*Review well hehe kaya natin 2 ᕙ(`▿´)ᕗ -nogs

INTRODUCTION TO CONTEMPORARY PHILIPPINE ARTS FROM THE

REGION
(Week 1)

What is art? Is nature art?

*According to Webster: “Art is human ingenuity in adapting natural things to man’s use?
 Therefore, an artist uses genius in transforming God-made things into man-made
things that satisfy his needs the conscious use of skill and creative imagination
especially in the production of aesthetic objects” (Merriam-Webster).
 Artist uses creativity and innovation in transforming God-made things into man-
made things that satisfy his need.
 Wood à Religious image/House/piece of furniture
 Plants à Cloth/paper
 Clay à Pots and Idols

*From the word “ars” = Skill, Cunning, Artifice, Craft

Art Skill Cunning Artifice Craft

Ingenuity and
Personal & Technical subtlety in Mechanical skill Expertness in
unanalyzable knowledge and devising, in imitating workmanship,
creative power efficiency inventing, or things in nature cleverness in
executing attaining one’s
ends

*Art can take the form of film, music, theatre, and pop culture, all of which aim to
entertain and make people happy. But when films, songs, or plays are made for a specific
audience or purpose, the art begins to diversify.
*Films, for example, can be made to spread awareness or cultural appreciation. Songs
can also be composed in a way that they bring out certain emotions, give inspiration, or boost the
morale of people.
*According to Marcos (2006), the word art supplies various meanings, including ability-
human capacity to create things of beauty and things that stir us; process- art encompasses acts
such as drawing , painting, sculpture, designing building and using the camera to create , and
product completed work or the final product.
 Art is any creative work of a human being.
 Art is a form of expressing oneself.
 Art resides in the quality of doing; process is not magic.
 Art is the act of making something visually entertaining.
 Art is that activity which manifests beauty.
 Art is mastery, an ideal way of doing things.
 Art is not a thing — it is a way. (Elbert Hubbard)
 Art is the most intense mode of individualism that the world has known.
 Art is a discovery and development of elementary principles of nature. into beautiful
forms suitable for human use. (Frank Lloyd Wright)

How does art impact the quality of our lives?

 Some artists do arts to express their emotions and thoughts, real or imaginary. Other
artists do it to produce things of beauty. Like architectural wonders (great pyramid and
Eifel tower) and masterpieces like iliad and oddysey to entertain people, that is, viewers
enjoy the sight of beautiful paintings, sculptures and buildings as Ralph Emerson said a
thing of beauty is a joy forever

*A big number of artists do it to self-actualization. For example, a poet writes poems to

satisfy his passion for poetry or a sculptor creates icons to satisfy his craving for images. A small
number of artists do it to immortalize them or to immortalize other people. Does an artwork have
to be aesthetically beautiful to be called an art? The truth is that art is more than just a practice –
it is a way of life. Art is more than just a skill – it is a passion. Art is more than just an image –
each one tells a story.

FUNCTIONS OF ART
1. Personal or Individual Function
 Artists have their personal reasons for indulging in art.
*e.g. The poet, Edwin Markham, wrote the poem “The Man with the Hoe” because he
was inspired by the painting of a farmer that he had seen earlier.
2. Social Function
 Man is a social being and as such he/she associates with his/her fellow being
3. Economic Function
 Many people believe that it does not pay to be an artist. However, this belief is
negated by these facts.
4. Political Function
 When Imelda Romualdez-Marcos, a patroness of the arts became the Governor of
Metro Manila, she promoted her political programs by means of arts.
*Example:
Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP)
Philippine International Convention Center
5. Historical Function
 Paintings, sculptures, architectural works, and other art forms serve to record
historical figures and events.
6. Cultural Function
 Buildings, furniture (chairs, table, etc.), clothes, and the like form part of the
country’s material culture.
7. Religious Function
 Almost all, if not all, art forms evolved from religion. People in older times
worshipped their Gods in the form of songs and dances. The earliest dramatic
forms were religious in nature.
*Examples:
MAUSOLEUM OF ROME
PYRAMID OF GIZA
8. Physical Function
 Houses and other buildings are constructed to protect their occupants and all
others inside them.
9. Aesthetic Function
 Artworks serve to beautify.

PRINCIPLES OF CONTEMPORARY ART

 SPACE
 Arts transforming space. For example, flash mobs, art installations in malls and
parks. An art form that is performed and positioned in a specific space such as
public places
 HYBRIDITY
 Usage of unconventional materials, mixing of unlikely materials to produce an
artwork
 TECHNOLOGY
 Usage of technology in the creation and dissemination of art works. A famous
technology art in the Philippines is located just in the Ilocos region it can be
found at Vigan City. This dancing fountain was created using the technology.
 HARMONY
 It is the principle which produces an impression of unity through the selection
and arrangement of consistent objects or ideas. “Every part of a work of art is
necessary to the composition to the extent that all the parts exhibit a sense of
belonging together and a pleasing relationship with one another”
 RHYTHM
  It is the continuous use of a motif or repetitive pattern of succession of similar or
identical items. It is characterized as repetitive, continuous, or flowing.

 BALANCE
 known as physical equilibrium. It is the stability produced by even distribution of
weight on each side of the thing that is classified into formal or informal.
*Note: Formal balance exists if the weights at equal distance from the center are
equal.
 INFORMAL OR ASSYMETRICAL (also called occult balance )
 balance of unequal weights, the heavier one being nearer the axis and the lighter
one farther. Informal balance is present when the left and the right sides of the
thing, although not identical in appearance, still display an even distribution of
weight.
 PROPORTION
 The comparative relationship of the different parts in relation to the whole. It
shows pleasing relationship between a whole and its parts and between the parts
themselves. It is like showing a picture of a nuclear family where the father is
shown as the biggest and tallest and the child as the smallest and shortest.

