koaoeun Cpeanue paamepst (MM) rHeSn 2KeAUHOM ORCAHKK Ha PassMMBAx pacreHMsX Uuexo Hapyxxnuie Jlorox Pacrenus rasan | ae xuaMerp aucora zuawerp | —_ray6nua Kycrapaukosue 70 :103,4x113,8 72,0. -61,6x65,6 47,2 B Tom aneze: munoBHHk 45° 104,8X113,9 71,0. 61,8x65,8 47,5 mpyrue Kycrap- wHKiL 25 100,9X113,5 73,9 61,2x65,2 46,6 Tpapsnncrne 31 -112,0X125;5 79,3 5B,6xX63,0 46,8 B Tom aucae: ueprono.10x 17 114,2x 130.1 85,5 59,4X64,0 45,8 apyrie Tpapst 14 108;3X120,0 71,8 ~—-57,6x61,8 48,0 Bee paecte 101 105,9X117,4 74,2 60,7x 64,8 47,1 ObITb HECKObKO, B TOM 4HCe HCOAHHAKOBLIC CTPOHTeAbHbIe cnocobHOCTH y urum pasnoro sospacta. Uspecten cayuaii, Kora B OAHOM ypounile, B OHH H TOT we AeHb (21.06.1966) 6bi1H HafineHD 2 xMIbIX rHe3fa, 06a T10- CTPpOeHbI B OCHOBHOM H3 XKXHBOPOAAMMero MATINKAa H BecHBUIHe 24 u 7 Fr. Huctutyt sooaorun AH KasCCP Tloayseno 19.11.84 YIIK 598 2/9—15 B. A. Bysyx COBPEMEHHDIE JAHHbIE O YHCJIEHHOCTH WH PA3MEWEHMW NErTAHKH B CEBEPHOM NPHYEPHOMOPbE Pacnpoctpanenne nerauxa Tadorna tadorna (Anatidae) onpeaeasctca Haaninem co- HeULX BOACEMOB, B CHAY Nero Oa aBARCTCR APeDIeliMINM ABTOXTOHHLM OOHTaTeTEM Mop- cKHx moGeperkni (BouncrBeHcKni, 1960). Jo cux mop ‘HcaeHHocTh nerankn B Cesepiom TipwepHomoppe Gsima craGHabHOl M Mado H3MeHsAacb no roam. OgHAKO OMpechente s1H- mana Cacux (KyHayk), rae patice rHeaqwaach Kpynuas rpynnmpoBKa neraHioK, pusBIi.10 TeHACHMINO K CHIAKCHINO HX uHcAeHHOCTH, TlockombKy cTpouTeabcTso Kanata JyHai—Luenp npeaycMarpupaer onpecueue pyrux mHManon (XagxKuGefickuil, THauryaecxui, Bepesatt CKHt), AIBAMOULNXCH OCHOBHLIMH MeCTaMH THESqOBAHA MeraHOK, TO HeOGXOAMMOCTS sy- MeHHA COBPeMCHHOTO COCTOAHHA MpHYepHOMOPCKOi rpynms MeraHoK cTaHOBHTCA oveBHAKOII. Marepuaa m metoauxa. B 1976—1980 u 1982—1984 rr. newexoansimu Mapuipytamn oGereqoBa Gorbmyw Yact noGepexbs YepHoro mopa ot Jlyvax 20 Cusamia, a taxxe onpegeaenuie paiiontt Kptima m AsopcKoro noGepexss. Hexoropie ywactkH B TexcHite ro- Ja HAXOAWANCH NO MepHOAHYECKHM KOHTPOeM, TO MOSBOMKTG MpocaeAHT) cesoHNDIE Us MeHCHIA B MHCTeHHOCTH H pasMeMeHHH BHAA. UnerenHocth MerankH B OCHOBHOM Onpegensan B rHesqoBOH MepHoA, KorAa mepe MeIeHHA NTH ONeH HesHaUHTeabHE, TloGepexbe HU aAHMAHK OGcaeAOBAMH aByMa crocoGa- am, AGcomorHbim, Korqa B Mae—MOHe Y¥ACTOK MopcKoro Gepera HK no_OeM THLATeAbIO OGereqoBaA B TeNeHHe HeCKOABKHX AHEM. TaKHM cnocoGoM ompemeraIM YNcAeHHOCT Ha Kysabuuuxom, Timryasckom, Bepesaickom ammanax 4 Llenrpaabiom Cupame, a TaKKe Ha yoactkax moGepexba or JlyHaa 10 03, Bypuac, or Oxecctt go TusHryabcKoro auMana, 10 Sropawuxomy u Tenposckomy saaunam, H metogom oKckypcuil, Koraa sa 1—2 aus oc- Marpupaan oTpesox B 8—10 KM, a Aadee, yuuTEBAR peabed, oAadHecKHe yeroRNA H Xa Pakrep OGBogNeHHA, BHCUNTHBAIN OOULyO YHCAeHHOCTh NTH B Mpeserax ouoTHMHOFO paiiona (TakHM MeTOROM 4HC-eHHOCTb MeraHoK onpesre-1sM B OcHOBHOM