..., Xn } ✤+❝ ❧➟♣ ✈➔
❝> ❝[♥❣ ♣❤➙♥ ♣❤0✐ ✈O✐ X✳

❚!♥ ❚❤➜% ❚& ✷✴✷✻

✲ ❈❤♦ ♠➝✉ ♥❣➝✉ ♥❤✐➯♥ {X1 , X2 , ..., Xn }✳ ❑❤✐ ✤>✿

✰ ❇+ n {x1 , x2 , ..., xn } ❝b "❤➸ c✉❛♥ "❤✉ ✤K&❝ ✤K&❝ ❣M✐ ❧➔ ♠➝✉ $❤3❝ ♥❣❤✐➺♠✳
❣✐→ "`a
✰ ▼+" ❤➔♠ ✭✤♦ ✤K&❝✮ T = T(X1 , X2 , ..., Xn ) ✤K&❝ ❣M✐ ❧➔ ♠+" $❤6♥❣ ❦➯ "`➯♥ ♠➝✉
♥❣➝✉ ♥❤✐➯♥ {X1 , X2 , ..., Xn }✳

❜✳ >❤➨♣ ❧➜② ♠➝✉ ✤E♥ ❣✐↔♥✿

✲ ▲➜② ❝> ❤♦➔♥ ❧↕✐✿ ❈❤M♥ ♥❣➝✉ ♥❤✐➯♥ ♠+" ❝→ "❤➸ "Y "<♥❣ "❤➸✱ ❣❤✐ ❧↕✐ ❝→❝ ❞➜✉ ❤✐➺✉ ❝➛♥
c✉❛♥ "➙♠ ✈➔ ❤♦➔♥ "`↔ ❧↕✐ ✈➔♦ "<♥❣ "❤➸ "`KO❝ ❦❤✐ ❝❤M♥ "✐➳♣ ❧➛♥ U❛✉✳
✲ ▲➜② ❦❤C♥❣ ❤♦➔♥ ❧↕✐✿ "Ki♥❣ "j "`➯♥✱ ♥❤K♥❣ ♣❤➛♥ "/ ✤K&❝ ❧➜② `❛ ❦❤C♥❣ "`↔ ❧↕✐ ✈➔♦
"<♥❣ "❤➸ "`KO❝ ❦❤✐ ❝❤M♥ "✐➳♣✳

❚!♥ ❚❤➜% ❚& ✸✴✷✻

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 ✷✳ ❇↔♥❣ &➛♥ ()✱ &➛♥ (✉➜&
❛✳ ▼➝✉ ❦❤2♥❣ ❣❤➨♣ ❧6♣
✲ ❇↔♥❣ %➛♥ '(✿

●✐→ %-. x1 x2 ✳✳✳ xm

❚➛♥ '( n1 n2 ✳✳✳ nm

%-♦♥❣ ✤3 x1 , ..., xm ❧➔ ❝→❝ ❣✐→ %-. ❦❤→❝ ♥❤❛✉ ✈<✐ '( ❧➛♥ ①✉➜% ❤✐➺♥ ❧➔ n1 , ..., nm ✳
✲ ❇↔♥❣ %➛♥ '✉➜%✿

●✐→ %-. x1 x2 ✳✳✳ xm

❚➛♥ '✉➜% f1 f2 ✳✳✳ fm
m
P
%-♦♥❣ ✤3 fi = ni /n, n = ni ✳ ●✐→ %-. fi ✤@A❝ ❣B✐ ❧➔ ➛♥ #✉➜ ①✉➜% ❤✐➺♥ ❝C❛ xi %-♦♥❣
i=1
♠➝✉✳

