(Lianosy€$onucionanios.NeET LS SIGUENOS EN: Z&o & LIBROS UNIVERISTARIOS Y SOLUCIONARIOS DE MUCHOS DE ESTOS LIBROS GRATIS EN DESCARGA DIRECTA VISITANOS PARA DESCARGARLOS GRATIS.CHAPTER 1 Limits and Their Properties A Preview of Calculus Finding Limits Graphically and Numerically Evaluating Limits Analytically Continuity and One-Sided Limits Section 1.5 Infinite Limits Review Exercises Problem Solving 305 305 315 320 304 327CHAPTER 1 Limits and Their Properties Section 1.1 A Preview of Calculus Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises 2. Calculus: velocity is aot constant 4, Precalculus: rate of change slope Distance ~ (20 f1/see)(15 seconds) = 300 feet 6, Precalculus; Area = o( VI)? 8 Procalculus: Volume = a(3)%6 = 4 10, (@) Atea~5 + 5 5,5 3+5+i+5)-0us Area = () You could improve the approximation by using more rectangles. Section 1.2 Finding Limits Graphically and Numerically ” 9 [2.001 719) | 0.2564 | 0.2506 | 0.2501 | 0.2499 | 0.2408 = 025 (Acuallinitis}) 4[x 3d sor | 3001 | 299 | -299 | -29 1s) | —aaes | —o2408 | 0.2500 | —o2s00 | —o2sm | —o2si6 | 0.25. (Actual limitis 6[y [39 [3% [so [aon [aor [an 70) | aoa0 | 0.0401 | a.can | 0.0400 | 0.0399 | 0.0302 fale = 4/9) 604 (Atal its « [-o1 [-oor [-oo [oo [oo [on 7@) [00500 | o.00s0 | o000s | =o.000s | -o.0050 | =0.0500 S54 — 190000 (Actus limits 0.) (Make sure you use radian mode)306 Chapter ]__Limius and Their Properties 10, tim (e+ 2) does not exist 1 tin nce the 16, ling seex function increases and decreases ‘without bound as approaches 3 20. CW) = 0.35 ~ 012A-[e = UI] @) Ole 33] 34] 35 | 36 | 37 cin ot [on [or [or [07 07 slim, ©, [3 [2s] 29 a | 35 i | 047 | 059 | 059 | 059 | o71 [071 | a7 You need ta find 8 such that 0) < fx ~ 2) < Simptios [fe) = 3) = [2 = 1 = 3) = |e ~ 4) <2. Thacis, -o2 0: r+ 9S] ce kt 0: Ve-2]<€ i -a|| vera] < vera) - afc dve+3] Assuming 1 < x < 9, you can choose 6 0< na) < b= 300 [ra < due +a] w|4-a ce <6 = you have Section 12 Finding Limits Graphically and Numerically _W7 28 lim, 2c+ 5) Given €> 0 leet3)- Cn] ce [ax +6) 0 [=1=(-1)| <€ o 0 work, Hence, fr any 6 >0, you have Ie) Cn 0 leo) ce 3) 0 i let +30 — 0] < © 2 kata) Oe gen Tle 6 = 75, WO<|y—e| <= then bel OLete such that © Thats, ML There exists 8 >0 ~ 0) < Bimpies els) ~ L] <= Le 0. Section 1.3. Evaluating Limits Analytically 22 tim (2x — 1° (0) — 1 26, (a) im fl) = 204%) = 314) +1 = 21 ©) im ei) = YE ) lim gist) = g(20) 34 corr = cont = 4 @) lim si) = 0 al () tim fl) =~ Fi = ale = 4] (x +2) = H—3) 42 12. tim Ge — 22 + 4) = 300) — UP ha as 20. tim 3 ara =2 24 (@) im, (60) = [—3) +7 (©) lim els) = 4 = 16 (©) Bim, in) = eld) = 16 28 lim ims = tan = 0 32, lim cos 34 = cos 3 = —1310__Chapter 1 Limits and Their Properties 38, (@ lim u)] = 4 tn fs} = 4(3) = 6 $0, (a) im V7) = 3/7 lim, ee _ tim sor © fs im 18 (©) im Lf = [im fla? = 7? = 729 €b) iy L7) + = ty) + iy 20) ©) tim [dt] = ti nim at = (3) hy _ HB FO) _ 372 (2) tim LyiadP” = flim fe? © 5G) mets “2? , are (anes and f(t 4B fix) =x = Band ls) = ageee exceptany= 0, 44 gla) sree except atx = 0. (2) lim, Ho) im 70 (a) lim 1s) does ot exit. €b) ing) = ti (fig) = 46.0) =F and ele) = 26 = 3 agtewescept at 4 fe) =P an of) =F = 0 + Lares except at x s=-1 70) = i tin, fa) =i, ts) = 3 . \ Is. “a ata+ As y (2x + Ax) = 2x zy aSection 1.3 Evaluating Limits Anatytically 311 li, in, MO BAe IT a 0 gee + oy) - 4 x [159 [1599 [iso [te] isnt | i601 | 16.1 Te) | =-1282 [= 425 | =aas [2 | =ans | =.1as | =.1248 1 appears thatthe limit is ~0.125. ‘Analytically, tim, 66. tim = —* = 50 = [9 [199] 190] 1999 [20] 20001] 200] 201] 21 ‘ F 7a) | 7239 | 7920 | 79.92 | 79.99 moor [anos | soso | aaa = = fy 2 BI + Oe Hae + Be + 1) ‘Analytical. tin $20 440 + 8x + 16) = 00, (Hin Use long vision @ factor x6 ~ 32 74 i BE = ty 74 tin dee $= a=) = in tt Deena” hima dF (sins ~ cos.) hos asin x con.) 78. in, ug Soar nL) aeM2 Chapter 1 Limius and Their Properiies 80, fh) = (1 + c0s 2h) t » [-o1 [-oor [-ooo [of oon [oo [or POA I Fay] ton 19m] 2 [22 | toma co ing (1 eos 2H) ‘The Kimi appear to ql 2s = 2 5 Joo x» [-0t [00 [-0001 Jo [oom [om | or yo | a2is[ ooase | oor |? [oor | ase | o2is 2 cain, ty SE (oun =o, het W) = ple) h Met W=f0)_ EWP Ale tm) =) aM ae a na i i = im HE ; 88 lim (~~ al] S lim f) s tim (+ fe al 90. fs) = [ein al bs tims) so ‘Therefore. tim fx) = b [sina] 92. J) = |x| con x 94, Hx) = xeon L tim (eos!96. 100. 