CLASSIFICATION OF ART FORMS

(Week 2)

 VISUAL ARTS
 these are forms perceived by the eyes.
*They are also called spatial arts because artworks produced under this genre occupy
space.
o PAINTING
o GRAPHIC ARTS
 arts that have length and width thus, they are also called
TWO-DIMENSIONAL ARTS
 They are also called FLAT ARTS because they are seen on flat
surfaces.
o PRINTING
o DRAWING
o SKETCHING
o COMMERCIAL ART
o MECHANICAL PROCESSES
o COMPUTER GRAPHICS
o PHOTOGRAPHY

 PLASTIC ARTS
 arts that have length and width and volume thus, they are also called
THREE-DIMENSIONAL ARTS.
o SCULPTURE
o ARCHITECTURE
o LANDSCAPE
o INTERIOR DESIGN
o CITY PLANNING
 o COSTUME DESIGN

Division of art study

 Aesthetics/Art Appreciation
 the science of beauty. It is the division of art study in which the student learn
to admire the artist, value highly different works of art, and appreciate the
role of art in society. Humanities or the study of the arts was limited only to
aesthetics or art appreciation during the second half of the 20th century. But
due to the onset of the new millennium and the recent developments in
various disciplines, humanities have extended to other divisions of art.
 Art History
 the division of art study in which the student acquires knowledge of the
artists, their backgrounds, their masterpieces, and their significant
contributions in various fields of art.
 Art Production
 the division of art study in which the student learns to use his creativity and
apply his artistic knowledge and skills in producing his/her own works of art.
 Art Criticism
 the division of art study in which the student learns to use his judgment in
evaluating different artworks based on the criteria set.
 Integrative art
 A combination of a number of art forms to form an artwork E.g. An opera or
musical play is a combination of music, dance and drama. Integrative art may
also refer to the use of art in other disciplines, as in psychology.
 Contemporary Art
 is not confined to the museum. They are also found in galleries, art schools,
side streets, and public spaces like the train or bus stations, shopping centers
or parks. For example, many installation artworks are intended for display
only in a particular setting and for a given span of time. Many artworks are
posted online. This means that anyone who has access to the internet can
view the artwork and actually purchase it.“Art produced at the present period
time. Contemporary art includes and develops from, post-modern art, which
is itself successor to modern art”.

MUSIC AND ITS ELEMENTS

(week 3)

THE AUDIO-VISUAL ARTS

*What is Music? What comes first to your mind when you hear the word music?
*For today's lesson, you should give your own definition of music!
*Did you know that music is considered to be the least tangible of the arts?
 While music constitutes a part of intangible heritage, its tools (i.e. musical instruments )
represent the tangible aspect of the intangible heritage. The richness and variety of
musical instruments that we see in our planet today are evidence of how people make
music meaningful and useful in their lives.
 Music is the art of combining sounds of varying pitch to produce a coherent composition
that is –Melodious, Harmonious, Intelligible, and Expressive of ideas and emotions. It is
defined as an arrangement of sounds to create a continuous and unified composition.
Similar to any art form, music has its own elements.
 Understanding the elements of music and the different musical traditions in the
Philippines will help in appreciating that contemporary Philippine music is varied from
one region to another.
 Take note that Philippine pop music can easily be heard in areas that can be reached by
radio, television, and the internet. But traditional music and music with influences from
other countries are still evident in some regions of the country.

Hearing vs. Listening

 Hearing is simply the act of perceiving sound by the ear. If you are not hearing-impaired,
hearing simply happens. Listening, however, is something you consciously choose to do.
Listening requires concentration so that your brain processes meaning from words and
sentences.
 Passive listening (hearing) - being mildly aware of sound
 Active listening - concentrating on sounds.

ELEMENTS OF MUSIC
 PITCH- relative highness and lowness of tone.

 VOLUME OR INTENSITY- loudness and softness of sound.

 *Fortissimo (very loud), Forte (Loud) , Piano (soft), Pianissimo (very soft). It ranges
from very soft and soft to loud and very loud. The volume is louder when a singer belts out
compared to the volume when he simply whispers.
 TEMPO OR RATE- speed of composition. Also known as speed of the beat.
*Ballads have a slow tempo while dance songs have a fast rate.
o Vivace (lively)
o Allegro (fast)
o Moderato (moderate speed)
o Andante (moderately slow)
o Adagio (slower than andante)
o Lento (slow)
o Largo (very slow)

 DURATION- length of time during which a sound is produced.

TIMBRE - quality of sound that makes it distinct from other sounds. It is also known as tone
color. This refers to the quality of sound generated by an instrument or by a voice.
HARMONY- the simultaneous sounding of two or more tones. When three or more tones are
sounded simultaneously, there exists a chord. Refers to a combination of different tones or
pitches played or sung together
RHYTHM- this has something to do with patterns in time
Consistent pattern or succession of different sounds:

Introduction à Stanza one à Chorus à Refrain à Stanza two à Chorus à Refrain à Coda à
Conclusion

MELODY- the series of consecutive tones that vary in pitch and duration but form a line of
individual significance and expressive value. It is considered to carry the overall theme of music
and is inseparable to rhythm.
TEXTURE- number of tones expected to be apprehended simultaneously
Monophonic (single melodic line without accompaniment)

Homophonic (sounding of one main melody supported by a subordinate one)

Polyphonic (simultaneous sounding of two or more melodic lines of relatively equal interest)

FORM- the overall organization of the composition. It is associated with shape, structure, and
coherence. All the musical elements are put together to come up with the cohesive whole called
form. Refers to how the other elements of music are organized.
Did you know that in the Philippines, we have types of Philippine music that Filipinos were
proud of? Filipinos enjoy music and singing. Sometimes, it seems that almost everyone can play
an instrument and has a good singing voice. It has been said that Filipinos learn to sing before
they can talk and dance before they can walk. Some men still woo their lovers by serenading
them under the window. Before you proceed in learning the types of Philippine Music, let’s do
the learning exercise!