❚!♥ ❚❤➜% ❚& ✹✴✷✻

❱➼ ❞: ✶
❑❤↔♦ #→ ✉+✐ ❝.❛ ♠1 ♥❤2♠ ❤3❝ ✈✐➯♥ ❤3❝ ❛♥❤ ✈➠♥ ↕✐ ♠1 8✉♥❣ ➙♠ ♥❣♦↕✐ ♥❣;✱ ❛ ❤✉
✤>?❝ ❜↔♥❣ #A ❧✐➺✉ #❛✉✿

❚✉+✐ ✶✺ ✶✻ ✶✼ ✶✽ ✶✾

❙A ❧>?♥❣ ✹ ✻ ✸ ✺ ✼

❱➼ ❞: ✷
❑❤↔♦ #→ ♥❣➝✉ ♥❤✐➯♥ ♠1 ♥❤2♠ ♥❣>P✐ ✈➲ ✈✐➺❝ ❤3 #R ❞T♥❣ ♣❤>V♥❣ ✐➺♥ ❣➻ ❤>P♥❣ ①✉②➯♥
♥❤➜ ✤➸ ✤3❝ ❜→♦✿ ❜→♦ ❣✐➜②✱ ♠→② ➼♥❤✱ ✤✐➺♥ ❤♦↕✐ ❤❛② ♠→② ➼♥❤ ❜↔♥❣✳ ❑➳ ^✉↔ ✤>?❝ ❤➸
❤✐➺♥ ♥❤> #❛✉✿

_❤>V♥❣ ✐➺♥ ❇→♦ ❣✐➜② ▼→② ➼♥❤ ✣✐➺♥ ❤♦↕✐ ▼→② ➼♥❤ ❜↔♥❣

❙A ❧>?♥❣ ✺ ✷✵ ✺✵ ✶✺

❚!♥ ❚❤➜% ❚& ✺✴✷✻

❜✳ ▼➝✉ ❣❤➨♣ ❧6♣

❑❤✐ %❛ %❤✉ ✤@A❝ ♠➝✉ ❞H ❧✐➺✉ ✈<✐ ♥❤✐➲✉ ❣✐→ %-. ❦❤→❝ ♥❤❛✉ %❤➻ ♥❣@K✐ %❛ %✐➳♥ ❤➔♥❤ ❝❤✐❛
♠✐➲♥ ❣✐→ %-. %❤➔♥❤ ♥❤✐➲✉ ❦❤♦↔♥❣ [ai−1 , ai ) ❦❤M♥❣ ❣✐❛♦ ♥❤❛✉✳
✲ ❇↔♥❣ %➛♥ '(✿

❑❤♦↔♥❣ ❣✐→ %-. [a0 , a1 ) [a1 , a2 ) ✳✳✳ [am−1 , am )

❚➛♥ '( n1 n2 ✳✳✳ nm

✲ ❇↔♥❣ %➛♥ '✉➜%✿

❑❤♦↔♥❣ ❣✐→ %-. [a0 , a1 ) [a1 , a2 ) ✳✳✳ [am−1 , am )

❚➛♥ '✉➜% f1 f2 ✳✳✳ fm

◆❤➟♥ ①➨&✿ ❚❤M♥❣ %❤@K♥❣ ❝→❝ ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ❝❤✐❛ ❝3 ✤N ❞➔✐ ❜➡♥❣ ♥❤❛✉✳ ❚✉② ♥❤✐➯♥✱ %T② %❤✉N❝
✈➔♦ ♠U❝ ✤➼❝❤ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝W✉ ♠➔ %❛ ❝3 %❤➸ ❝3 ♥❤H♥❣ ❝→❝❤ ❝❤✐❛ ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ❦❤→❝ ♥❤❛✉✳

❚!♥ ❚❤➜% ❚& ✻✴✷✻

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 ❱➼ ❞# ✸
❈➙♥ #❤% ✶✵✵ #(→✐ #→♦ ✈-❛ #❤✉ ❤♦↕❝❤✱ #❛ ✤45❝ ❜↔♥❣ 9: ❧✐➺✉ 9❛✉✿
❑❤:✐ ❧45♥❣ ✭❣✮ ❬✶✵✵❀✶✷✵✮ ❬✶✷✵❀✶✹✵✮ ❬✶✹✵❀✶✻✵✮ ❬✶✻✵❀✶✽✵✮ ❬✶✽✵❀✷✵✵✮
❙: #(→✐ ✶✷ ✶✾ ✸✶ ✷✸ ✶✺