104, 106, 108, 110. Section 1.3 Evaluating Limits Anatytically 313 fos) = —Eand ls) = x + agree wal pins 98, Ifa fanetion Fis squeezed borween two fonctions hand Ms) =) $ gla), and hand g have the same limit Las excepts = 1 sxe, then lima f(x} exists and equals 10) = 5 0) = sit, a) = 2 2 ‘When you are “elose 10" 0 the magnitude of gis “smaller” , than the magnitude of fand the magnitude of 2 l approaching zero “faster” than the magnitude of : ‘Thus, [p|/[/] ~ Owhen sis “close 10" 0 2 so /is00 498 +150 =Ownens = 9/20 = JB ~ 5.53 seconds The veloviy atime 1 = ais tim) =S10._ y,,, (490 + 150) ~ (497 + 150) _ | 49a = Ha 9.8am/see. im ~49(a + 1) = ~20(4.9) Henee, ia = /T500749, the velocity is -9.8 JISOO/49 = 54, Suppose onthe contrary, that lim ¢() exists. Then since lim /{s) exist, so would lim [/(s) + a), which i a contradiction, Hence im g(x) oes not exist. Given fly) = 0% isa positive integer, then psyltis liom x" = fim 22° =e = cfe)tim (rx) Given tim f(s) Forevery € > 0, here exis 6 > Osueh that|/ls) ~ 0) < ewhenever 0 < |r—el < o Now [/) ~ 0] = [1] = [If] = 0] < € for feel < & Therefore tim [fs] = 0.BA Chapter 1 Limius and Their Properiies 112, (a) sing [769] = 0, hen tg [-[7091] = 0. [700] < £09 = [p09 Ain [ [91 Simao) ton [Fs] 0s tims) <0 Therefre jim fs) = 0 (0) Give i fl) = For every € > U. thereexiss 8 > Osuch that (a) ~ | cosx) ‘33301 + cosa) bo Lesa) wo 122. fy) == (a) The domain of fis all x #0, 2/2 +m 8 Ege. » seer + wert I Fleer 1) Rerp arts f)=3 “The domain isnot obvious. The bole at x = 0 not apparent =10) 124, The calculator was set in degree mode, instead of radian mode.Section 14 Continuity and One-Sided Limirs 318 Section 1.4 Continuity and One-Sided Limits sah nf) 6. (a) tim fla) =0 ) im ple ©) im, fa) 0) tim, fey =2 © Jims) = -2 © im fe = (©) im, fa) dows noc exis ‘Ti fined eaten at ‘The function is NOT continuous at "The function is NOT continuous at 2+ aun) + a gy, HAD Ga? + ae sa Me = lim, @r# Ae+ 1) =metOF1= 241 16. fim f(0) = Jim (-a8 + 4x2) =2 1% im f0) = Jim (19 = 0 Tim f(x) = fim G2 ~4e 4+ 6) = 2 lime) = 2 20. lim, sec. does mot exist since lim, see vand im, seex do met exist, has adiscontinuty atx = 1 since f(—1) isnot defined a rel meson fh tS esas tame) 2-1 xd " 30. (0) = 3 ~ T= Fis continuons on [3.3 32 (2) not defined. g is continnous on [=1,2)316__Chapter 1 Limits and Their Properties 34 sho = comin orate 36 119) ~ on comin forall et 38. /() = 4s womb dicotnits ax = Lands = ~1 snc sand in, do nt ena 40. f(s) has nonremovable discontina 3 since im, f(a) does not exist, and has a removable discontinuity yoo ax = 3since Bin 0 — tin "3 aoa aay ES has a nonremovable discoatinulty atx = 3 sine tim /(0) has a wonremovable discontinuity at x = ~2sinee does nol exis lim, f(x) does not exist, and has a removahle discontins- Bp cata= lif) = ig? = 1 3.) = tims) {Fis continuous at x= | therefore, fis continuous forall real x. has a possible discontinuity a im fa) does not exist “Therefore, has a nonsemovable discontinuity at sey (POMS? foe sess : sa) ={* posjo27 vn tere.» 5 bs bussiblediscontinstis t.r= 1.x 1) =e 18) = oe 2. tim fu) = 2 3.740) = tin flx) JS} = tim fl) is continuous atx = J and x = 5, theretone fis continuous fr all real xSection 14 Continuity and One-Sided Limirs 317 52, f(x) = tan * has nonremovable discontinuities at cach $4 f() = 3 ~ fr has nonremovable discontinuities at each ireger 2k + 1, kis amimeger. " 56. Jim fa) = 0 * lg fo) = 0 \ ge) = li. a) {Fs not continuous atx = =4 Leta 60. tim a(x) lim (« + a) = 2a ind a such that 20 = 8 => @ 62 fala) Nenremovable discontinuity atx = 1. Continuous forall x > 1 Because «2 is not defined foe x < I, iris heer to say that f=2 is discontinuous from the right at i ine 6h) ED 64, Fels) (Continous for all real» Nontemovable discontinuity at ox yin =f S f10) = 5(0) = 0 I ig 709 = jig S22 iy) = i, (54) ‘Therefore, lin fla) = 0 = f(0) and fis continuous on the entire real ine. x = O was dhe omly posible discontinuity) 7. fle) = Continuous on [~3, 2¢] ‘Continoms on (0, 56)M8 Chapter 1 7. 7 2. Limits and Thetr Properiies 7) = ‘The graph appears tobe continuous on the interval [-4,4] Since /(2) is not defined, we know that f has a discontinuity ax = 2. This discontinuity s removable so it does not show up on the graph. 10) = 2 + tan is connor on. 3 32 SE oo By the Imermediaie Value Theorem, J(1) = 0 for at east fone value af ¢ tween I and 3 = = _4 f= 4+ an and H(t) = 267 < 0. By the Intermediate Value'Theerem, (0) fone value @betwveen Ocand I. Using a graphing uty, we find that ¢ = 0.4508. 