Ha yYacTKaXx Mop- CKOTO MOGeperKbA, TAC MTHUM JOBOALHO PABHOMEPHO THCSARTCA B aHHNCTHX OOpHBax). He- OGXOAMMO OTMETHT, 4TO MeTOR aGcomOTHOrO yueTA NOMHMO OCHOBHOTO Mpeumymectaa (rowttoctu) uMeeT pax AOMOTHHTeADHEIX MOAOAKHTeMULIX YepT. Bo-nepswx, MpH TaKoM cno- co6e yueTa MOXHO HeTHe BHAeAHTS THI, He THESAHBMINXeH B AaKHOM cesoHe. Bo-bTOpHx, Peruerpupyetcn HepapHomepHocts B pachpegeseHHu, “HcTeNHOCTH HM mpoctpaxcTBerMolt 40 Becru. s00aceuu, 1986, JIKoaoeua cTpyktype B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT YCAOBHi H cHocoGa riHe3sqoBaHHA (KOAOHHAMH HIM mapaMH, B AMCbUX HIM CAMOCTOATESHO BBIPEITHIX HOpax). 31AYHTeADHMM HeLOCTATKOM MeTOLa AB- asetca ero TpyaoemKocts, H TeM He MeHee HeTeHHOCTD HeraHOK B pafloHax Macconoro rHea- AOBAHHK ONPEACATLIK NpeHMyULecTHEHHO AGCOMOTHLIM O;LCHeTOM. Brose MoHsTHo, ¥To Gulag YiIcACHHOCTS THeSAAMUXcH » CeBepHom IIpHuepHoMopse TeraHiok, OnpesesieHtas MocpexcTHOM TaKUX MpHeMOL, sBKCTCH BeckMa MpHOsNaHTeAbHOLL K tomy xe, weemotpa Ha rie3qonoi KoHcepsaTusM, cBOlicTBCHHL BHAy, OMIHGKa ycyry6- AReTCH SHAYHTeABHLIMH BPEMCHHIKIMH PaSpHBAMH B npoBegeHHH yyeToR. Oauaxo B TpE- NepHomopse cymecTayer AoBOMDHO HaLeKHHi KOppeKTupyrouNi Merton. Jle10 B TOM, ¥TO neraukn, riteszauiecs na UcpHom x Asosckom Mopax, mpaxueckH Bee aMHmoT Ha LeHT- paabiom Cuname. To qanmtim Biopo Kombuesanns, oGpaGoranuum uamn 20 1980 r., or oxombtosanHtix Ha CHBaule THHNBX MeranoK ToayseHo 18 BosBpatos. H3 uux 5 posnpa- TOB— oT ATH, OTAOBACHHLX Ha THesLe HAM YOUTHIX B rHesxoBOH MepHoA (Mai—moHS) B MpHvepHomopcKnx paiiowax HAM Ha caMom Citpamic, u ToAbKO 1 BosBpaT OT meraHKK, yOu- Tol 20.03 y causuua pex Mammy a Kaaaye, Mpeakanxasse, 10-aaqMMomy, stBaseTes s0nof pasgena npwepHomopcKoA « KacnwiicKok rpynnuposoK neranox, To zaunum H, C. Oaei- umxopa ¢ coast, (1972), ocHonaa Macca nerawox, ricsqsmuxca B [IpenkanKasne, sunset Tam 2e, ua 03, Manuit-Tyauao, Hocae smubx nce oun oraeraiot Ha Kacnuii, a no Jouy Murpauuii mpaxrueckn He otwevaeres. Ha Lentpaapuuii Cusamt x ceutaGpio coGupactes H SHAYMTeAHAA YACTh CeroseTOK H HeNOAOBOSpeABX MTHU, MOCTe Hero HeTpy~HO MpoHsBe- cru oGummit noxcver. UncMeHHOCTh H 3AKOHOMEPHOCTH pa3sMelleHHA Te- raHok B rHe3f0BOH nepuog. Hecomnenno, yTo eme B Haya Beka meraHka 3aceasaa Bce no6epexbe Yepxoro, AsoscKoro Mopeli m Cu- sama (Bpaynep, 1894, 1923). B nacrosmee pea npwyepHomopexuit apeaa TeraHkH MpepbiBaeTCs BO MHOHX MeCTAX BCE LCTBHe HHTEHCHBHOTO xossiicT- BEHHOFO OCBOCHHA MPHMOPCKOii NONOCKI H PasBUTHA KYpOpTHOrO eva. B xeapte [yas neranka He ruesazutca. B 1977—1978 rr. B aBansjewb- te (Iloranopcekas Koca H Ap.) OTMCYAIH CKOMN.ICHHA TObKO HEMOMOBO3PeVIbIX H XOMOCTHX NTH YHCAeHHOCTIO 40 40—90 ocoGeli. OauaKo yxe B IKeOpu- AHCKOM GyxTe B Hie — aBrycTe H3peAKa BCTPeUAIOTCA BbIBOAKH MeraHoK. Cyja lo Bospacty NTeHLOB, OHH MOraH MHrpHpoBaTb