❱➼ ❞# ✹
❑❤↔♦ 9→# #❤K✐ ❣✐❛♥ #(✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ✭#➼♥❤ ❜➡♥❣ ❣✐K✮ ♠➔ ♠Q# ♥❣4K✐ #- ✤Q #✉R✐ ✶✺ #(S ❧➯♥ ❞➔♥❤
✤➸ ✤W❝ #✐♥ #X❝ #❤K✐ 9Y ♦♥❧✐♥❡ #(♦♥❣ ♠Q# ♥❣➔② S ♠Q# #❤➔♥❤ ♣❤:✱ 9: ❧✐➺✉ ✤45❝ #❤➸ ❤✐➺♥ S
❜↔♥❣ 9❛✉✿
✣Q #✉R✐ ❬✶✺✱✷✵✮ ❬✷✵✱✸✵✮ ❬✸✵✱✹✵✮ ❬✹✵✱✺✵✮ ≥ 50
❚❤K✐ ❣✐❛♥ #(✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ✶✱✶ ✷✱✷ ✷✱✼ ✶✱✾ ✵✱✼

❚!♥ ❚❤➜% ❚& ✼✴✷✻

✸✳ ❈→❝ *+ ✤➦❝ ./0♥❣ ♠➝✉

❛✳ ❚/✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ✈➔ ♣❤0>♥❣ *❛✐ ♠➝✉
❈❤♦ {x1 , x2 , ..., xn } ❧➔ ♠➝✉ () ❧✐➺✉ ❝-❛ ❜✐➳♥ ♥❣➝✉ ♥❤✐➯♥ X ✳
✲ ❚7✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ♠➝✉✱ ❦➼ ❤✐➺✉ ❧➔ x✱ ✤=>❝ ?➼♥❤ ?❤❡♦ ❝A♥❣ ?❤B❝✿
n
x1 + x2 + ... + xn 1X
x= = xi
n n
i=1

✲ D❤=E♥❣ (❛✐ ♠➝✉✱ ❦➼ ❤✐➺✉ ❧➔ s2 ✱ ✤=>❝ ?➼♥❤ ?❤❡♦ ❝A♥❣ ?❤B❝✿

 
n n
1 X 1  X
s2 = (xi − x)2 = x2i − n(x)2 
n−1 n−1
i=1 i=1

✲ ✣G ❧➺❝❤ ❝❤✉➞♥ ♠➝✉✱ ❦➼ ❤✐➺✉ s✱ ✤=>❝ ?➼♥❤✿

√
s= s2
❚!♥ ❚❤➜% ❚& ✽✴✷✻

◆❤➟♥ ①➨.✿
✐✮ ❑❤✐ ♠➝✉ ✤=>❝ ❝❤♦ K ❞↕♥❣ ❜↔♥❣ ?➛♥ ()✿
X x1 x2 ✳✳✳ xm
ni n1 n2 ✳✳✳ nm

✲ ❑➼❝❤ ?❤=P❝ ♠➝✉✿ n = n1 + n2 + ... + nm ✳

1 Pm
✲ ❚7✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ♠➝✉✿ x = ni x i ✳
n i=1 " #
1 m
✲ D❤=E♥❣ (❛✐ ♠➝✉✿ 2 2 2
P
s = ni xi − nx .
n − 1 i=1

❚!♥ ❚❤➜% ❚& ✾✴✷✻

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 ✐✐✮ ❑❤✐ ♠➝✉ ' ❞↕♥❣ ❜↔♥❣ ❣❤➨♣ ❧1♣✿