Types of Philippine Music

1. Ethnic Traditional Music
- described as music that has similar elements with music from our South-east Asian
neighbors Examples:Ballad, Chant and Song Debate
- this kind of music can still be heard in Northern Luzon, Mindanao, Palawan and Sulu

*Ballad - refers to a song that explains an event occurring in a community, nowadays; it is

described as a popular romantic song in the urban areas
Did you know that Ballad actually began as a folk song and continues today in popular music?
Many love songs today can be considered ballads.
The OPM Ballads of the Philippines Will Make You Get Up and Sing!
 Ligaya by Eraserheads
 Huling Sayaw Kamikazee, Kyla
 Mahal Ko O Mahal Ako KZ Tandingan
 On the Wings of Love James Reid, Nadine Lustre
 Simpleng Tao Gloc 9

Example: The Hudhud chant of Ifugao.Chant - refers to a song with an unaccompanied melody
and rhythm; this is usually found in epic songs.
Note: The Hudhud consists of narrative chants traditionally performed by the Ifugao community,
which is well known for its rice terraces extending over the highlands of the northern island of the
Philippine archipelago. It is practiced during the rice sowing season, at harvest time and at funeral
wakes and rituals. Thought to have originated before the seventh century, the Hudhud comprises
more than 200 chants, each divided into 40 episodes. A complete recitation may last several days.
*Song debate - is a song involving male and female singers who try to outsmart each
other about a certain topic; themes usually include love, courtship and marriage.
Example: Balitaw, the Visayan folk song in the Philippines.
The balitaw is a debate or dialogue song in which a young woman and a young man compete to
see who is better at improvising romantic verses. These verses are sometimes memorized in
advance. Using song to disguise the intimate sentiments of courtship reduces the embarrassment
involved in meeting potential mates.

2. European-influenced Religious and Secular Music

A. Art Song
 a composition characterized by merging the voice part, lyrics, and the accompaniment
together to achieve an artistic musical whole. Kundiman is an example.
*Did you know that Kundimanis a lyrical song style made popular in the Philippines in the
early 19th century,but having origins in older pre-colonial indigenous styles?
*B. Habanera/Danza- refers to a social dance played with music
Note: Danza is a folk dance of Cuban origin which became popular in the late 19th century, also
known as habanera or danza habanera. The habanera is a social dance in duple time and
performed in a ballroom or on a stage. An example of the Filipino version is the habanera from
Magsingal, Ilocos Sur.
1) Liturgical Music- refers to vocal and instrumental compositions that go together with
the official rites of Christian Churches. Liturgical music began as early as the
Spanish colonial period and the rise of Roman Catholicism. During the 20th century,
musicians employed more innovative styles and forms, including fusion of Asian and
indigenous elements to church music.
2) Kumintang- originally documented as war song; a dance of love accompanied by a
guitar and string bass
3) Pasyon Chant- refers to the various styles for the singing of the pasyon to celebrate
the passion of Christ.
 3. American-inspired Popular, Classical and Semi-Classical Music (American-inspired
music is further classified into three: Classical, semi-classical and popular music
Ensemble-group of performers)
Classical Music
1) Chamber Music - refers to instrumental music played by a small ensemble. Each part
of the music is played by one performer.
2) Choral Music-Involves music written for a group of singers
3) Opera- drama that is sung and accompanied by instruments. It has a set structure:
overture, songs for a variety of number of singers, other vocal combinations, and
interludes.

Solo Instrumental Literature

1. Concerto- refers to a piece for a solo instrument or a group of solo instruments and an
orchestral ensemble
2. Sonata- a work of solo instrument with four movements: allegro-andante-scherzo-alegro
 Semi-classical Music- Includes band and rondalla music, hymns and marches,
sarswela music and stylized folk songs
1. Band Music - refers to compositions created for the band, which is a group of brass,
percussion and woodwind instruments
2. Marcha/March Band - refers to a composition with music played in 4/4 time signature

Popular Music
 includes original music composed by Filipinos, which utilizes Western and local musical
influences
 in 1973, Juan dela Cruz Band released “Ang Himig Natin” as a result of experimenting
with the fusion of rock music with Filipino lyrics. During the 1970’s, emergence of
original Pilipino music (OPM) first began with translation of foreign lyrics into the
vernacular. This gave birth to pinoy pop

Forms of Pinoy Pop

1. Pinoy Rock – involves the use of drums, electric guitars and other electronic instruments
2. Safe Pinoy Pop – “middle-of-the-road” type of music as shown in the composition of
Apo Hiking Society and Jose Mari Chan
3. Pinoy Folk – simple and repetitive tunes popularized by Western Folk singers
4. Pinoy Disco Music – adaptation of Western Disco music
5. Rap– fast-paced rhythmic narration accompanied by electronic musical instruments
6. Protest Songs - songs emerged during the time of student activism. These songs were
created and sung to express and promote ideas on changing the social and political
system at that time. Most popular protest song in the Phil was written in 1928 “Bayan
Ko”. Later, musicians experimented with various musical styles and melodies in creating
protest songs

Contemporary Music (Local Materials and traditional techniques)

 Media of music
 Vocal Media- Male and Female voices
 Instrumental Media- Musical instruments
Traditional techniques applied to contemporary music

*Orchestra- most spectacular because of large size

 Directed by conductor
 Four sections: Woodwind, Brass, Percussion

SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA- Mostly has 100 players

 All principal instrument types divided into four sections: Soprano, Alto, Tenor, Bass

CHAMBER ORCHESTRA- Small group

 Up-to 9 instruments: Solo sonata, Duo, Trio, Etc….