76. fix) = 8 + 3x ~ 2 is continous on 0, 1] J) = ~2and (0) By the Intermediate Value Theocem,/(a) = 0 for atleast, ‘one value of e between (and | 80. fl) = 8 43x (9) iscontinoous on [0,1], 10) = ~2and (0 By the Intermediate Value Theorem, f(x) = 0 for at least ‘one value of hetwen 0 and 1. Using a graphing rly, we Bind dat « = 0.5961 BA fly) =P Oe +S 1s contianous on [0,3]. 10) = 8 and fG <0e8 “The Intermediate Value Theorem applic ery (== 4) ¢ = 2G = Ais notin te imerval) Thus (2) = 0 "The Intermediate Value Theorem applis ets =-t eee 6 Powe 6 (De 3) x=2orx ©=36 ‘Thus. /(3) = 6 notin te interval)Section 14 Continuity and One-Sided Limirs 319 ‘88. A discontinuity atx = ¢ is removahle if you ean define (or redefine) the function atx = in such a way’ tha the Be ee ean new functions contiaaos a x =e. Anowers wl Yay weronqo Hees @ so a 0, ifx<-2 sings +2) ws 90, 1E/ and ¢ are continuous forall eal x; then soi f+ g (Theorem 1.11, pat 2). However, (/¢ might not be continues if g(x) = 0. Forexample,let/(s) = xand g(x) = 42 ~ 1. Then f and g are continous fe all real x, but f/g isnot contineus at x = +1 ron jesus You can also write Cas 92. C= 4104+ 0.36f¢— 1], 1 > 2,rismotan integer oers2 04 + 0.36(¢— 2), 1> 2, risam integer r>2 Nonremovable discontinuity at each integer greater than 2 94, Let si be the position function Forth run up ta the campsite. s{0) = 0 ¢r = O corresponds to 8:00 4... 20) = A (stance to campsite), Let fa) be dh posiion function forthe run back down the mountain: (0) = &, (10) = 0..Lat fll = st0) ~ A. When = 018.00), f(0) = s(0) ~ 110) =0-k <0, 10:10 aM. f(10) = C10) = 1) > 0. Since /(0) < Onc f(10) > 0, then there must be a value rin the incrval[0, 10] such thar £(?) = 0.1, f() = 0, then. st) ~ Ff) = O. which gives us s{) = rd, Therefore, at some time f, where 0 <1 10, the position functions forthe ‘un wp and the run down are equal ‘When 96. Suppose there exists in [a,b] such that (sj) > O and there exists x, in [a,b] suc that fla,) < O."Then by the Intermediate Value Theorem, f(x) must equal zer0 for some value of + in [x,. 4] o# [xs 4y]ifx, 0 forall xin [a,b] or fla) < O for all xin [a,b] 98 Ix = 0, then (0) continuous atx = 0. and im 0. Hence, fis 100, ‘Tie A. fle) = Lis defined. 16x40, them lim (0) = 0 for rational, whereas © fim fi) = Tees Ji sto x 0 foe xitrational, Hence, fis noe a continuous for all 0 ase sim f(a) Allof the conditions for continuity are mot320__Chaper 1 Limits and Their Properties 4102, False; a rational function can be waite as P(0)/ls) 104. (a) ‘where P and Q are polynomials of degree m and, © respectively It can have, at most, n discontinuities. = (b) Thore appears to be a limiting speed and a possible 106. Lety bea real number. I'y = 0, then x = O.IFy > O,then let 0 < xy < 3/2 such that M = tan.xy > » (this is possible Since the tangent function ineteases without bound on [0, 1/2). By the Intermediate Value Theocem, f(s) = tan xis 0 and fb) fle) — fle) = 0 2 He) = Fe) Section 1.5 Infinite Limits 4. lim, sec = 00 Pa lim, see = = ~26 PRG «| 3s [ -31 [300 | son] -299 | 2% | -29 | ~25 7e)| 1077 | Som [30.08] —sm.t] 4929 | a9 | aois | coorSection 15 Infinite Limits 321 x | -35 | -31 | a0 [3001] 2.999] -299] -29 | -25 7@)| ~3868 [19.1 [1910 [iw | 10 frro| iar [380 ‘Therein, = Ora veri amp lim 3 ws Therefore. = 2is a venical aympioe mn aT 9 tim te oe Anara ‘Therefore, x= 1 is. vertical asymproe, 14, No vertical asymplote since the denominators never zero, 16, ~seand lim. Ms) ‘Therefore, » = ~3 is. venical asympwoe iy Als) = =e and gy Rls) = 06 ‘Therefore, s = is. vertical asympote 2: - 8) 18, fle) = see me = has vertical asympretes at +t BAD any integer ‘No vertical asymptotes. The graph has holes atx ands = 4 M2 4x- 6) _ ale a= 2) fe BSS aE eT) EME 9) EF? Vertical asymptotes at v = and x= 3. The graph has holes at x = —3and.x = 2 wae ra * 2 24. he) = 26 HO = 7 7H has no vertical ‘Vertical asymptote at = —2, The graph has a hole at 2 fim, MO)322_Chaper ) Limits and Their Properties tan sin OT Teen has vertical asymptotes st Fam n my neat “There is no vertical asymptote at # = 0 since Removable discontinuity at r==l 44 tim, =? 48m, tan cx = seam tim, stan ex = —o6 ‘Therefore lm,» tan ax does nt exist. 