CwAa H3 Goviee satay- HbIx paiionon JLo nocrpoiiku 1aM6bl HW onpecHeHHA 03. CacbikK 6bI10 OJHHM H3 OCHOB- HbIX MCCT PHe3AOBAHHA NeraHKH Ha sanaye. Io yueram 1977—1978 rr. 34ecb THe3quoch He Menee 120 nap (MpHHHMas BO BHHMaHHe H CM@xKHYIO C o3. HWaranbt tepputropuio). B 1981—1983 rr. u3-3a cTpontesbcTBa aMGbl MeraHKH B HH3OBbAX JHMaHa NouTH He THesAMIHCd. B Hactosmuuii MoMeHT B cpegueii yacTH 03. Cactik rxesAutea Bcero oKo10 10—15 nap. Hecomnen- uo, uo Cacbik panee mipexcranasst co6oii equnyio cuctemy ¢ osepamu IHla- rani, AnuGei, Bypuac, Tysm (Bbiuie Auu6ea). C ero or 9THXx BOOCMOB CYULECTBEHHO CHH3HJACb H YHCeEHHOCTL PHe3AAIHXCA B perHoue neraHoK. BropbiM MecTOM KOHUCHTPalHH rHes{ALLHXCA HeranoK sBamoTeA Xas- xu6eiicKuit m Kysapnnuxnit aumantt. Momumo Goratoli KopMosoi 6a3bi, 1e- TaHKH HaXO/AT 3€Cb ONTHMAJbHbIE YCNOBHA Wit THe3LOBaHHA. OOnMe HAUL B OOpbIBaX H BbIXOJ|axX H3BECTHAKA, a TaK2%Ke HOPI HC HM AHKHX KPOJIHKOB cioco6cTByioT MaccoBoMy THesfoBanHIO Bua. Kpome Toro, B oGppiBax Ky- AbHUKA HMCIOTCA NECUAHHCTHIC, J1eCCOBLIe TOPH3OHTHI, B KOTOPBIX YTKH Ca- MH POIOT HOPHI, OHAKO KOJIOHHI 31eCb He OTMeUCHO. Zlasee Ha BOCTOK MecTOM MaccoBoro rHe3qoBaHHA xABsAeTcA TuaH- TyJIbckHii WHMaH. YTKH 3aceNMIOT 30eCb HHL B OOPbIBAaX, JHCbH H CaMO- CTOATEAbHO BHIPHITHIe HOPLI. 32ecb ye OTMeUAIOTCA AOBOADHO 3HA4HTeIb- HbIe KOJIOHHH fMeraHoK. Bcero no “HMaHy OOnapyxeHo 5 Kosonnil. Han- 6oubUlaA M3 HHX, B HM3OBbAX, HacuMTHIBara 8 3aceneHHBIX Hop. [o-BuAH- MOMY, KOJOHHAbHOCTh BOSHHKaeT 3fecb H3-3a OrpaHM¥eHHOCTH MecT rHe3- Aopannsa. Uncwennoctb JHc B OKP. JHMaHa HeBeHKa, roHHHcTEIe OOPLIBDI HE JalOT LOCTATOUNOFO KOMMYECTBA HHL, JLECCOBBIe TOPH3OHTHI, B KOTOPLIX Becrn. s0oaceuu, 1986, Ne 5 41IKoaoeun BOSHHKAIOT KOJOHHH, TOHKHe H MadonpoTsxennbie. Ilo BepesancKkomy 1 Byrekomy sManaM nleraHkH rHe3{sitca Gompuleli uactbIo B OOpEIBaX, pe- 2ke — B Hopax. Kouonnii 3ecb He OTMeueHO. Ha noGepexbe Aropaimkoro u Teuazposckoro 3aqMBoB neranKH rHe- 3AATCH TOADKO B HOPAX JIHC H OUCHL pelKO — B ky4ax BOAOpocaell, cKUpAaY COJOMbI H MpoMoHHax B rpyHte. Hntepecho, yro HecMOTpA Ha MecuaHyio noupy KuxGypHcKoro M1-Ba, THe3{OBaHHe B CaMOCTOATEIbHO BbIPbITbIX HO- pax Qua paiiona ne xapaktepHo. B TO 2%e BPeMA Ha MIOCKHX 3aCONeHHbIX Oeperax, HecOMHeHHO, cyllectByeT Aec*uuHT yKpbiTHii. MMenHo secb, B crapbix HOpax sc, OTMeYaioTcA Noceaenua 13 3—4 nap. ToxoGubIe cuTya- uu onucantt B Pymoinun (Rudescu, 1960). 