01

02

03

Outlining
04
 OUTLINING 01

An outline shows the framework of a text 02

through division and subdividion of ideas.
03

Basic principles in OUTLINING 04

1. Principle of Division
2. Principle of Classification
3. Principle of Coordination
4. Principle of Subordination
 01
Principle of Division
Every part of an outline that has subtopics should have 02
at least two parts or subsections.
03
I. Types of Mass Media
A. Print
B. Broadcast 04
1. Radio
2. Television
C. Digital Media
SAMPLE 1 1. Internet
2. Computers
3. Mobile Phones
II. Significance of Mass Media
A. Information Dissemination
B. Opinion Formation
C. Social Cohesion (Socialization)
D. Entertainment Fare
 01
Principle of Division
Every part of an outline that has subtopics should have 02
at least two parts or subsections.
03

I. Language Teaching Principles

04
A. Respect for the Learners’ First Language (L1)
B. Meaning Interaction
C. Authentic Assessment
SAMPLE 2 D. Focus on Form and Meaning
II. Language Teaching Methods
A. Audio-lingualism
B. Cognitive Code Learning
C. Community Language Learning
D. Suggestopedia
E. Problem Solving and Games
F. Total Physical Response
 01
Principle of Classification
02
Similar ideas should go together. This implies that there
should be no overlapping of topics and subtopics in an 03
outline.
04
I. Nature of texting
A. Texting as a “hybrid construct”
B. As suspension of grammar and punctuation rules
II. Usage of texting in the Philippines
 01
Principle of Coordination
Ideas of equal rank and values are coordinate, 02
therefore, they belong to the same level.
Headings must be expressed in parallel construction 03

04
I. Mass media are important in modern life.
Wrong
II. Forms of mass media

Correct I. Importance of mass media in modern life

II. Forms of mass media
 01
Principle of Subordination
02
There are big ideas and small ideas; small ideas should
fall under the appropriate big ideas. 03

04

I. Definition of mass media

II. Types of mass media
A. Broadcast media
B. Print media
 R E M E M B E R
01

02
1. If you are outlining an article, you cannot
add to the ideas of the original. Important
03
ideas of the article should be in the
outline. 04
2. Copied headings should be enclosed in
quoates, otherwise, you commit plagiarism. 05
You should also give the bibliographical
details (author, date of publication, title, 06
publisher, etc.) of the source material at
the end of the outline.
 TYPES OF OUTLINE 01

02
Sentence outline – heading of each level is one sentence
03

Example: 04

I. There are two types of sports fan.

05
a. The first type is the spectator.
06
b. The second type is the analyst.
II. Sports fans express their involvement in the game in several ways.
 TYPES OF OUTLINE 01

02
Topic outline – heading of each level is a phrase
03

Example: 04

I. Two types of sports fan

05
a. The spectator
06
b. The analyst
II. Ways sports fans express their involvement in the game
 Outline Format 01
A traditional outline starts with a Thesis Statement.
02
It is a one-sentence statement of the main idea of the article.
Then the body of the article is divided and subdivided this way: 03

a. Main idea are labeled with Roman numerals. (1st level) 04

b. Supporting ideas developing the main ideas are labeled with
05
capital letters, indented. (2nd level)
c. Details developing the supporting ideas are labeled with Arabic 06
numbers, indented. (3rd level)
d. Minor details developing the details are labeled with small letters,
indented. (4th level)
 Outline Format 01
Thesis Statement: ____________________________
02
I. Introduction
II. Main Idea 03
A. Supporting idea
04
B. Supporting idea
1. Detail developing 05
2. Another detail developing
06
III. Main Idea
A. Supporting idea
B. Supporting idea
IV. Conclusion
Outline Format 01
Thesis Statement: ____________________________
02
1. Introduction
2. Main Idea 03
2.1. Supporting idea
04
2.2. Supporting idea
2.2.1. Detail developing 05
2.2.2. Another detail developing
06
3. Main Idea
3.1. Supporting idea
3.2. Supporting idea
4. Conclusion
01

02

03

04

05

06
What is a Main Idea? 01

02
The main idea is the thesis or main point
of an informational text. It can be 03
expressed anywhere in a material or
paragraph? 04

05
What if the main idea or thesis is not
expressed or is implicit in the text? 06

Identify the topic of the text.

 What is a topic? 01

02

The topic is the subject of something that 03

is being discussed or has been written or
thought about 04

05
Consider the words that are repeated throughout the
material that refer to the same subject – most 06
probably that is the topic of the material.
 Let’s see how well you analyze this paragraph to 01
arrive at a statement of main idea.
02
The concept of habitat is very important. In the appropriate
physical, chemical, and biotic habitat, the survival and development od 03

species is almost assured. It is for this reason that organisms do not just
04
exist or grow anywhere. For example, snakes and lizards cannot exist in
05
Alaska because summer there is not warm or long enough for them to
breed. Similarly, fish require oxygenated water, so they cannot thrive in 06

bodies of water that are heavily polluted by organic wastes because

microorganisms consume the oxygen which the fish need.
 01
Teenagers take drugs for several reasons. Young people can get drugs easily.
They are available everywhere: football games, shopping centers, even the 02
school cafeteria. Most teens can afford these drugs by using their allowances
03
and earning from part-time jobs. Another reason for teens to take drugs is that
many have psychological problems. They feel taking drugs is a way to escape 04
from making decisions. At this age, they also have the problem of establishing
05
their independence from their parents. Finally, they may use drugs because of
peer pressure. Hoping to be part of the “gang,” the teen turns to drugs to be 06
accepted. Even the most mature teen might be tempted to use drugs rather than
risk being left out. For all these reasons, drugs are a major problem facing teens.