Concerto- written for orchestra but one or two solo instruments are given prominence.

Band- size of orchestra, but is mainly or exclusively for percussion and wind instruments.

RONDALLA- a band usually composed of stringed instruments

DANCE
(Week 4)

 Are you fond of dancing?

 Who are your favorite dancers?
 When do you usually dance?
 What do you know about dancing?
*These are just some of the questions that you need to answer before learning Dance and
its elements! But before you proceed, let’s do the enrichment activity!

What is Dance?
 Dance- an audio-visual art form involving series of human movements that are
spatially, dynamically, rhythmically and artfully in order to flow together.
 a form of art using rhythmic bodily movements expressing ideas and emotions and
accompanied by music. It may tell a story, set a mood, and express an emotion or a
form of exercise. Art form that is very beneficial.
What is Contemporary dance?
 A performing art that involves rhythmic body movement within a given space,
choreographed based on musical beat.
 Performed either in front of an audience or by everyone on a dance floor.
ELEMENTS OF DANCE
*The Elements of Dance are the foundational concepts and vocabulary that help students
develop movement skills and understand dance as an artistic practice.
*The acronym BASTE helps you to remember the elements:
 Body
 Action
 Space
 Time
 Energy

*In dance, the body is the mobile figure or shape, felt by the dancer, seen by others. The
body is sometimes relatively still and sometimes changing as the dancer moves in place or travels
through the dance area. Dancers may emphasize specific parts of their body in a dance phrase or
use their whole body all at once.When we look at a dancer's whole body, we might consider the
overall shape design; is it symmetrical? twisted? What part of the body initiates movement?

*Action is any human movement included in the act of dancing— it can include dance
steps, facial movements, partner lifts, gestures, and even everyday movements such as walking.
Dance is made up of streams of movement and pauses, so action refers not only to steps and
sequences, but also to pauses and moments of relative stillness.
*Dancers may use movements that have been choreographed or traditional dances taught
by others who know the dances. Depending on the dance style or the choreographer's decision,
dancers may also revise or embellish movement they have learned from others.
 *Dancers interact with space in myriad ways. They may stay in one place or they may
travel from one place to another. They may alter the direction, level, size, and pathways of their
movements.
*The relationships of the dancers to each other may be based on geometric designs or
rapidly change as they move close together, then apart. Even when a dancer is dancing alone in a
solo, the dancer is dynamically involved in the space of the performing area so that space might
almost be considered a partner in the dance.

*The keyword for the element of time is When? Human movement is naturally rhythmic
in the broad sense that we alternate activity and rest. Breath and waves are examples of rhythms
in nature that repeat, but not as consistently as in a metered rhythm.
*Spoken word and conversation also have rhythm and dynamics, but these timing
patterns are characteristically more inconsistent and unpredictable.

*Energy is about how the movement happens. Choices about energy include variations
in movement flow and the use of force, tension, and weight. An arm gesture might be free
flowing or easily stopped, and it may be powerful or gentle, tight or loose, heavy or light. A
dancer may step into an arabesque position with a sharp, percussive attack or with light, flowing
ease. Energy may change in an instant, and several types of energy may be concurrently in play.
*Saying that a dance "has a lot of energy" is misleading. ALL dances use the element of
energy, though in some instances it may be slow, supple, indirect energy - not the punchy, high
speed energy of a fast tempo dance.

ELEMENTS OF CONTEMPORARY DANCE

  THEME- most basic element of a dance. It conveys the message of a dance.
 DESIGN- pattern of movement in time and space.
 MOVEMENT- the bodily actions of the dancer that include his steps.
 TECHNIQUE- the skill of movement executed by the dancer.
 MUSIC- the auditory background to which a dancer moves.
 COSTUME AND BODY PARAPHERNALIA- properties worn by the dancer that help
reflect the message, customs, and beliefs.
 CHOREOGRAPHY- the figures and steps in dancing that enable the dancers to perform
in an organized manner.
 SCENERY-the background or setting where the dance is performed to make it more
realistic and enriching.

FORMS AND TYPES OF DANCE IN THE PHILIPPINES

1. FOLK/ ETHNIC DANCES
 Social dances that portray the beliefs, interests, habits, customs, and practices of the
native.
 Ceremonial, combative, courtship, exorcism, funeral, game, torture, comic, and
religious dances. Example: Maranao and Tausug dances, dances from Mindanao.
*Courtship and Wedding Dance- A ceremonial dance that which involves the male
pursuing the female. Wedding dances are performed by newlyweds.
*Game Dances- dances that are usually acted for fun with set of rules and structure.
These are played to test the skills of the dancers.
*Martial Dance- this dance is used to enact a battle that may exhibit unarmed execution.
This is usually combative in nature,
*Mimetic Dance- this aims to imitate actual/real life movements (Animal dances and
Occupational dances).
*Ritual Dancing- This involves dancing to spiritual being and gods.
*Social Dancing-it is primarily performed to celebrate important milestones in life and to
mark harvests.
*Song Dance- this dance involves acting out the meaning of the song using gestures and
movements.