3ameyaTeIbHbIM MeCTOM OTKPbITOrO Ha3eMHOrO rHesOBaHHs MeraHoK ABAAIOTCA OCTpoBa TeHApoBcKoro 3a/IMBa, B NepByio0 Ovepedb Opto, Cma- wienpiit H Ba6nn. Ha Kax0M 43 HHX, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT rosa, cpeAH pa- cTHTeIbHOCTH rHesAuTcA Zo 60—100 nap. [IpumepHo Takaa xe cuTyalnsa ormeuaercs Ha ouoM u3 JIeGsKbHX OcTpoBos. Yact nTHy rHesquTeH 3;ech OTKPBITO, CPeAH 31aKOB, a YaCTh — B MpesOARCHHBIX UM jepeBAHHBIX sLL- Kax. []iorHocth rHe3qoBaHHs B ALMKaX MOxKeT jocTHraTh 45 nap/ra (Kocrun, 1983). Ha 3HauHTeabHOM npoMexkyTKe TeppHTopHH or TeHApoBcKoro 3asuBa 4o Tlepekona neranka rHe3AHTCA AOBONbHO paBHOMepHO, KpoMe yuacTKoB, BBICICHHLIX NOM OGUIHPHIe 3OHbI OT/LIXA. 3eCh NTHUbI 3aHHMalOT B OC- HOBHOM JIHCbH HOPbI H MPOHHKAIOT MOBONbHO aleKO B ry6b MaTepHka O6ulat uicneHHocTh NeraHOK B 9TOM paiioHe, MO-BHAHMOMY, He mpepblila- er 70 nap. Hakowen, Han6once cylecTBeHHbIM MecTOM rHe3qoBaHHs neraHoK IIpuyepHomopbs sBaxetcs 03. CuBaul ¢ NpHJexkalluMH BOAOeMaMH, YKpbI- THA, H3OHpaeMble NTHWAMH NO rHe3sa, 3ecb 3 THMOB: HOpbI JMC, HHUWIM B PHHUCTHIX OOphiBaxX H HCKYCCTBeHHbIe THe3qoBbA. CropasMyeckH BcTpe- yaeTCA OTKPbITOe FHe3LOBaHHe, B OCHOBHOM Ha 4 ocTpoBax — Maproiuayem, Kurae, Bep6soaxe u Kysuax. Ha Cupane omtyutaerca nexBatka MecT THe31OBaHHA, B CBASH C HEM JICTOM 3/€Cb OTMCYCHDI CKOMNCHHA XOJOCTHIX B3POCBIX NTH. Kak yxke oTMeyas0cb, B CBOeM pacnpocTpaneHnhn Neranka orpannuena cHcTeMOli comeHbIX BOLOeMOB. JIHWIb H3peAKa OHA THESAHTCH Ha COOHOBA- TbIX H MpeCHbIX O3epax, HO HeH3MeHHO BON3H COMOHUOB. Tak, Ha Kepuyen- KOM 1-Be KpbimMa BC BbIBOAKH OTMCYCHDI Ha MCJIKHX MpecHbIxX mpysax. Ho NOGMH3OCTH, KaK MpaBHo, HMeHCb COMeHDIe HCTOUNNKH H py4bH, Ha KOTO- PbIX M€PHOAMYECKH KOPMATCA B3POCIbIe NTH H axe NTenWb. Onnako Ha BOMOeMAX C H3G6LITOUHOM COMCHOCTHIO BSPOCIbIe NTH H BbIBOAKH mpes- NOWHTaWT AepxKaTbcH Ha cerkKa onpecHeHHbIxX yuacrkax. Tak, Ha Kysitp- HHUKOM JIHMAHe, COeHOCTh KOTOpOrO KoIe6eTCA OT 30 10 270 %o, B3poc- ALE H MOJOALIE NTH Yale BCerO KOPMHJIMCh Y BHaAeHHA B JIHMAH He- Goambmoii p. Kysabnuk mam y poanuKos, a suMoii— 6.13 saxormux B BOAy «A3bIKoB» cHera. IIpH 9TOM MHOrHE NTHIUbI MpHeTaIH cioxa Ha BOsO- nioii. Tlo-BHAHMOMY, ONTHMAJbHbIMH JIA 2KU3HEMCATCDHOCTH NeraHKH siB- SIMMOTCA BOLOEMbI C COMHOCTHIO 5—20%o. Ha rue3qopoe pasMellenHe neraHkH B.IK1OT H HeKOTOpHIe pyre a6notuyeckue daktopsi. Yate Bcero 3To smadMueckue ycaoRHA Han Hat une nmoxxo_auyx yOexuul. IIpeqnoyrenve rpyHToB cC TeMH HIM HHbIMH cBolicTBaMH OCOGeHHO APKO BbIParkeno B palionax, re NeraHKkH CaMH pPoloT Hopbt. HanGosee 6.1aronpuATHLIMH ABISOTCH sleCCOBLIC FOPHSOHTE B pH MMAHHLIX O6pLiBax, peke —necuanbie Gyrpit. Tax, Ha THaurysibcKom JH MaHe Ha J€CATKH KHJIOMETPOB TIHHHCTHIX OOPbIBOB BCTpeyaeTca 1—2 rue- SAMMMECA Mapbl, a C MOABJCHHEM JeCcOROrO rOpH3OHTa cpa3sy BOSHUKAIOT KONOHHH OT 3 Ao 8 nap. Hurepecho TakxKe paccMOTpeTb 3aKOHOMepHOcTH pacmpesesieHua oT- KpbITOrHesqANLHXcA MeranoK. Kak yxe OTMeYa/IOCb, ITOT cHoOCcOG rHe310- BaHHA pachpoctpaneH MOUTH HCKMOUNTeEAbHO Ha OcTpoBax. OHako He Bce 42 Becrn. 