56. No. For example, (3) = 4 mas no ‘estical asymptote $0.) = sim fs) = tims x ~ 1) = 0 4, The line x = c isa vertical asymptote if the graph of f approaches 20 as « approaches e (ce) = 2 (Inthis case we know that & > (1)60. (a) = SOmsec* 0) r= 0m s0e* = = 200m H/see (©) , lim, [S00sec? 0] = 90 “ota distance 64. (Average speed = TAa-diamee aw = G+ ah 29 er Soy + 50x = 25 Sx = 2ry ~ 50y Sax = Ayr 25) 100,10 a9 — Horo Sotan 50.0 bona (0.2 om (68. False; for instance, let su) == The graphof fat whole (1,2), wot vena ipod 72. Lets) = San gla) = tig sounttig += oe tim ( tim (4 - 4 Section LS Infinite Limits 33 “fe[3 [© [so] » | 50 | s6667 | 30 | 42857 Fe [os] os [oo [12 [is ro [oar | 421 | iso | ose | e304 © lim, 70. Tue by Theorem 1.15.324 Chapter 1 Limits and Their Properties Review Exercises for Chapter 1 YO= B= TF = 825 2. Precalculus. L x» [-or [-oor [oon [ooo [oor [01 70) | ask | 03st | o3s4 | osss | oss | oo , F lim) ~ 02 6 w= FS a) lim (3) does not exist. (0) fim ets) 8 lim YE= VO= 3 Assuming 4 0 be given, We need Hence, for < fr ~ 9) <8 = Se, youhave ME —3| | et all ve—3] he given. can be any positive 12 tim 3]y = 1] = 3]4 = 1] = 9 number Hence, for 0 < |v ~ 5] <8, you have p-9) 1 ~ 6.39500 6.39, the velcity is approximately sa) ~ ft) Jim $= 29 — jim —49f0 49) im, ~4.9(6.39 + 6.39) = ~€2.6 m/sec 32 liv ~ Udoes not exist. The graph jumps from 21034 Jim gla) = 1-4 1 36. im, = lig Gx +2) = 540 Removable discontinuity atx = 1 ‘Continuous on (~20, 1) U (1, 26}326 Chapter I Limits and Their Properties wo- Gos tf 6 2 1 6 Domain: (—2e, —1J, (0,20) Nonremovable discontinuity at = 2 ae ees, Nomemovable discontinuity atx = 0 Continuous on (=22, = 1] 4 (0,22) 46. fla) = an 2 Nentemovsble discontinuities when reid AM ae 2 Removable discontinuity atx = —1 Continuous on (=20, = 1) U(=1, 26) ‘Concinuous on (aziz Gr u2) ‘oral integers 48 lin (+ lim @ +) =4 Find bande so that fi G2 + be +e) = 2 and tiny G+ +o) Consequently we get Ll tb+e=2 ad 9+M+e=4 Solving simultaneously, b= —3. and oma $0. C= 9.80 + 250[-[-a] - I} x > 0 32. fu) = Ve Ie 180 — 250-4 + 1) (a) Domain: (—96, 0} [1 96} has a noneemovable discomtinnity a each iceper (o> sion fe 54. ls) 56. fix) = ese a Vertical asymptote at every imeger k 6, 66, imProblem Solving for Chapter 1 x [on oor [-oon [oo [oor | or Foy | 20271[ 2003 | 20000 | 20000 [2.0003 | 20278 tan 2y lim (b) Yes, define jan2x, x #0 Wa) =} x0) Now /(2) is continuous atx = 0. Problem Solving for Chapter 1 a 3 4 spe = $52 (segs = 3 tages 4 x af2[ 1 [ot [oo Area Apao | 2| 1 [1/2 [1/20 | 1/200 ‘Arca Arno [8] 2| 1/2 | 1/200 | 1/0000 a) [2 [1 [ao [100 moet (6) Jim ofa) = tim y= 0 ING = RSF a) = tim —S= 9G + ERGo ava a) mim Gt 2-6 3 Meee asa a ‘This isthe slope af the tangent line at . « RL w-a-e-2 iam) eset NJat in + J Letting a = 3 simplifies the nmerator ‘Tiass, ‘Thus, © a-e-2e0 a Thus,a = 3 and b = 6, 37328 Chapter ]__Limius and Their Properties /) = 10) =f] =0 fs ==1 Rw wena 192,000 _ a. ya's a8 192000 LAT ni) 10.600 @ ve + 699 10600 2B" 599 — ve Let = JT9B ~ 266 mi/sec Since ths is smaller than the escape velewty for earth, the nasi Less ' (6) fis continu fr all real aummbers except x= 0.414R45 (0) tim fl lim f(a) = 0 lim so) = ~ lim (00) AA Leta # O and let € > 0 be given. There exiss 6, > 0 such that if 0 <|y ~ 0] <4 thon [f(x) ~ £| 0: le+9-s) ce ba) 0: Babee vce Hence, any 5 > 0 will work Henee for any 8 >0, you have Ba) <« We) =U 02 lige - 1) - Gal] 0: |YF-ol ce bi 0: ken « -i O, there exists 8, > Oand 8, > such that fe — el < 8, =s|f(x) — L) < eand lim f(x) = 2, and tim (0) Jue] < & => [fla) — | < © Let Sequal the smaller of 6, and 8. Then for [tr = fal = [tp ~ 700) +760) ~ Hl 5 [bs ~JGi] + [f)~ Ec ete < 6.we hae ‘Therefore, [L, ~15| < 2€ Since ¢ > 0 is arbitrary it follows that L, ( means that for evory € > O there exists 8 > 0 atc that if im 7) ~ 1) O lim (fig) = (1) = eld) = 04 ies tee alae (3) am C(0P = [im nf = (4) = © tm J= jing a= {e) tim 3/6] = 3 tim (0) = 314) = 2 @ Leto = flim ssp? = 44° Ain) = ty glx) = 12 = BP, Gr Nee agree exept atx (et ale aSection 13 Evaluating Limits Anatytically 38 tin~ De e+ # PPE 1 a yw 4 (e+ BF ~ 2b AD + A= GE = 24) EF Dike + (AD? = De — Ze + + 2 ot ar Ba iS Qrt A= 2) Teer [oor [onmr [ozone Tos jo] 0338] oss | ose [>| eas | 035s | osw Analytically, tiny st Y Loa ‘ maoF sates x [-01 [oor [-oon Jo] ooo] oa | a1 ot se) | 020 | -0.251 | —0.250 [734 Chapter 1 Limits and Their Properties 67. Ling (69, gy SMI cos sh tise 78. tim, 2 = tm, sin. 79,54) = 8 1 [-o1 [-oor [000 fo] oo [oo [ot . .. ya | 296 | 2906] 3 [2]s | 2006 | 296 + The limit appear to equal 3 Analy 81 4) = vy [-01 | -001] 0001 JoJoon foo for 70) | 0.099998] —o01 | apa | 70.001 | or | 0.099098 Zee 43 —Qe+3)_ 5 Bet * “hs het W) = fl) : ea ae +) + Dh tm $7. lim (a2) ¢ 89. fa) = eos 4 lima) <4 ‘Therefore tn 0) ‘Bt lin (x 608.2) =Section 13 Evaluating Limits Anatytically 38 so) = sine 91. fa) = sine Ps] SA 98, We say that two functions fand ¢ age at all but one 97, Au indeterminantfoem is obtained when evaluating Limit Point (on am epen interval) if f(s) = g(x) fo all vin the using direct substitution provinces a memingles fractional interval excopt foe x = e, whete cis in the interval expression such as 0/0. Tha is, A ‘When yo ae “clone 10” Othe magnitude of fis Z approximately equal to te magnitude of ¢ “Thun, |g/|f ~ twhen xis “lose "0 101, s¢) = —168 + 1000 asi), 600 = tole + 5K 5) —— Sse, a= Peasy Ot “nies Speed = 160 f/see 498 + 150 tim 7493 = 113 +2) Hogar 490+ 8 Vx and ga) = =1/ tim 7) and ling als) do not exist 105. Let fl im L[si0) + eo n[ol=0 O there exists a8 > 0 such that [/) ~ B| < ewhenever ‘b] = 0< eforany € > 0, then any valueot 8 > 0 will work wen. Since li fx) = Ly 109, If} = 0, then dhe property is ue because both sides are equal 100. 1fb # 0, let € > Ob thee exists 8 > Osuch ha [7()~ Z| < ef] whenever < |x ~o] < & Hence, wherever 0 < Je — el < & we have [Pls — 2] < € oF fori) at] < which ities that iy [gts] =36__Chapter 1_Limits and Their Properties i a RaRearal £1, Fie Axx pes om nn, EL (a fe))) $ tim fale) 5 tim (M70) =M(O) $ lim fla}els} < MO) 06 limslajgts) < 0 ‘Therefore, im PU 115, true, 117. False, The limit does not exis. lim /€) does not exist since for x < 0,4) = 4 and for x 2 04769) fo, itxisrationad 121 90-() cet 0, if ris eationat 100 CS Peston li f(s) does ot exis, No mtr how “close to” Os, there are sil an infinite number of rational and itratonal numbers o that lim f(x) does not lim 960) = 0. When xis “close to" 0, both pasts of the function are “che to” 0 = cosx= 1 ~ $e foes = 0, Go eos. = 1 Hap = 0995 og)-t (@) cos0.1) = 0.9950, which agrees with pat ().Section Lt Continuity and One-Sided Limits 37 Section 1.4 Continuity and One-Sided Limits 1 hig so= 1 3.) tips) ©) fim so) = 1 ©) fim so = 0 © timsta) = 1 © limse) = 0 ‘The function is NOT continuous at r=3 ‘The function is continuous at ro3 5. (2) tim. s6) (lim fx) = -2 (©) lim f() does not exit “The function is NOT continwsis wn 4, 9, jim ——*— doos not exist becaise —S— grows, = fe =F veo wo pL a & See, elk, 4 ae 3 igh ar Tali Ge de) Ax Wall Gee aR)” A = to a+ a) cn ty 22-8 17 i 9 = fi + lim f(s) = iy G2 + 1) = 2 lin 19. lim cot.x does not exist since 2A. dim (Sie] ~ 5) = 33) — 5 = 4 ‘cot and lim cot x do not exist. wi fed and g(t) ~ By the Intermediate Value"Theorem, e() = (For at least fone value c between 0 and I. Using a graphing util find that ~ 0.5636. 19 <0. 88 fl) Fis continous on 0,3] #0) = ~20na 703) = 19 a 0 (3) gy santa) = 1 (©) im sents (©) iy santa) does not exist. AOL, Troe: ff) = glx). # c, then limyf(x) = lim gle) ant 103, False: f(1) isnot defined and fim f(x} does not exist. at leas one of these limits (if they exist) docs not equal the corresponding funeton at = 6 108. @) £0 Oxesh 0 0se x -E ade #0, [-e,0)U (0,26) vetere dve+e 4-8 Define f(0) = 1/(2e) © make feontinueus ax = 0. 109. fe) = Ad a Js has nonremovable discontinuities at Lanes, “4 Section 1.5 Infinite Limits = | 35 | a1 [sar] 3001 | -2.999 | 29 | 0308 | 1639] 1668 | 1656 | 1667 | —16.69 | 1695] —0.368 © ] 35] —3!] 301] 3001 J] 29% | 29 | 20) Ze) | 3769 | 1575 [1508 | isor || -1499 | —1493 | -1425 | -2273 in, $00)Section 15 Infinite Limirs 43 wenn O's a vertical acymptoe a hha vertical asympotes at + in any integer. ata v ANTE tim ——*—_ JY We ‘Therefore, x = 2 is a vertical asyimprote, ERE) 3 GF2E-0 ‘Therefore, 1s a vortcal asymproe, p= Sle +3) 243 G5 FD ET re) = ves No vertical asympsotes. The graph has able atx = 5, ape ‘Therefore, x isa verical asymptote G=3es0 2 A G=DesD “Therefore, x = 1 is a vertical ympte AS. No vertical asympote since the denominator is never ze, 1, 23. yo) = t= oe sympeotes at = wn, a ‘a nonzero integer: There is no vertical asymptote at since tinyM4 Chapter 1 Limits and Their Properties @-D= Removable discontinuity at» ‘53. A limitin which f(x} increases or decreases without ound as x approaches e is called an infinite limit. 