2. Ballroom Dances
 ances of public entertainment usually performed in pairs in ballrooms, night clubs,
and auditorium or in public places.
 Examples: Chacha, Boogie, Tango, and Waltz
3. Theatrical dances
 Performed for the entertainment of the audience in a theater.
 Examples: Ballet, modern dance, opera ballet, and folkloric ballet
*Ballet- this is a theatrical dance presentation in which a plot is integrated with dancing,
music, and stage designs. Examples : Modern Ballet; Opera Ballet; Folkloric Ballet.
*Modern ballet- this utilizes technique and style of classical ballet in portraying
contemporary content.
*Opera Ballet- Dances that is defined within the context of opera.
*Folkloric Ballet- this involves editing of stories and motifs found in the culture of the
people.

4. MODERN DANCE
 this is a dance form that emerged during the 20th century that is considered as
theatrical but it veers away from the technique and style of ballet.

DRAMA
(Week 5)
 *Drama is derived from the Greek word dram (to act or to do). It is a form of art
that depicts life’s experiences through the reenactment of events that takes place in the real
world or in the mind of the playwright. This is performed on stage or in front of the camera by
actors and actresses under the supervision of the director. Drama is an important tool for
preparing students to live and work in a world that is increasingly team – oriented rather
than hierarchal at it also helps the students develop tolerance and empathy. Like music and
dance, drama serves to inform and entertain.

STAGE PLAY
 When we speak of stage play, the actors perform live before an audience on stage.
Example for this is the play “The World is an Apple” by ALBERTO S. FLORENTINO.
RADIO PLAY
 This is a Drama aired over the radio and the actors perform live in the studio but
not before an audience.
TELEVISION PLAY
 It is a Drama shown on television and the play is taped days before it is presented to
the public. Magpakailanman and MMK are examples of these in which they portray real
life situation.
MOVIE / FILM
 Is Movie and Film the same? When we speak of Movie, it refers to slang for motion
picture, short for moving picture, and newer in term while Film refers to a motion
picture, and older term.

Elements of Play Production

 Editing and cinematography do not apply to stage play
 Editing, cinematography, lighting effects and visual effects do not apply to radio play

a. DIRECTOR
 The Director is the overall in charge of the dramatic performance and instruct the
actors/actresses and all the people involved in the production. Director is the one
who gives direction as to when the cast members will do their part or not at the
same time has a key role in choosing the cast members , production design an all the
creative aspects of filmmaking.

b. ACTOR/ACTRESS
 They are members of the cast performing the roles assigned by the director and
memorizes the script and follow instructions to give justice to my role.

c. EDITOR
 The Editors’ work is to sequence the scenes to be presented as a coherent whole and
remove unnecessary scenes and dialogues that can dampen the overall story. He
takes out unnecessary scenes particularly the obscene and offensive ones.

d. SET DESIGNER
 The work of set designer is to layout the set and determines what to place as a
backdrop and what to put on stage. Designs can be realistic, abstract, suggestive, or
functional. For example, the design for the set of the play “New Yorker in Tondo” is a
simulation of a living room of a middle class family residing in Tondo.

e. PRODUCTION DESIGNER
 The task of a production designer is to do the overall design for drama, which is not
limited to just a studio, a room, or the stage. It also involves designing costumes and
props and collaborating with the cinematographer.
f. CINEMATOGRAPHER
 A Cinematographer, also known as director of photography is the chief over the
camera and light crews working in a film, television production and looks for
locations that fits the story, and assisted by cameramen to shoot scenes.

g. COSTUME DESIGNER
  A Costume Designer is a person who designs costumes for a film. His role is to create
the characters’ outfits/costumes and balance the scenes with textures, colors and so
many more.

h. MAKE-UP ARTIST
 The Make – up artist’s medium is the human body, applying makeup and
prosthetics and at the same to beautify or uglify actors or actresses pending on their
role. For example, Vilma Santos and Anne Curtis, who played the role of
“KampanerangKuba” were made ugly and even Sam Milbyin “My Big Love”.

i. PROPS MAN
 He is in charge of creating, managing and carrying around materials used by the
cast to establish their characters meaning to say that they are the over – all in charge
of the materials needed in the production of a movie.

j. LIGHTS MAN
 He ensures the amount and the sources of light needed to make scenes realistic or
credible because the better the light, the better the production.

k. SOUND EFFECTS MAN

 He ensures the amount and the sources of sound needed to make scenes realistic or
credible because the better the sound, the better the production.

l. VISUAL EFFECTS MAN

 Visual effects man is in charge of producing sights no usually captured by camera in
order to make scenes effective.

m. COMPOSER
 Composer is a person who writes music especially as a professional occupation and
at the same time creates the THEME SONG to represent the subject matter, and the
MUSICAL SCORE that helps set the mood of the audience.

n. AUTHOR
 When we speak of an author, he is a writer of a book, article or report. The drama’s
adapted work of literature is the author’s“brainchild”. An Author uses literary elements
(characters, setting, plot, theme, conflict, tone, mood, and atmosphere to make an
effective story).

o. PLAYWRIGHT/SCRIPT WRITER
 A Playwright is a person who composes or writes a play and the primary responsibility is
to redesign the story into dialogues and instructions.William Shakespeare is an example
of a playwright.

p. Literary Elements
 It composes of settings, characters, plot, theme, conflict, point of view, tone, mood
and atmosphere.

*Dr. Prospero Covar is a Filipino anthropologist who created the types of theater in the
Philippines.