300a0eun, 1986, No 5Sxoaoeun OCTpOBa 3ACEIAIOTCA OTKPBITOPHESAAWMMHCH TITHWAMH. Tak, HallpHmep, Ha MeCUaHBIX, TPOCTHHKOBBIX H MOKPHITHIX HUBKOii TpaBANMCTOI pacTHTeJIDHO- €TbIO OCTPOBAaX FHE3A MeraHoK MpakTHYeCcKH He OTMeNeHO. He rue3qatca OHH H Ha MaseHbKHx ocrpopax (Menee 0,5—1 ra). Hecomuenno, uT0 oco6oe 3HaycHHe NH BHIOOpe MecT THesLOBAHHA NPHOOpeTaioT XapaKrep u cTpyK- Typa PacTuTeNbHOrO NOKpoBa (MOTHOCTL cTpyKTYpbl, KPyMHOMUCTHOCTH H ap.). To Muenmo T. B. Apaamauxoii (1963, 1967), pacrutesbnoct» :10. Ha ObITb paHoBereTHpyolleli C XOPOLIHMH MaCKHpYIOWHMH cBOlicTBaMH. Kpome toro, Ha pactipocrpanenue orkpiiToro ruesqoBanusi, HecoMHeHHO, BAHAIOT H HEKOTOPbIe MeXaHH3MBI, peryAHPYIOUMe BHYTPHNONYAUHOHHDIE mpouecctt. Oro rHe3,ozoii KoHcepBaTH3M, (pHONaTpHA, gyTOOrHUCcKas CTPYKTYPa NONyAAUMH, HMMPHHTHHT B paHHem onTOreHese. Pacnpehesewue H UNCTEHHOCTH Neranok Ha auuD- Ke, Mposere H 3HMOBKAaX. Bole yxke OTMeYATOCD, YTO BCe NTHUbL AIHHAIOT MpakTHYeCKH B OHOM MecTe — Ha CuBallle. 3necb OHH OGpa3syioT JIMHHLI€ CKONJICHHA, XOTA HEKOTOPAA YACTH YTOK JIMHAeT B OMMHOUKY HH HeOOAbUINMH rpyriamu. OGpasopanue auHHNKOB xapaKTepusyeren TocTe- MeHHbIM HapacTaHueM KOJIHUeCTBa MeraHoK Ha CuBallle HM COOTBETCTBYIOULUM CHIDKCHHEM H lake TOTHLIM HCYe3HOBeHHeM UX B 3anaqHLIX paiionax FIpu- yepHomMopba. Kpome Toro, B3pOcible NTHUb yBeKawT 3a coGoii H HeKO- TOPO KOAHYCCTBO MOAOABIX, TO OGycHOBIHBaeT OOpasoBaHHe Ha o3sepe ckonaennit 2 THNOB — MHHOTO HU KOUYIOMLerO (13 NTH, He TepsONx cro- coOHocTH K Nosety). B pasmeuenHH Ka2KAoli H3 rpynm ecTh cBou ocoGeH- noctH. Mosoquak, OOPeAMHMBIIHCH c NepeNHHABINNMH HAM MLE He JHHsIO- IHMH OCOOAMH, MpemmountTaeT LepxKatbea Ha NoGepexpe. JIMHHBIe cKON- JJ€HHA IIpHypO¥eHbI K OTKPbITLIM, yaJeHHbIM OT GeperoB, npocrpancrBam. Jaa ux opMupopanna ocobenHo BaxKHbI TAKHe YCIOBHA, KAK KOPMHOCTD, Ge3NOAHOCTh, ONPeAeIeHHble TAYGUHDI, 3alllMUeCHHOCTh OT BeTPOB H HeKO- ‘Topple Apyrne. B cBsisH ¢ 9THM CKONMeHHs U3 rosa B TOA pacnosaraiorca Ha noctosHHbtx Mectax. Ha LlewtpabHom Cupalle, rie .HHAeT NosaBAIOLee YHCO MeraHOK, HMeloTcA 3 yyacTKa HanGosce COOTBeTCTBYIONHX yKa3aH- HBIM yCOBHAM: CeBepo-3amazHee o. KyioK-Tyk, B paiione o. Kutaii n 6143 ©. Uypiox. Pny6unst B sTHx Mectax KOac6m0TCA oT 0,6 10 1,7 M, HO onTH- MaIbHBIMM OHH sBasOTeR y 0. Kurait (0,6—1 M), rae anHHbIe neraHkH cocpesoTayHBaloTcA B TeyeHHe Mocse_HHX 5 set. JlokaH3alHA KOpMOB Ha MecTaX JIMHbKH H3BecTHa B 2 cHTyauMAx. B MecTax BBICOKOi MOTHOCTH Artemia sp. u Chironomidae, a TaKKe Ha KOpMoBbIX noasx. IlocieanHe oOpasyloTca B BeTpeHyl Morosy B Bue uVielidoB OT OKOHeUHOCTell OCTPO- BOB HM OCOGeHHOI MOTHOCTH JocTHraloT B WTHIb. B 9TOT MOMeHT NeraHKu ‘OObELHHAIOTCA B OOMYIO FpyMly H KOPMATCH HCKIOUHTEIbHO MpOWerkKHBa- HHeM B MOBepXHOCTHO! Menke. Ha noGepexkbe KOpMOBbIe CKONIeHHA 43 sleTaioulwx NTH, OOpasyioTca pH HaronHbIX BeTpax. Hacrynatoulan Ha Ge- per BOjla TOHHT Ha rpeOHe MHOXKECTBO CEMAH CO/JAHOK, a TAK%KE TPYIbl THAPOGHONTOB H HaceKombIX. IIpH SOM MeraHkH KOpMsiTeA B MOBepXxHOcT- Holl TwieHKe MpHOpiBaoulel