2 is nota number. Rather, the symbol lim f0 says How the limit fails t exist, gt 3h i =x Aa y+ eed Aaa t Vertical asymptote at - 47, Nim, seem Therefore, ce and Him, see(a) seo( 1) does not exist. x-3 58. One answers f(s) = oe (or =0itk < 0)Section LS 6c osx < 100 To (a) C23) = $176 mittion 25) to) e150) om Jas 25 528 (©) (95) = $1584 mulion 2 Thus, itis not possible 60) © 1 [os [02 [or [om | oor | voor 7) aoitt | a0067 | a00r7 =0 [=o || : ) =p [| or | om | ooo | anon ra) [oases [ores | 008 [ao | oon | ~0 | ~o Ole 1 Os 02 on 0.01 | 0.001 | O.0001 7) [oases [oxoas [ox [ones | ons [onaer] one “ be tig 82*— ot67 1/5 w «ft [es [02 [an | oor] oon | o0o0: fa) | 0.1985 | 03292 | 0.8317 | 16658 | 16.67 | 166.7 | 16670 Forn 2 3, lim. Infinise Limits 4546 Chapter 1 Limits and Their Properties eta meseicecincaccesamne nai oy memerniaeaaetyicsan 1700/2 = 850 revolutions per minute. » 6] 03 06 09 12 1s ease “ ae ae ((2-4)) = 2426 Fhe ite ene ct di pile 20a + 2h) + LOG + 2) = 30 + 26), e t vonin: (.2) (Al tee eoet © jg i=eo 1, xe ora x8 ay Sh gph ae mpi de s Per £0) = 3. 73. Given tim fx) = 92 and lim gts) =f: (2) Product ICL > 0, then for € = £/2 > Odhere exists 6, > O such that |g(x) ~ Z| < L/2whenever 0 < |x el < 6, Tus, L/2 < als) < 31/2, Since lim fla) = oe then for M > 0, there exists 8 > (such that /(x) > M(2/L) whenever xe] < 8, Let be the smaller of 8, and 6,.Then for 0 < |s—e| < 6 we have /ladgls) > M(2/Z)L/2) = Mt “Therefore lim f(a)g(a) = 90, The proof is similar for . < 0. 3 Quotient: Let € > O be given. ‘There exists 6, > Ouch thats) > 3L/2e whenever 0 < |x—e| < 8, and there exists 8, > Osuck tha [glx) — | < 1/2 whenever 0 < |x — | < 6 This incquality gives vs 1/2 < gl) < AL/2. Let Bbe the smaller of 8, and 5, Then foe 0 < |v —e| < d.wehave Suppose lim f(x exists and equals £. Then, mt im 7a) ims) ‘This is ot possible, Thos, lim,/(x) des nt exis.Review Exercises for Chapier 147 Review Exercises for Chapter 1 1. Calculus equited. Using a graphing uty you can estimate the length tobe 83. (Or the Fength is slighdy longer than the distance between the two points, 8.25, + ]-o1 | —vor[-onm] con | om | on fo | =026 | -025 | -0250 |] -02499 | 0249 | -024 tim f(s) ~ 0.25, % tim (3 =) = 3-1 =2 [Lat € >0 be given, Choose & = ¢. Then for () tim, a) = -3 aM 0 <|e~ 1] <3 =e younave feo Oe given, We naod pt = 31] <= [xt 4] = |e De +2) ces Assuming, | 22) Answers vill vary, Sample answer: AS. (a) IF/e) = 3 nd Fis odd, then [(=e) = fe) = 3 (0) IE fle) = 3 amd fis even, en fe) = = Mle} = 47. Let (jy yo) Bea point of tangency on the graph off By the limit definition forthe derivative.) Tine through (25) and (t, ya) equals the derivative of fx 2x The slope of the 5-% 42m 5 ~ y= 2— xy — 2) 5 = Ux = 46) = 8 = By + 2 O= a? 4x +3 0 = by — Day = 3) = ay = 1.3 ‘Therefore, the points of tangency are (1,3) and (3, 3), and the comesponding slopes are 2 and ~2. ‘The equations of the tangent lines are yos=Ae-2) ys = —2[r-2) ya2etl y=-tn49 49. (a) (0) = -3 (oe) (©) Because g(1) =~}, g is decreasing (falling) at (4) Because ¢(—4) = 1, gis increasing (ising) atx = —4 (e) Because (4) and g'(6) are both positive, (6) is greater than g(4) and 9(6) ~ g(4) > 0. (0 No, itis not possible. All you can say is hat ¢ is decweasing (falling) atx = si fa) = $e 2 By the limit definition of the desivative we have fx) « [2 [os] [-osTo ras [2 pe) |-2 |-# | -+[-% [o i 2 * ro} 3} @ | a] i fo i 3$8 Chapler2 Differentiation ey = LEE 8.00) =f) 85, /(2) = 214 = 2) = 4.12.1) = 244 = 21) = 399 = Go Dlx + 0.01) ~ (x + OI = 2¢-+ 8) + 100 Fam ‘ “The graph of g(x) is approximately the graph off). Asy-o0e,f is neatly horizontal and thus f”~ 0. 5/0) ~ fos as) fe Su = £24 BNIB) 9) + 902) 3P 63 (ar p-2) 435 semis ayn (So-m 4 ti FF ty ty 4 B10) =P 428+ Le fin, HOLE. 65 se) = /BLe=0 ©. Jo)= 0 0=6 v0) = tg #620 = 10 10) = i £200 16)= tig =H = OFF oes not exist,Section 2.1 6. hls) s+ Sye=—$ tim Ma =M=5) nes Does not exist. 7B. f(a) is dilferemiable everywhere except atx = —L (Discontinuity) 177. ss) is differentiable om the interval (1,26) (ALx = 1 the tangent line is vertical) ‘The derivative from the Ie is tim £00 =f0) _ yy, b= 1-0 | seed “The derivative from the right i tim £2)-S0) _ jp, #= 1-0 ra im Ae gHT ‘The one-sided limits re not equal. Therefore, fs not slitfeentiable atx = ‘ Te erate on teats fig LAL) edna fo hin, ip LL ‘The one-sided limits ae equal. Thesefore, is dillereniable atx 187. (a) Tho distance from (3, 1) 10 the Hine mer ~ y + 4 [Ae + By + | VEE imi) — 100) +4] [3m + 3] » * The Derivative and the Tangent Line Problem 59 ‘TL, f(s) is diferemiable every where except st {Sharp turn inthe graph.) 