Types of Philippine Theater

1. DulangPahiyang (Rituals)- In this category, theater is not viewed as a separate activity,
but as a part of life. A ritual is described as a way to communicate with gods or spirits.
This involves a shaman, usually a babaylan or an albularyo, calling the spirit and being
possessed by that spirit.
There are 4 kinds of Dulang Pahiyang namely;
 Rituals
  Ritual is described as way to communicate with gods or spirits which involves a shaman,
usually a babaylan or albularyo.
 Duplo
 Duplo is described as a poetic debate, in which the Balagtasanis derived from.
 Bayok
 In Bayok, two or more singers will interpret the theme in a spontaneous song-dance
debate.
 Balitaw
 Balitaw is a poetic debate between a man and a woman. The term balitaw may also refer
to the song and its lyrics or the dance, or to the entire performance itself since it exhibits
an exchange of words in a hypothetical situation.

2. Dulambayan– also known as “People’s Theater”. It plays to improve the current systems
of government. These theatrical forms include drama simboliko, historical plays, plays
with social realism, teatrongbayangmanggagawa etc.

3. TeatrongPansimbahan (Church-related Theater) – concerned with spirituality and this

is usually performed depending on the events in the church calendar. These are some
forms that are traditional or folk like komedya, dapit, flores, hudas, hulinghapunan,
sietepalabras and salubong.
 Komedya– a play in verse that portrays the lives of saints
 Dapit– refers to the tradition of fetching the image of the community’s patron saint
 Flores- it may refer to the festival of flowers in honor of Mary, mother of Jesus
(flores de Mayo). The everyday offering of flowers to the image of the Virgin (alay),
The closing procession on the last Sunday of May (Flores de Maria) *Sunduan
 Hudas– it refers to the burning of the image of Judas Iscariot.
 HulingHapunan– is the final meal and the actual supper enacted to commemorate
the last supper of Jesus with his disciples on the night before his crucifixion.
HulingHapunan ( Last Supper ) is commemorated by Christians especially on
Maundy Thursday
 PaghuhugasngPaa –a religious rite practiced by the hierarchy of the Roman
Catholic of Holy Week Church on Maundy Thursday. This is a short ritual reenacts
Christ washing the feet of his disciples before the Last Supper.
 Panunuluyan – a procession that reenacts Mary and Joseph’s search for an inn in
Betlehem and it involves using 2 karo (floats) which bear the images of Mary and
Joseph, and singing of one male and one female singer accompanied by a brass
band.Pastores is typically presented before Christmas Day; in some areas, pastores
involves a group of singers dressed as shepherds who go to every house in the area
singing and dancing to Christmas songs.
 Moriones– is a short street play portraying the capture and beheading of Roman
soldier Longinus, who was involved in the crucifixion of Jesus
 Osana – a short reenactment of the triumphal entry of Jesus to Jerusalem
 Pangangaluluwa – refers to a tradition involving carolers to go to each house in the
community to act like souls in purgatory and beg for alms
 Senakulo – it depicts the story of salvation, starting from the creation of the world up
to the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ
 Salubong – a short reenactment that focuses on the meeting of Mary and Jesus Christ
who rose from the dead and this relives the supposed meeting of the risen Christ with
the various personalities in the life of Christ: his apostles, his mother Mary and Mary
Magdalene. The meeting place is designated at Galilea.

Theater Arts
*Theater is viewed as a profession, it is where the production values, including set
design, props, and lightings are being considered seriously.

School-based Theater
1. Children’s Theater
 This refers to plays with children as actors and it may also include plays performed by
adults for an audience of children.
2. Puppet Theater
 This kind of theatre is also frequently performed in schools. It is a form of drama in
which puppets portray the roles of the characters in the story. For example is Arn – arn
the famous puppet of UnangHirit.
Opera
 It is a form of musical theater introduced in the Philippines during the late 19th Century.
It is a drama set to music and is consist of singing with orchestral accompaniment and an
orchestral overture and interludes.
Musical Drama
 It is an Opera in which the musical and dramatic elements are equally important.
Indigenous Theater
 Usually seen in the form of rituals, mimetic customs and dances
It has mostly Malay qualities.
Theater with Spanish Influence
 these plays include drama, komedya, senakulo/sinakulo, and sarswela
Theater with Anglo-American Influence
 Bodabil is a stage presentation that consists of a range of musical and comedy acts, skits
and monologues, novelty and acrobatic numbers, solos and chorus lines
Modern or Original Plays by Filipinos
1. Representational Play-it involves making an illusion of reality with well-rounded
characters either Psychological or Social.
2. Presentational Play-it focuses on discussing social issues and ideas

1. Documentary Style – performed to connect historical persons and events to the present
2. Brechtian Theater - also known as theater instruction; it features social orientation and
utilizes mime, songs, stylist sets and costumes, and typical characters
3. Dula-Tula – a variant of dramatic monologue, which involves one actor speaking while
acting out his emotions and thoughts

Types of Philippine Film

*When we speak of Film,it refers to a sequence of moving pictures, typically shown on
television or in a cinema. It was during the 1970’s that the academe produced a new breed of
filmmakers due to the increasing numberof Philippine schools offering mass
communication.Filmmaking became an industry in the Philippines during the 1950’s.
*However, the 1970’s was considered to be a remarkable era in the history of cinema in
the Philippines
The first types of Philippine Films are;
1. Aksyon(Action)= This American-influenced type of film mainly uses physical conflict
as emphasis. There are a lot of actors which we really idolize. For example ,Coco Martin
who is known as Cardo in “Probinsyano” and this catches the attention of majority .
2. Drama-refers to a motion picture that dwells on personal problems and conflicts.
3. Komedi(Comedy)= The aim of this film is to induce laughter. Rodolfo Vera Quizon, Sr.
also known as Dolphy was a great comedian during his time and there are lot of
comedians here in the Philippines like Ai –Ai delasAlas, Redford White, Vice Ganda etc.
*There are Two Types of Comedy. First one is Romantic Comedy and it is a love story that is
presented with music and humor and the second one is Slapstick Comedythat focuses on using a
physical or psychological defect or using ill-mannered behavior of characters as sources of
laughter.
4. Fantasy= This film depicts scenes in an imaginary world Komiks stories, folklore and
science fiction fall under fantasy film
5. Horror- shown to bring fear to the audience and it includes supernatural beings
6. Historical- itshows actual events that occurred in the past.
7. Animation- film involves creating illustrations or inanimate images and bringing them to
life
*We have three types of Animation namely: Drawn animation, Cut-out animation, and Model
or live animation
8. Bomba - primarily depicts nudity
9. Dokyu(Documentary)- motion picture that narrates or discusses news events