BoaL. Kpome tpoduyeckux ycnosnii Ha pac- MpeseseHHe JHHHBIX NeraHOK CHJbHO BIHACT THApOAMHAMHKa Ana. Jle10 B TOM, UTO IPH NOCTOAHHDIX BOCTOUNDIX H CeBepO-BOCTOUHBIX BeTpax 6.13 ©. Kutait o6pasyiorea 3n6KHe HenocTOsUNbIe OCTPOBKH, Ha KOTOPLIX H KOH WeHTpHpylOTCcs JIHHAIOMMe yTKH. Eguucrsennoil mpHunnoii KOHWeHTpalAH OCTOPOXHLIX ITHIL ABIAeTCA HeEOGXOAMMOCTH NPOMSBOANTH cHCTeMaTHYeC- KYIO UHCTKY oMlepenus Gpioumoi cropoust Te1a, YTO HeBOSMOXKHO MIpH 10- CTOAHHOM Mpe6pipanui Ha Bose. Hanocuble OCTPpOBKH OGJaMaloT Win AH- HAIOMLAX MeTaHOK CTOMb NpuTsHraTeIbHO cHvoli, YTO H3-3a MecTa Ha cylue cpeuH NTH, Mopoit BO3HHKaIOT KOHKypenTHDIe OTHOUIeHHA. JIuubKa neranox wa Cupauie pacrauyra ¢ Havana asrycra no III 1e- Kay ceHTAOpa, XOTA OCHOBHAA Macca HeJeTalOULHX NTH OTMeuaeTCA B Kone aprycta. MaKkcuMasHoe KOJMYeCTBRO JMNHbIX MeraHoK, sapeructpH- popanuoe 3a 4 rosa HaGmomennii, cocrapaser 3,5 THC. ocobeli, MuHNAMamb- Hoe B 1979 r— 800 ocoGeit (BHAMMO, 43-34 PaCTAHYTbIX CPOKOB JIMHDKH) Becrn. sooaoeuu, 1986, Ne 5 43Koaozun B uesoM xe, YYHTHIBaA H MOJIOAbIX, Ha CuBale B HacTOsIMee BpeMs CO- Gupaeres no 11—12 ruc. ocoGeli. Tlomumo CuBaula HeGorbitoe KosMYECTBO camok (10—15 nTHu) .HHseT B TeHApOBCKOM 3av1nBe. B nepHoa Murpauun pacnpenesenne mneraHoK TaKxe coorBercrByeT onpeseneHHbiM ycroBuam. B neppyio ovepe”b, HeOGXOAMMO OTMETHTb, 4TO OCHOBHaa Macca MeraHOK MHIpHpyeT B/OIb MOpCKOrO NoGeperKbA H PeAKO HepeceKaeT BOAHLIe MpoctpancTBa Gosbuloli upoTarKenHocTH. TaKoii xa- paktep mposera ocoGenHo xopoulo BLIpaxen BecHOl, OcHoBHEIM (paKTopoM, BIHSIOUIMM Ha pacnpeseteHHe MeraHOK BO BpeMA poeta, ABMAeTCA KOPM- HocTb BofsoemoB. MutTepecHo, 4TO BecHOli NeraHka H3MeHAeT HE TOJIbKO Xa- PaKTepHOil LIA Hee TaNOHAHH, HO H YKMOHAeTCA OT NOBONbHO oNperecH- Holi creHodbarnu, mposBssioulelica 3uMoil H jeTOM. B sto BpeMs Ona uallle yeM Kora Obl TO HH 6bIO MepexOHT Ha NMTAHHe HaCeKOMBIMH HM ake 3epHom. B cBAa3H C 3THM, HaM HEOAHOKPAaTHO MIpHXOMHAOCh HAaG/IOLaTb 06- pagoBanne KOPMOBBIX CKONJeHHi NeraHoK B CTI H Ha TodsIx, 3aceBaeMbIX 3epHoBbIMH. Becnoli oTmeyaeTCA TakyKe B3aHMOCBASb MexKLy paciipesete- HHeM NTH Ha BOMOeMe H XapakTepom kopmosoOnrBanua. Jaa KOpMueHHA H36NPAIOTCH MeIKOBOAHEIe yuacTKH, xopomlo mporpeBaeMble comHueM. [1px 9TOM NPOUCKHBAHHE B TOILE BOLL HCHOALSYeTCA SHAYMTETbHO vale, YeM Npouex*KHBaHHe Hla HIM COOP B NOBEPXHOCTHOIi MeHKe, YTO TOBOPHT O TH ‘TAHHH MpeHMYULECTBEHHO M1aHKTOHHLIMH Opraki3MaMu. Pacnpexesenve 31MYIOMNX NTH TAKE cBAZAHO C KOPMOBDIMH pecyp- camn. Ho we MeHee BaxKHa H MPOAOMKUTeADHOCTH NMepHola He3amMepsaHuA BOAHO! MoBepxHocTH. OcHoBHble 3HMOBKH MeraHoK B I]payepHomopbe pac- Nogaraiorcs Ha 7ByX BoAOemMax — CuBaule H KyspHuKe, re 3uMoii H3 KOp- Mos npeo6anaior Artemia sp. u pasamuuie Bugu Chironomidac. Kpome Toro, 3HMOii MpoHcxOAHT MaccoBoe pasMHoxenHe Artemia M NeraHKH