X a0 − a1 a1 − a2 ✳✳✳ am−1 − am
ni n1 n2 ✳✳✳ nm

45♦♥❣ ✤8 ak−1 − ak = [ak−1 ; ak )✳

ak−1 + ak
✣➦4 xk = 4❛ ✤<=❝ ♠➝✉ ❞↕♥❣ 4❤✉ ❣?♥✿
2
❳ x1 x2 ✳✳✳ xm
ni n1 n2 ✳✳✳ nm

❚!♥ ❚❤➜% ❚& ✶✵✴✷✻

✐✐✐✮ ❚➼♥❤ x ✈➔ s ❜➡♥❣ ♠→② 4➼♥❤ ❈❆❙■❖ ❋❳✺✼✵❱◆ S▲❯❙✳

✲ ▼♦❞❡ →✸→✶
✲ ❇➟4✴4➢4 4➛♥ `a✿ ❙❤✐❢4 → ❙❊❚❯S → ❘❊S▲❆❨ ✭ ↓✮ → ✹✭❙4❛4✮

✲ ◆❤➟♣ `a ❧✐➺✉✱ ❦➳4 4❤l❝ ♥❤➟♣✿ ❜➜♠ ❆❈

✲ ▲➜② x✿ ❙❤✐❢4 → ✶ → ✹ → ✷ → ❂
✲ ▲➜② s✿ ❙❤✐❢4 → ✶ → ✹ → ✹ → ❂

❱➼ ❞# ✺
❈❤✐➲✉ ❝❛♦ ✭♠➨+✮ ❝-❛ ✶✵ 0✐♥❤ ✈✐➯♥ ✤↕✐ ❤6❝✿
1.75, 1.69, 1.70, 1.82, 1.68, 1.72, 1.70, 1.67, 1.71, 1.68

❚➼♥❤ +:✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ♠➝✉✱ ♣❤AB♥❣ 0❛✐ ♠➝✉ ✈➔ ✤D ❧➺❝❤ ❝❤✉➞♥ ♠➝✉✳
✣→♣ ()✳
x̄ = 1, 712; s2 = 0.00197; s = 0.0444

❚!♥ ❚❤➜% ❚& ✶✶✴✷✻

❱➼ ❞# ✻
❉♦❛♥❤ +❤✉ X ✭+:✐➺✉ ✤J♥❣✮ +:♦♥❣ ✶✵✵ ♥❣➔② ✤AL❝ ❝❤6♥ ♥❣➝✉ ♥❤✐➯♥ ❝-❛ ✶ ❝M❛ ❤➔♥❣✿
X ✶✾✱✵ ✲ ✶✾✱✹ ✶✾✱✹ ✲ ✶✾✱✽ ✶✾✱✽ ✲ ✷✵✱✷ ✷✵✱✷ ✲ ✷✵✱✻ ✷✵✱✻ ✲ ✷✶✱✵
ni 15 25 30 20 10

❚➻♠ +:✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ♠➝✉ ✈➔ ✤D ❧➺❝❤ ❝❤✉➞♥ ♠➝✉✳

●✐↔✐✳ ❉↕♥❣ 4❤✉ ❣?♥✿

X ✶✾✱✷ ✶✾✱✻ ✷✵ ✷✵✱✹ ✷✵✱✽

ni 15 25 30 20 10

❈→❝ `a ✤➦❝ 45<♥❣ ♠➝✉✿

x̄ = 19, 94; s = 0, 48

❚!♥ ❚❤➜% ❚& ✶✷✴✷✻

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 ❜✳ ❚#✉♥❣ ✈( ♠➝✉
❙➢♣ ①➳♣ ♠➝✉ () ❧✐➺✉ -❤❡♦ -❤1 -2 -➠♥❣ ❞➛♥✱ ❣✐↔ (: x1 ≤ x2 ≤ ... ≤ xn ✳ !✉♥❣ ✈& ♠➝✉✱ ❦➼
❤✐➺✉ xmed ✱ ①→❝ ✤A♥❤ ❜C✐✿

x n+1 ,
 ♥➳✉ n ❧➫✱
xmed = x n2 + x n +1
 2
 2
♥➳✉ n ❝❤➤♥✳
2

❝✳ ❍➺ ./ 012♥❣ 3✉❛♥ ♠➝✉

❈❤♦ {(x1 , y1 ); (x2 , y2 ); ...; (xn , yn )} ❧➔ ♠➝✉ ❤❛✐ ❝❤✐➲✉ ❝K❛ ✈❡❝-M ♥❣➝✉ ♥❤✐➯♥ (X, Y )✳ ❍➺
+, -.♥❣ /✉❛♥ ♠➝✉ ✤OP❝ ①→❝ ✤A♥❤ ❜C✐✿
Pn
i=1 (xi− x)(yi − y)
r = pPn Pn
2 2
i=1 (xi − x) i=1 (yi − y)