1. Film Journalism – reports events based on facts and gives emphasis on timelines
2. General-interest Film – primarily informs the public on a particular subject (travelogue)
3. Nature Documentaries – brings knowledge about physical world
 4. Committed Documentaries – tackles social problems and issues like injustice and
poverty
5. Cinema Direct – presents reality issues using a unique point of view, language, and
technique

Painting
(Week 6)

*PAINTING- is the application of color to a surface through the use of tools. It is an

artform that began many years ago. The earliest paintings recorded were found on the walls and
ceilings of cave.
FORMS OF PAINTING
1. EASEL PAINTING is the most common form of painting as this involves applying of
color to a board or canvas that is supported by an upright support called easel.
2. MURALS is usually described as a huge wall-sized painting imparting messages on
nationalism and on social awareness. Any piece of artwork painted or applied directly on
a wall, ceiling or other permanent surfaces.
3. TELON PAINTING also known as CA TELON is described as a backdrop or
background painting for komedya, sarswela and senakulo.
4. JEEPNEY AND KALESA PAINTING Jeepney painting evolved from calesa painting
that typically portrays scenes from comic books in a landscape form.
*Calesa painting uses one color only decorating geometric patterns, repetitive and thin lines.
5. COLLAGE involves combination of images in single artwork. It also entails cutting and
pasting of flat materials into a canvas or board. Collage is a form of artwork that is made
by assembling different pieces to create a new, finished work of art.

THEMES OF PAINTING
1. GENRE PAINTING - a painting that portrays the daily activities of the people.
2. Folk Genre focuses mainly on the everyday activities of the folk.
3. Historical Painting - often has a lesson concerning national values.
4. Interiors - paintings of the space inside of a part of a house or building.
5. Landscapes - paintings that portray natural scenery or urban scenes.
6. Portraits - portrays the physical characteristics of the subject.
7. Nudes - paintings that portrays unclothed human figure.
8. Religious Painting - paintings that includes lone religious image of the saints.
9. Still Life - portrays natural or man-made objects that form a composition in a natural
setting

SCULPTURE AND ARCHITECTURE

*SCULPTURE is anything that can be used to form three dimensional figures is likely a
medium for sculpture. Contemporary Philippine Sculpture has been continuously evolving since
the works of Guillermo Tolentino with his famous Bonifacio Monument. Works of contemporary
sculptors are not usually found in museums rather in public places (public art) or in private
collections (commissioned works).
*ARCHITECTURE is the medium used in architecture which are classified into light
and heavy materials. Light materials include paper, nipa, bamboo, and other light wood. All,
except paper, form part of nipa huts and similar dwellings in tropical countries. The advantage of
these materials is that they allow for good ventilation but their disadvantage is that they are not
resistant to fire and other natural elements. Thus, houses made of light materials, especially those
in squatter or slum areas, are described as fire hazards.The trend now is toward the use of heavy
materials which are not only fire-resistant but also durable and able to withstand natural forces
such as earthquakes, landslides, storms, and floods. These materials are hardwood, stone,
concrete (combination of cement, gravel and sand), brick, steel, and cast iron. They always form
part of high-rise buildings, for example, condominiums.

National Artists and GAMABA

(Week 7)

*The order of the National Artist is considered to be the highest national recognition for
individuals who contributed to the development of Philippine Arts. The National Commission for
the Culture and Arts and The Cultural Center of the Philippines together administer this award.
The president of the Philippines grants this award to an artist after both institutions give
recommendations for this particular artist. This began in 1972 when Presidential Proclamation
No. 1001,s. 1972 was enacted in order to recognize Filipinos who made exceptional contributions
to Philippine Arts and Letters. Painter Fernando Amorsolo was awarded the same year, making
him the first National Artist.
*The National Commission for Culture and the Arts and the Cultural Center of the
Philippines has set criteria for the Order of National Artists. These criteria are as Follows:
 Living artist who are Filipino citizens at the time of nomination, as well as those who
died after the establishment of the award in 1972 but were Filipino Citizens as the time of
their death;
 Artists who, through the content and form of their works, have contributed in building a
Filipino sense of nationhood;
 Artists who have pioneered in a mode of creative expression or style, thus earning
distinction and making an impact on succeeding generations of artists;
 Artists who have created a substantial and significant body of work and/ or consistently
displayed excellence in the practice of their art forms thusenriching artistic expression or
style; and
 Artists who enjoy broad acceptance through:
 prestigious national and/or international recognition, such as the Gawad CCP para sa
Sining, CCP Thirteen Artist Award and NCCA Alab ng Haraya;
 critical acclaim and/or reviews of their works;
 respect and esteem from peers, (“Briefer on the Order of National Artist,” n.d.).