KOp- MATCA SiilaMH, OTUCKHBAA HX B MOBEPXHOCTHO! MieHKe HH coOupad B 30uHe sansecka. B npeqeiax BomoeMa pacnipesenenue NTH 3aBHCHT OT MO- OX%KeHHA WH MAOTHOCTH KOpMoBoro maTHa. Ha Cupae Gepera Ha MHOFHX yaactkax umeior d@bopz006pasnyio opmy. SuMoii sTO cBoeoOpasHEIe «10- BYWKHD JA NOrHOWHX rHAPOGHONTOR u AM Artemia, rae noAYac cobu- paiorca Ha KopMexky 400—600, x0 1000 neranox. Tio qaumum A. Tl. ®eqopenxo (1965), 8 60-x rogax na Yepnom u A30BcKoM MOpsX 3HMOBano yo 15 Thc. MeraHoK, mpu¥em 95% u3 HHX coOupasucp Ha Cusauie. B nacToalimiit MOoMeHT NOJOAKeHHe HeCKOAbKO H3- MenHsocb. 3uMoBKa Ha CuBallle COXpaHHlacb, HO B TO 2Ke BpeMA 3Ha4yH- TENbHOE KOJIHYECTBO NTH OcTaeTCA B ApyrHx palionax. Tax, Ha Kysapnu- ke sumyer or 600 xo 3,1 Tite. oco6eit (io nanutim 4 ser). JLo 100 3umyto- U\HX NeraHOK OTMeyasoch B 3HMBI 1981/82, 1982/83 Hu B 1983/84 rr. Ha Tenaposckom, Aropaunkom u JbKapbiiraucKoM 3asuBax (janHble aBna- yuetos). Panee kpynHas 3umoBka (10 300—500 oco6eli) cymecrBoBasta Ha Cacsixe (Kynayx), HO mocae onpecHenua ona mpaxtHyeckn pacnaaacn. Bospuioe KomHyectBO mTH (10 350 ocoGeii) sHMoBaio B 1983/84 r. Ha os. Cacbik B Kppimy. Mexay aByMa Han6o7ee KpynHbIMH 34MoBKaMH (CH- Bauickoli u Kysrpimmmxoli) cymecrayer onpexenenuan pasunua. Tax, wa Cusalle NTHUb He OGpa3syWT CAHHOTO CKOMIeCHHA, a OOEAMHAIOTCA B OT- Aeapubie rpynnbt. [pu peskux nmoxos0qaHwAx H 3aMep3aHHH BOLOeMa YTKH Ha Wr Npaktuyeckn He oTseTawT. B 3umy 1975/76 rr., nocie o6pazoBaHua ‘bla, NOrHOIH MHOrHe COTHH NeraHoK. C Moxoso0qanHem OHH He yvleTa.IH, a IIpATAIHCh B NOABeETPeHHEIX MecTax H GyppaAHax. CopceM Had KapTHHa IIpH BHe3aNHOM HacTyMeHHU XO020B Ha6tiofaeTcaA Ha KyaapuuKe. [ItH- bl OUHb GbICTPO MOKHAalOT BOMOeM MIpH ero 3aMep3aHHH HW CTONb 2%Ke GbI- crpo, yepes 2—3 HA, BOSBpalllaloTca OOpaTHO MocNe BOCcTaHOB.AeHHSA Ten- Joli noroAbl. B Cesepnom TIpuuepnomopre (yctue Jlynan —o3. Cusam) uucaen- HOCTbh MefaHKH MOXKHO OMCHHTh NpHOWH3HTeIbHO B 6—7 TIC. Ocobeil B Me- pHow penpoxyKunn. K Konuy era ona Bospacraer fo 15—16 Tic. ocoGeli. Kpuimexyio rpynny 10. B, Kocra (1983) ouenupaer B 400—500 nap. B Py- 44 Becr#, soosozuu, 1986, Mb 5Konoeun MbIHHH O6uTaeT OKOTO 140—150 ocoGeli (Rudescu, 1960), 8B Bonrapau — 150. H3 uux 100, no cpexenusam JI. Hankuuosa, ruesasates. Ecav 34Ma Obiula MATKOli, C He3HaYHTebHLIMH NOHWKeHHAMH TeMnepa- Typ, TO 6ombulad YacTh MeraHoK ocraetcs B [IpnyepHomMopbe. Coorsertcr- BeHHO BCCHO!! MOAbEM H Claf YNCeHHOCTH Ha Beeli TeppHTOPHH Mpoucxo- ANT B KOPOTKHIt CpOK, B OCHOBHOM 3a cueT GpicTpol Audpy3sHH 3HMoBaB- WHX ITH. B cypoBble 3HMbI OCTAaIOTCH JHUIL eHHHYHbIe OcOGH, a GoubUIMH- cTBo neranoK oTaeraet (kpome CuBalia). BecHoii B 9ToM cayyae B peruon «BJHBAIOTCA> MeraHKH C BOCTOKA H 3amafa (qanHble Biopo Koabuesanus). Tennoii 3aTaxKHO! OCeHbIO MpoOJeT MPOMCXOANT BAO, H MeraHku OGpa3sywT KPYNHBbIe CKOMIeHHA Ha MyTAX MurpayuH. HecoMHeHHO, YTO HeKOTOpbIe H3 HHX OCeMaloT Ha YepHOMOPCKHX SHMOBKax. B xOJOAHyIO OCeHb Go/DUIHH- TBO ITH, BepOATHO, MHHYeT perHOH TpaHsHTOM. Apdanayxaa T. B. koaorua yruuwx cewepo-sanaguoro [pusepHomoppa: Aproped. Hc Kaw. Onon. Hayx.