❚!♥ ❚❤➜% ❚& ✶✸✴✷✻

✸✳ ❇✐➸✉ ✤:
❛✳ ❇✐➸✉ ✤: ❝❤♦ ❞> ❧✐➺✉ #@✐ #↕❝✿
✲ ❇✐➸✉ ✤5 ❝7 ✿ ✤R -❤A ❣R♠ ❝→❝ ❝S- ❤➻♥❤ ❝❤U ♥❤➟- ❝W ❝❤✐➲✉ ❝❛♦ ❜➡♥❣ -➛♥ () ✭-➛♥ (✉➜-✮
-OM♥❣ 1♥❣✳
✲ ✣❛ ❣✐→❝ ➛♥ +, ✿ ✤O\♥❣ ❣➜♣ ❦❤]❝ ♥)✐ ❝→❝ ✤✐➸♠ (x1 , n1 ), ..., (xk , nk ) -_➯♥ ♠➦- ♣❤➥♥❣✳
✲ ✣❛ ❣✐→❝ ➛♥ +✉➜ ✿ ✤O\♥❣ ❣➜♣ ❦❤]❝ ♥)✐ ❝→❝ ✤✐➸♠ (x1 , f1 ), ..., (xk , fk ) -_➯♥ ♠➦- ♣❤➥♥❣✳
✲ ❇✐➸✉ ✤5 ❤➻♥❤ !>♥✿ ❤➻♥❤ -_b♥ ✤OP❝ ❝❤✐❛ _❛ ❝→❝ ♣❤➛♥ ❝W ❞✐➺♥ -➼❝❤ -➾ ❧➺ ✈d✐ -➛♥ (✉➜- ✭-➛♥
()✮ -OM♥❣ 1♥❣✳

