FACTORIES ACT, 1948

Meaning of Child, Adolescent, Young person and Adult:

It is in consonance with Art 24 of the Constitution of India- Which prohibits employment of any
child below 14 years in Factory, mine or hazardous environment.
In MC Mehta v. UOI, 1996 SCC 756, SC had said that employment of children in hazardous
industries is prohibited below 14 years and directions were issued. Even in Salal Hydro project
v. State of J&K, 1983, SC had retreated that child below 14 years can’t be employed in
construction work.
In Bandhua Mukti Morcha v. UOI, 1997, in a PIL regarding employment of Children in Carpet
industry it was held that the state is obliged for rendering the Socio-economic justice to children.
Under The Factories Act, 1948, Section 2 (c) a “child” means a person who has not completed
his fifteenth year of age;
Under Chapter 7 of the Act, regarding employment of young person, Under Section 67.
Prohibition of employment of young children. —No child who has not completed his fourteenth
year shall be required or allowed to work in any factory. (It covers only factory not other
hazardous environment)
And, in Section 68. Non-adult workers to carry tokens. —A child who has completed his
fourteenth year or an adolescent shall not be required or allowed to work in any factory unless-

(a) a certificate of fitness granted with reference to him under section 69 is in the custody of the
manager of the factory, and
(b) such child or adolescent carries while he is at work a token giving a reference to such
certificate.
And, in Section 71, Working hours for children. — (1) No child shall be employed or permitted
to work, in any factory— (who has completed 14 years)
(a) for more than four and a half hours in any day;
1[(b) during the night.
Explanation. —For the purpose of this sub-section “night” shall mean a period of at least twelve
consecutive hours which shall include the interval between 10 P.M. and 6 A.M.]
(2) The period of work of all children employed in a factory shall be limited to two shifts which
shall not overlap or spread over more than five hours each; and each child shall be employed in
only one of the relays which shall not, except with the previous permission in writing of the
Chief Inspector, be changed more frequently than once in a period of thirty days.
(3) The provisions of section 52 shall apply also to child workers and no exemption from the
provisions of that section may be granted in respect of any child.
(4) No child shall be required or allowed to work in any factory on any day on which he has
already been working in another factory.
2[(5) No female child shall be required or allowed to work in any factory except between 8 A.M.
and 7 P.M.]
IMP DEFINATIONS:
Under Section 2 (c) “child” means a person who has not completed his fifteenth year of age;
A child who has completed 14 years, but not 15 can be appointed for a maximum period of 4.5
hours/day by virtue of section 67.
Under Section 2 (b) “adolescent” means a person who has completed his fifteenth year of age
but has not completed his eighteenth year;
Under Section 2 (a) “adult” means a person who has completed his eighteenth year of age;
Under Section 2 (d) “young person” means a person who is either a child or an adolescent; Anyonw
who’s age of up to 14/15/18 is a young person.
Hence, to summarize-
AGE 1-14: Cannot be appointed
Age 14-15: Could be appointed subject to token, maximum of 4.5 hours.
Who has not completed 18 years, but completed 15 years: There are certain restrictions on them, to be
dealt in future lectures.