— Kuen, 1963.— 20 c. Apdamaynan T. II. Merauxa // Oxorumk w psiGosos Yxpanue.— Kues: Ypoxait— 1967— C, 135—139. Bpaynep A. A, 3amersu o ntmuax XepcoucKoh ryGepunu— Onecca, 1894.— 24 c. Bpaynep A. A. Ceavckoxossiictseunaa sooaorus.— Kies: TH3 Yxpanuu, 1923— 234 c. Bouncraenckud M. A. Tirnus crenwoi noaocst esponefickoit wactx CCCP.— Kues: Hsa-80 ‘AH YCCP, 1960.— 290 c. Kocrun 10. B. Urnua Kpuma— M.: Haya, 1983.— 240 c. Oaeiinuxoe H.C. Kasaxoe B. A., Pewernuxoe 10. H, O vexoropsix peakux naactantato- xawopux TIpenkapkasba //Pecypest nononaanaromux ntun CCCP, ux ocnpoussoscr- Bo W HcnosBaonanne.— M.: Ha-no Mock. ya-ra, 1972— Bun. 1—C. 66—68. Pedopenxo A, II, Zanactk yTMHEX NTH Ha sHMOBKax Yepuoro Hm AsoscKoro mopelt //Te- Orpagua pecypcon BojlonsaBaiomnx nH B CCCP, coctoaHne sanacop, nyTH HX BOC- eee H [paBHsbHoe ucnosb3osanue.— M.:H3q-B0 Mock, yu-ta, 1965.— YW. 1—C. 126-197. Rudescu L. Califarul alb. //Vinat. pesc. sport— 1960.— 18, N 1—P. 12—13. Uepromopexuit sanoseaunx AH YCCP Toaysexo 26.10.84 3AMETKH Mattesia dispora Naville (Neogregarinida, Ophrocystidae) — noneili Bux gas gayss CCCP. Hupasnposanutte mnunuxn mempunutiof ornesxu (Ephestia kuhniella Zeller) Gwaun nepenani aan uayenna B. A. Hyawreposon (Yx- PaHHcKnit H.-H. uH-T sauuTs pactenuil). PasaHTue napasita mpoucxoauT B kaerkax 2kuponoro Tena. [lo Mepe pasBHTHA BereTaTHBHBIe CTALHK M OOWHCTEL rperapHH Nonaaior B TeMoAUMDy, rie JerKo OOHApy>XRBAIOTCS NH MuKPOCKO- tmiposanun., ower unpoxonaasestano, (20 auworonnnol) opus 14,4 £0,42X8,1-40,25 mam (13,8—15,0X7,5—8,8 mkm) cBexne H 12,220,779 0,5 MxM (11,3—13,8X6,9—8,1 mika) cuxcuponannue. Mpa dukcauin i ‘BE cyulMnannn y OouNcT BOSHUKAIOT TORKOBHANKE epopmannn, MiTeHCHBHOCTS HHBASHM OMPeNeMAeTCA PASMePAMH XO3AMHA, TAK KAK MopaxawoTca Bce KAeTKH 2kupouoro Tesla. SkcTeHeHBHOCTS HABagHH — OK, 80%. Sapaxenute rycenmm MEMDHIHOH OrHeBKA NOrHGaloT 20 OKyKaMBaKUs.— TI. A. Kuaownuxni (Ku- encknit yHnpepenrer). Caysaii xpomocomnoro noammophusma y ceporo xomaKa wa Yxpanne. Y on- Holl camKit H3 OKp. noc. Boroayxosa Xapsxosckoli 06. cpem KPYMUKIX ayTo- com HaGopa nomimo 2 nap CM owapyxxena mapa retepomopdasix (M—CM) aytocom. MopiomerpHuecknii aHasina f0Kasa4, 470 mepectpofika Kapuorina cBa3aHa He C MepHUeHTPHYECKOH HUBepCHeli, a C NOABACHHEM LOMOAHUTeENBHOTO (nepostio, retepoxpoMaTHHoBoro) MaTepHazia B KOpoTKOM mteve 3-H nape. BosHHKHOBeHHe NOAUMOphUSMa MpemTONOXKUTeMHO cBABHIBACTCA Cc THOpHAH- sauuel paaHoxpomocomaBix opm Biza.—H. B, 3aropoamiox (Hucrutyt s00- sorin uv, H, H Wmamraysena AH YCCP, Kuen) Becrn. sooaozuu, 1986, No 5 45