*These are some of the well known National Artists for Visual Arts.
Fernando Amorsolo (May 30, 1892- April 24, 1972)
 Amorsolo is the first National Artist in the country. He was known for using the back
lighting technique in painting making his creations bright and cheerful. His major works
include “Dalagang Bukid,” “El Ciego.” “The Mestiza,” and “Planting Rice.”
Carlos “Botong” Francisco (November 4, 1912- March 31, 1969)
 Francisco revived the art of mural and was considered to be the most distinguished mural
painter for about three decades. He was known for using historical events as subject matter
for his murals. His major works include “Blood Compact,” “First Mass at Limasawa.”
Guillermo E. Tolentino (July 24, 1890- July 12, 1976)
 Honored as National Artist for Sculpture in 1973, Tolentino’s works include the “UP
Oblation,” the “ Bonifacio Monument” in Caloocan, and bronze statues of Manuel
Quezon at Quezon Memorial Circle. He was also known for designing the seal of the
Republic of the Philippines and the gold and bronze medals for the Ramon Magsaysay
Award.

Gawad sa Manlilikhang Bayan (GAMABA)/ National Living Treasures Award

Republic Act No. 7335

*The award was institutionalized in 1992 through Republic Act No. 7335. The National
Commission for the Culture and the Arts (NCCA), which is the highest policy- making and
coordinating body of the Philippines for Culture and the Arts was tasked with the
implementation.
*The award is conferred upon a Filipino citizen or group of Filipino citizens engaged in
any traditional art uniquely Filipino, whose distinctive skills have reached such a high level of
technical and artistic excellence and have been passed on to and widely practiced by the present
generations in his/her community with the same degree of technical and artistic competence.
Qualifications of Candidates
*To become a “Manlilikha ng Bayan,” the candidate must possess the following
qualifications:
 He/she must be an inhabitant of an indigenous/ traditional cultural community anywhere
in the Philippines that has preserved indigenous customs, beliefs, rituals and traditions
and/ or has syncretized whatever external elements that have influenced it.
 He /she must have engaged in a folk art tradition that has been in existence and
documented for at least fifty (50) years.
 He/ she must have consistently performed or produced over a significant period, works
of superior and distinctive quality.
  He/ she must possess a mastery of tools and materials needed by the art, and must have
an established reputation in the art as master and maker of works of extraordinary
technical quality.
 He/she must have passed on and/ or will pass on to other members of the community
their skills in the folk art for which the community is traditionally known.
*A traditional artist who possess all the qualities of a Manlilikha ng Bayan candidate, but
due to age or infirmity has left him/ her incapable of teaching further his/her craft, may still be
recognized if:
 He/ she had created a significant body of works and/ or has consistently displayed
excellence in the practice of his/ her art, thus achieving important contributions for its
development.
 He/she has been instrumental in the revitalization of his//her community’s artistic
tradition.
 He/ she has passed on to other members of the community skills in the folk art for which
the community is traditionally known.
 His/her community has recognized him/her as master or teacher of his/her craft.

Categories
*The award shall be given to each, but not limited to the following categories of
traditional folk arts:
 Folk Architecture
 Maritime Transports
 Weaving
 Carving
 Performing Art
 Literature
 Graphic and Plastic Arts
 Ornament
 Textile or Fiber Art
 Pottery

Duties and Responsibilities of Awardees

*The Manlilikha ng Bayan is a link between the past, in which his/her traditional folk art
found fertile soil for growth, and the future, during which he/she seeks his/her art to be
permanently sustained. It becomes his/her responsibility therefore to undertake the following;
 to transfer the skills of his/her traditional folk art to the younger generation through
apprenticeship and such other training methods as are found t be effective;
 to cooperate with the implementing agency, as provided for in Section 7 of this Act, in
the promotion and propagation of his/her traditional folk arts; and
 to donate to the National Museum a sample or copy of his/her work.
*The National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) and the Cultural Center of
the Philippines (CCP) has set criteria for the Order of National Artists. These criteria are as
Follows:
 Living artists who are Filipino citizens at the time of nomination, as well as those who
died after the establishment of the award in 1972 but were Filipino Citizens as the time of
their death;
 Artists who, through the content and form of their works, have contributed in building a
Filipino sense of nationhood;
 Artists who have pioneered in a mode of creative expression or style, thus earning
distinction and making an impact on succeeding generations of artists;
 Artists who have created a substantial and significant body of work and/ or consistently
displayed excellence in the practice of their art forms thusenriching artistic expression or
style; and
 Artists who enjoy broad acceptance through:
o prestigious national and/or international recognition, such as the Gawad CCP
para sa Sining, CCP Thirteen Artist Award and NCCA Alab ng Haraya;
o critical acclaim and/or reviews of their works;
o respect and esteem from peers, (“Briefer on the Order of National Artist,” n.d.).

GAMABA Awardees
 Samaoan Sulaiman
  A maguindanaoan filipino musician is known for his mastery of the indigenous
kutyapi instrument.
 Masino Intaray
 A filipino poet, bard artist, a palawan native known for his performance of the
local traditions of basal (gong), kulilal ( songs) and bagit (vocal music).
 Ginaw Bilog
 A part of a Hanunuo mangyan tribe in Mansalay oriental mindoro (Filipino poet).
 Darhata Sawabi
 Textile weaving of pis syabit- the traditional cloth tapestry worn as head covering
by the tausug of jolo. She is from barangay parang in the island of Jolo. Sulu
province.
 Uwang Ahadas
 Filipino folk musician of the yakan people. ( Yakan- indigenous tribe in the sulu
archipelago)
 Federico Caballero
 A filipino epic chanter
 Hajja Amina Appi
 Recognized as the master Mat weaver from ungos matata, tandubas, tawi-tawi
 Eduardo Mutuc
 Creates religious and secular arts using silver, bronze and woods. ( mirrors, altars,
carosas)