❚!♥ ❚❤➜% ❚& ✶✹✴✷✻

❱➼ ❞E ✼
❈❤♦ ❞B ❧✐➺✉✿

X ✶ ✷ ✸ ✹ ✺

❚➛♥ +, ✶✷ ✸✵ ✷✵ ✶✶ ✼

❚➛♥ +✉➜ ✵✳✶✺ ✵✳✹ ✵✳✸ ✵✳✶✹ ✵✳✶

❍➣② ✈➩ ❝→❝ ❜✐➸✉ ✤5✿

✲ ❜✐➸✉ ✤5 ❝7 ✭ ➛♥ +,✱ ➛♥ +✉➜ ✮
✲ ✤❛ ❣✐→❝ ➛♥ +,✱ ➛♥ +✉➜
✲ ❜✐➸✉ ✤5 ❤➻♥❤ !>♥

❚!♥ ❚❤➜% ❚& ✶✺✴✷✻

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❚!♥ ❚❤➜% ❚& ✶✻✴✷✻

❚!♥ ❚❤➜% ❚& ✶✼✴✷✻

❚!♥ ❚❤➜% ❚& ✶✽✴✷✻

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 ❜✳ ❇✐➸✉ ✤' ❝❤♦ ❞, ❧✐➺✉ ❧✐➯♥ 12❝✿
✲ ❚! ❝❤$❝ ✤& ✭❤✐)*♦❣-❛♠✮✿ ●✐↔ %& ♠➝✉ ❞+ ❧✐➺✉ ✤/0❝ ❝❤✐❛ ❧➔♠ m ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ✤➲✉ ♥❤❛✉ ✈;✐
✤< ❞➔✐ ♠=✐ ❦❤♦↔♥❣ ❧➔ h✳ ❑❤✐ ✤@ AB ❝❤C❝ ✤D ❝E❛ ♠➝✉ ❞+ ❧✐➺✉ ♥➔② ❧➔ ♠<A ❤➻♥❤ ❜➟❝ A❤❛♥❣
❣D♠ m ❤➻♥❤ ❝❤+ ♥❤➟A ❝@ ✤→② AKL♥❣ ✈;✐ AKM❝ ❤♦➔♥❤ ✈➔✿
✰ ✣< ❞➔✐ ❝↕♥❤ ✤→② ❤➻♥❤ A❤C i ❧➔ ❝❤✐➲✉ ❞➔✐ h ❝E❛ ❦❤♦↔♥❣ A❤C i✳
✰ ❈❤✐➲✉ ❝❛♦ ❝E❛ ❤➻♥❤ A❤C i ❜➡♥❣ di ✱ AK♦♥❣ ✤@✿
⊲ di = ni ✿ AB ❝❤C❝ ✤D A➛♥ %✉➜A
ni
⊲ di = ✿ AB ❝❤C❝ ✤D A➛♥ %✉➜A
n
ni
⊲ di = ✿ AB ❝❤C❝ ✤D ♠➟A ✤<
n.h
✈;✐ ni ❧➔ %V ❧/0♥❣ ❝→❝ ❣✐→ AKW ♥➡♠ AK♦♥❣ ❦❤♦↔♥❣ A❤C i ✈➔ n = n1 + n2 + ... + nm ✳

❱➼ ❞2 ✽
❉2 ❧✐➺✉ ✤67❝ ❦❤↔♦ )→* *; ❜✐➳♥ ♥❣➝✉ ♥❤✐➯♥ ❧✐➯♥ *A❝✳ ▼✐➲♥ ❞2 ❧✐➺✉ ✤67❝ ❝❤✐❛ *❤➔♥❤ ✶✵
❦❤♦↔♥❣ ✤➲✉ ♥❤❛✉✳ ❈→❝ *! ❝❤$❝ ✤& ✤67❝ ①➙② ❞M♥❣ ♥❤6 N ❤➻♥❤ )❛✉ ✤➙②✳

❚!♥ ❚❤➜% ❚& ✶✾✴✷✻

❚!♥ ❚❤➜% ❚& ✷✵✴✷✻

✲ ❇✐➸✉ ✤& ①→❝ )✉➜* ❝❤✉➞♥✿ ●✐↔ %& ♠➝✉ %V ❧✐➺✉ ❝E❛ ❜✐➳♥ ♥❣➝✉ ♥❤✐➯♥ ❧✐➯♥ AM❝ X ✤➣ %➢♣ A❤C
A] A➠♥❣ ❞➛♥✿
x1 ≤ x2 ≤ x3 ≤ ... ≤ xn .
❱;✐ i = 1, 2, ..., n✱ ✤➦A  
i − 0.5
zi = Φ−1 ❤❛② Φ(zi ) = (i − 0, 5)/n.
n

❇✐➸✉ ✤% ①→❝ )✉➜+ ❝❤✉➞♥ ❧➔ "➟♣ ❤&♣ ❝→❝ ✤✐➸♠ ❝- ".❛ ✤0 (zi ; xi ), i = 1, 2, ..., n "1➯♥ ❤➺

"15❝ ".❛ ✤0 ❉❡8❝❛1"❡8 ✈✉;♥❣ ❣-❝ Ozx✳

◆➳✉ (zi ; xi ), i = 1, 2, ..., n ♥➡♠ ①➜♣ ①➾ "1➯♥ ✶ ✤EF♥❣ "❤➥♥❣ "❤➻ ❝- "❤➸ ①❡♠ ❜✐➳♥ ♥❣➝✉