75. fla) is diterentiahle everywhere except at {Sharp turn inthe graph) 79. f(s differentiable everywhere except atx = 0. (Discontinuity) ik-Weret BIO Veo “The derivative from the et is “The derivative from the right i fis) =f) it lim, Ge = 1) = 0. ‘These one-sided limits are equal. Therefore, is differentiable atx = 1. (11) = 0) = lim (x +2) = 7 lig t= 7) ‘The fuetion dis mt differentiable at m = ~ 1. This corresponds wo the Fine x + whic passes threagh the point (3,1)60 Chapier2 Differentiation 89, Fuse, the slope is in 91, False. Ih derivacve from the let ofa poine does not equal the desivative fom he right ofa pint then the derivative does not exist a that point. For example. if fl) = [adhe te derivative from the let a.x = is ~ 1 and the deivative from the right at.c = is 1. At = O. the derivative doesnot exist. 98. f) jxsin(l/a), x40 0. r=0 Using the Squeeze Theorem, we have ~ |x| xsin(/x) $ |x, x-# 0. Thus, lim x sin(1/a) = 0. Using the alternative form of the derivative we have * (0) and fis continaeus at f) = (0) — ys 0 iy (c) LALO) — ty 8 — tim (int ‘Since this limit does not exist (it escillates between ~ | and 1) the function is wot dillerentiable atx 2 sin(/a}, x #0 0, r=0 ao={ Using the Squeeze Theorem agin we have —x°<. si(I/x) ¢ 2°.x #0. Thus, Ling sin(1/2) = 0 = f(0) and fis continu Gehsstuip aca one eau mannyc ie ig LO =f PEMD = © r= 0,82 Horizontal ungents: (0,2). (2. =), (-2, =) 61. y= x 4siny0 Sv <2 y= 1 teosx=0 curs -lae Ats= my Horizontal tangent: (a, 7) os Faas ft Ba R43 gue functions quate derivatives 67, (a) Tho slope appears bo stoopest betwoon A and B. (b) Tho average rate of change hetwoen A and B is ‘greater Tu the instantaneous rae of change at B 69. gi) = fix) +6—> gd =F) Innot equal ze. Theselore there ate no horizont = ke=4r— 9 Bate fimetions wha 4 ‘Equate derivatives Hence, k= Ie 4 aid = Qe a= dn -9=> = -9-0= 23, 0. Fors =3,k = 2andforx = -3,k= a 1 fis linear then its derivative isa constant funetion, fl) =a + re =aSection 2.2 Basie Differeniiation Rules and Rates of Change 63 73, Let (x91) and (x, 9) be the pots of tangency on y = sand y =~ + 6x ~ 5, respectively, The derivatives of these functions ae <2 +6 m= 25 +6, Since y, = 28 and yy = —at + 6 ~ 5, 246m <5) = (en) = In +6, anh 6 6x, + 9) = (+2 4 6); ~ 3) F 1dty = = ay? + 1B, — 18 bn +4=0 . aly — 2 N= Oa; = 2 andy, = 4 ‘Thus, the cangent fine rough (1,0) and (2.4) is 299,53.) = Landy, = 1 7. £1 Adana day 4x1 44xe2r redyo “The point (4,2) ison the graph off “Tangent line:64 Chapter? Differentiation 7. (a) One possible secant is herween (3.9, 7.7019) and (4 8: a 8 -7.27019, yo Sg) tas, y—8=2981(0— 4) ott ss y= Sh) = 2981-3928 we) nm) (eat 8 5) isan approximation ofthe tangent line 73). (©) As you move further away from (4, 8), the aceuracy ofthe approximation T gets worse. OTs 3[ 2 1 os [-ofefor fos [1 [2 [3 Farin | if aaa [sige sea] 7702 | x | asm | osve | ram | mem | ras20 Ta a 2 5 os | a7 [sfea fos [un [a [ow 81, Fale. Let f(a) = and et) (xis aconstant} Pa) = gx) = 2, but 7) # aha +4. Then BR. False IFy = a, then dy/de = 88. Thue. g(x) = 37), then e's) = 3°60. #70 \ ro Instantaneous rate of change isthe constant 2. Average ra of chan f2)- 70) _ 2) +71- 2H T + 7.02) 89, sls) = — re) Tastanancous rate of change =2 w-) = 0 (These are the same because fis ane of slope 2) ( er veo of ue fo) =f pySection 2.2 Basic Differeniiation Rules and Rates of Change _ 68 BL. (a) sl) = 168 + 1362 vo) = ~32r 3) = sit) 1298 — 1M6 = —48 R/soe (9) = sy = -30 When r= 1: vl) = -32/e. When r= 2 12) = 64 f/e. (@ ~168 + 1362-0 95, (The velocity has been converted to miles pet hour) 99, (a) Using a graphing uty, you obtain R= 0.167» ~ 092. @T=R+ 0.008862 + O.14B1y + 0.48 a (@ Foon, + 0.431 Fory = 40, 7140) ~ 0.612. For = 80, 7(80) ~ LOL For = 100, 77(100) ~ 1.315. aa wor a= 2A = 2 a When s = 4m, aA Sp = 8 square meters per meter change ins 10S. (a)_//(LA7) isthe sate of change of the amu wi) = -98r + 120 (8) —9.8(5) 4 120 (10) = =98(10) + 120 7 m/see m/sec 97, » = 40 mph = (3 mi/min)(6 min) = 4 mi 0 map = Omi fein (( si/min)(2 i = 60 mph = tei/mi (1 si/min)(2 mtn) = 24 () Using a graphing uly, you obsain Jans86y ~ 0.0239" + 0.46. () Forincreasing speeds, the total stopping distance 1m, 4c _ 1.008.000 ite $63 dQ & E351) ~ C1350) ~ sux3.095 ~ sos ~ 1.91 390, a wien @ = 390,46 = st, of gasoline sold when the price is $1.47 per gallon, (0) (1.47) is usualy negative. As prices go up, sales go down,66 Chapter? Differentiation mete Singe the parabola passes dhrough (0, 1) and (1,0), we have tet 080 ald) + 10) +e > all + #0) + 1 =e b Thus. y = ar? + (a I) + 1. From the tangent line y = x ~ 1, we know thatthe derivative is at dhe poist (1,0) y's 2aw + (a= 1) 2d) + (“a= 1) I= w-9 ‘Tangent lines through (1. ~9): yt 9 = Ge = 91) (8 =) +9 = ay — ae or +9 0 <2 = ae = 820-3) ra0a “The points of tangency ace (0.0) and (S. #2). At (0,0) the slope is 10 y-0==%r=0) and y+ = -¥ yo or york mi po= (Py, 183 Foust be contingous at ao =o } mies peaaan) Ban 4=d ro" 6s 20Section 2.3 The Product and Quotient Rules and Higher-Order Derivatives 67 1B, Let flr) = cos - fe +d) - (9 1) = jn, sy oO82608 Ax ~ sin.esin dx ~ cose a ae im SxLC08 Ax 1) yar in Aw ae = 0~sina(l) = ~sinw Section 2.3, A. als) = (0? + ha? — 28) gl) = (8 + r= 2) 4 oe 5. fly) = eos SG) = Asin.) + €08 8°) = 3stcone — x? sin a) = Laer ee BB. fla) = 02 = 30/2 + 3+ 5) Pi) = — las +3) +P Hae + SIG = 10x! + 12x — 392 = 1k — 15 ria) = 15 7. fla) = xc F(0) = (sina) + (cosalll) = cosx = sin (8) The Product and Quotient Rules and her-Order De: 3.) = Ste +4) snag + (+ aba my = 809 +184 a + Mt) = xix) 18, J) y= 3)00) = 62 = 20) G=3F re L644 TF68 Chapier2 Differentiation yisari 212s) 9 oF dix= 1 a b)= 29,1) = PAS a 20 4518 (e+ 3M =A) _ 2 + 6 +9) = stg) ain —Syows re +3 G&+3P re e463 Ws 3P (ara os 6e (0 — 2) 2c =e = 2 + 3 oF Be FN = 5) + DD x? + A)lx ~ S)le-# D+ Ga + ANNE + 1) + GeO 4 4M — 90) (9x? + 4)la? — 4x — 5) 4 S44 4 Sa + an Fae Set — IS + a? — 20 gat — 3649 — 41a? — 16x — 20-4 Ge — 1299+ he? — 16 Se! — 43 — 30x? — 324 — 20 3. fu) = sine FO = eos + 2isinr = Areas + 2sin)Section 2.3 The Product and Quotient Rules and Higher-Order Derivatives 69 41. y= St py =e nr sans ayy=Hh at Bees im 49. y = ~esex sins st. sts) y= esex ot = cos F) = sect + Dean x eos (vsee!y + tan) = cossfew*e = 1) 5A y= 2esine + tome = 2ecos + 2sin + .°(—sins) + 2rc0s. = Accosx + Qin — sin (orm oF answer may vary) St. £0) in 0+ Veos 8O-Gnt- 1 (form of answer may vary) », : ose s}(=ese roots) 2eve reot , = ee: (= we x v3) __ eae a 6 ain = sve ttan ) = (see 00) no see itanr =D) n=Chapter? Differentiation 63.) Fa) = (0 FG) = (8 = e+ DY + + 2B = 40+ G6 Bet Dee +2), (1-3) (U1) = =1 = slope a (1,—3). Tangent lino: y+3= —Ir~ eye 65.) fi) = 7.12.2) _ ewan = 1)" & 1 = slope at (2.2) Tangent line: y—2 = = I(r 2) sey =x © s=wx (21) 10) = 500 oo “GF FU) = O whens = Dor r= 2. ‘Horizontal tangents are at (0,0) and (2,4). TR sl) = xine fe (roo x + ming) When n = 1: $0) = xoosx + sin. When = 2: 0) = abs cos x +2 sin), When n = 3: J) =2leeos.s + 3 sina) When n = 4: £18) = lxoosx + 4 sins). Por general n, (a) = xf! (ree. + si ® ® ® -+29= a) __6 MLO GD +R = GDS =e YO) 6 a ary a+ seta is 34 sO Ged +O aD 142 fad ir by a constant 15. Atea = Al) = (r+ VE= 20724 82 19-220) 0 1 =r ghiaSection 2.3 The Product and Quotient Rules and Higher-Order Derivatives TL Fi me ny sels wt (50+ ANA) Gorey Pi= (a) When.x = 10; “= gui, (b) When x = 15: P42) ~ 31.55 bacroria per hour (o) Whe [Aste onder size increases, the cost per item decreases, a apt Steea- 45] ce rian x © cern 4 pox) = HfL] = fins00) = eos) eos 88 a ft Neg ead ae * © a= SH A pq = Hf cot] _ sindsin 3) — (cos oot) atl Z{ Sr] a 88. fo) = 402 FU) = 6? f0) 30 7 87. fs) = 3sinx 3. fe) = 2 9, se) = 2 F'0) = 3eosx fW) = 28 pater s9) = ~3 sin > 98. 0) = Del) + a) sa) = Tie) = 2a + 80) ede) — gn) ye) FOF 2H") aia, f2}=0 ‘One suc function is fla) = (x72_Chaper? Differentiation 101, 0) = 36-0516 aly) = =28 27 m/sec 4(3) = ~6m/see ‘The speed of the object is decreasing. {Ic appears that fis cubic sof" would be quadratic and J woud be Tinea. 100" 103, v1) = 500 (21+ 15)(100) = (002) a “a (0) = gh gp ~ 12 Wes? ee le 1500 2 reac (© a0) ~ past p= 05 tect fa) 1x) = ehh) + hale) Fx) (la) + gd Ly) + hide Ld + h'Ldg Gy SW) = gdh "Ixy + gh") + 2e LHW + 2e'Txlh'ix) + bode "T) + dle") = ghd "Lad + Be LR) + Be Lie) + gD FM) = ghd) + gL) + Syd") + Bee La) + Beth) + 3g dex) + g@ialh’e) + edna) = gdh) + 4g LOh"L) + GoW) + 4e"L0R GW) + BODO) nin = Vin = 2) V0) ata * WRIT — a= Re) ln = Win =) + (241) Ta =e = 3 -- OMI na = 1a eu) aml (FC) = eC) + Aan) eo MIN) + ead) = aH) + GE (IW NO) + areas) + Yann) + CINCO Note: nl = nf — 1). . <3 1 (tead “n factorial”)