♥❤✐➯♥ X ❝- ♣❤➙♥ ♣❤L✐ ❝❤✉➞♥✳ ✣EF♥❣ "❤➥♥❣ ♥➔② ❝- ♣❤EP♥❣ "1➻♥❤✿

x = σ̂z + µ̂,

✈R✐ µ̂ = x̄, σ̂ = s ✲ "1✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ✈➔ ✤0 ❧➺❝❤ ❝❤✉➞♥ ♠➝✉ ✤E&❝ "➼♥❤ ❞V❛ "1➯♥ ♠➝✉ ✤➣ ❝❤♦✳

❱➼ ❞# ✾
◗✉❛♥ )→+ ❜✐➸✉ ✤% ①→❝ )✉➜+ ❝❤✉➞♥ )❛✉ ✤➙②✳
❚!♥ ❚❤➜% ❚& ✷✶✴✷✻
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 ❇■➎❯ ✣➬ ❳⑩❈ ❙❯❻❚ ❈❍❯❽◆

6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0

•1.5 •1.0 •0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5

❚!♥ ❚❤➜% ❚& ✷✷✴✷✻

✹✳ 1❤➙♥ ♣❤6✐ ♠➝✉

✣;♥❤ ❧= ✶✿ ◆➳✉ {X1 , X2 , ..., Xn } ❧➔ ♠➝✉ ♥❣➝✉ ♥❤✐➯♥ ❝-❛ ❜✐➳♥ ♥❣➝✉ ♥❤✐➯♥ X ❝0 ♣❤➙♥
♣❤3✐ ❝❤✉➞♥ N (µ; σ2 ) 5❤➻
√
σ2  (X − µ) n
❤❛②

X ∼ N µ, ∼ N (0, 1).
n σ

✣;♥❤ ❧= ✷✿ ◆➳✉ {X1 , X2 , ..., Xn } ❧➔ ♠➝✉ ♥❣➝✉ ♥❤✐➯♥ ❝-❛ ❜✐➳♥ ♥❣➝✉ ♥❤✐➯♥ X ❝0 ♣❤➙♥
♣❤3✐ ❝❤✉➞♥ N (µ; σ2 ) 5❤➻✿
(n − 1)S 2 √
∼ χ2n−1 , n(X − µ)/S ∼ Tn−1
σ2
◆❤➟♥ ①➨D✿ ❚:;<♥❣ ❤=♣ ❦❤✐ X ❦❤?♥❣ ❝0 ♣❤➙♥ ♣❤3✐ ❝❤✉➞♥✳ ◆➳✉ ❦➼❝❤ 5❤;B❝ ♠➝✉ ❧B♥
✭n > 30✮ 5❤➻ 5❤❡♦ ✤H♥❤ ❧I ❣✐B✐ ❤↕♥ 5:✉♥❣ 5➙♠✿
√
σ2  n(X − µ)
❝0 ♣❤➙♥ ♣❤3✐ ①➜♣ ①➾ ✈➔ ❝0 ♣❤➙♥ ♣❤3✐ ①➜♣ ①➾ N (0, 1)

X N µ,
n S
❚!♥ ❚❤➜% ❚& ✷✸✴✷✻

❱➼ ❞H ✶✵
❈❤✐➲✉ ❝❛♦ ❝(❛ )❤❛♥❤ ♥✐➯♥ )✉➙♥ )❤❡♦ ❧✉➟) ♣❤➙♥ ♣❤1✐ ❝❤✉➞♥ N (µ; σ2 )✱ ✈5✐ µ = 165✭❝♠✮
✈➔ σ = 5✭❝♠✮✳ ❚➼♥❤ ①→❝ ?✉➜) ❝❤✐➲✉ ❝❛♦ )A✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ❝(❛ ✶✻ )❤❛♥❤ ♥✐➯♥ ✤HI❝ ❝❤J♥ ♥❣➝✉
♥❤✐➯♥ ❧5♥ ❤L♥ ✶✻✼ ✭❝♠✮✳
●✐↔✐✳ ●P✐ Xi ❧➔ ❝❤✐➲✉ ❝❛♦ ❝-❛ 5❤❛♥❤ ♥✐➯♥ 5❤R i, i = 1, 16✳
✣➦5 X̄ = (X1 + ... + X16 )/16✳ ❑❤✐ ✤0✱ X̄ ❝W♥❣ ❝0 ♣❤➙♥ ♣❤3✐ ❝❤✉➞♥ ✈B✐ 5:✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤
µ = 165 ✈➔ ♣❤;X♥❣ Y❛✐ σ 2 /n = 25/16✳
❳→❝ Y✉➜5 ❝➛♥ 5➻♠✿
 
167 − 165
P (X̄ > 167) = 1 − P (X̄ ≤ 167) = 1 − Φ = 0.0548
5/4

❚!♥ ❚❤➜% ❚& ✷✹✴✷✻

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 ❱➼ ❞# ✶✶
✣➸ ♥❣❤✐➯♥ ❝(✉ ✈➲ ,❤➙♠ ♥✐➯♥ ❝/♥❣ ,→❝ ✭,➼♥❤ ,34♥ ♥➠♠✮ ❝7❛ ♥❤➙♥ ✈✐➯♥ 9 ♠:, ❝/♥❣ ,② ❧=♥✱
♥❣?@✐ ,❛ ❦❤↔♦ D→, ,❤➙♠ ♥✐➯♥ ❝7❛ ✶✵✵ ♥❤➙♥ ✈✐➯♥ ✤?H❝ ❝❤I♥ ♥❣➝✉ ♥❤✐➯♥ ,3♦♥❣ ❝/♥❣ ,②✳
❑➳, N✉↔ ♥❤? D❛✉✿
❚❤➙♠ ♥✐➯♥ ✺✲✼ ✽✲✶✵ ✶✶✲✶✸ ✶✹✲✶✻ ✶✼✲✶✾
❙Z ♥❤➙♥ ✈✐➯♥ ✽ ✷✶ ✸✻ ✷✺ ✶✵
❛✳ ❍➣② ,➼♥❤ ❣✐→ ,3^ ,3✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ♠➝✉ ✈➔ ❣✐→ ,3^ ✤: ❧➺❝❤ ❝❤✉➞♥ ♠➝✉✳
❜✳ ●✐↔ De ,❤➙♠ ♥✐➯♥ ❝/♥❣ ,→❝ ❝7❛ ♥❤➙♥ ✈✐➯♥ 9 ❝/♥❣ ,② ,3➯♥ ❧➔ ❜✐➳♥ ♥❣➝✉ ♥❤✐➯♥ X ❝f ❦g
✈I♥❣ ❧➔ ✶✷ ♥➠♠ ✈➔ ✤: ❧➺❝❤ ❝❤✉➞♥ ❧➔ ✸ ♥➠♠✳ ❚➼♥❤ ①→❝ D✉➜, ✤➸ ,3✉♥❣ ❜➻♥❤ ♠➝✉ ♥❤➟♥ ❣✐→
,3^ ❧=♥ ❤k♥ ✶✷✱✺ ♥➠♠✳

❚!♥ ❚❤➜% ❚& ✷✺✴✷✻

●✐↔✐✳ ❉↕♥❣ $❤✉ ❣'♥✿

❚❤➙♠ ♥✐➯♥ ✻ ✾ ✶✷ ✶✺ ✶✽
❙5 ♥❤➙♥ ✈✐➯♥ ✽ ✷✶ ✸✻ ✷✺ ✶✵

❛✳ ❈→❝ >5 ✤➦❝ $AB♥❣ ♠➝✉✿ x̄ = 12, 24; s = 3, 27✳

❜✳ ❚❤❡♦ ✤G♥❤ ❧I ❣✐J✐ ❤↕♥ $A✉♥❣ $➙♠ X̄ ❝K ♣❤➙♥ ♣❤5✐ ①➜♣ ①➾ ❝❤✉➞♥ N (12; 32 /100) =
N (12; 0, 09)✳ ❉♦ ✤K✿
 
12, 5 − 12
P (X̄ > 12, 5) = 1 − Φ √ = 0.0478
0, 09

❚!♥ ❚❤➜% ❚& ✷✻✴✷✻

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