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Computer Network Fundamentals
Physical layer
Data Link layer
Network layer

o Introduction of Internetworking
o Line Configuration in Computer Networks
o Difference between Unicast, Broadcast and Multicast in Computer Network
o Collision Domain and Broadcast Domain in Computer Network
o Introduction of Classful IP Addressing
o Introduction and IPv4 Datagram Header
o IPv4 Datagram Fragmentation and Delays
o Fragmentation at Network Layer
o Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)
o Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) Header
o IP Addressing | Classless Addressing
o Supernetting in Network Layer
o Longest Prefix Matching in Routers
o Program to determine class, Network and Host ID of an IPv4 address
o C Program to find IP Address, Subnet Mask & Default Gateway
o IPv4 Classless Subnet equation
o Introduction of Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM)
o Network Address Translation (NAT)
o Types of Network Address Translation (NAT)
o Classification of Routing Algorithms
o Types of Routing
o Classes of Routing Protocols
o Difference between Distance vector routing and Link State routing
o Fixed and Flooding Routing algorithms
o Routing v/s Routed Protocols in Computer Network
o Unicast Routing – Link State Routing
o Distance Vector Routing (DVR) Protocol
o Route Poisoning and Count to infinity problem in Routing
o Onion Routing
o Configuration of Router on a stick
o Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
o Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP)
o Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Protocol fundamentals
o Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol States
o Open shortest path first (OSPF) router roles and configuration
o Root Bridge Election in Spanning Tree Protocol
o Types of Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)
o EIGRP fundamentals
o Features of Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
o Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
o Routing Information Protocol (RIP) V1 & V2
o Link State Advertisement (LSA)
o Administrative Distance (AD) and Autonomous System (AS)
o Circuit Switching in Computer Network
o Packet Switching and Delays in Computer Network
o Differences between Virtual Circuits and Datagram Networks
o Difference between Circuit Switching and Packet Switching
o Traceroute in Network Layer
o How Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) works?
o ARP, Reverse ARP(RARP), Inverse ARP (InARP), Proxy ARP and Gratuitous
ARP
o Packet flow in the same Network
o Packet flow in different Network
o Difference between layer-2 and layer-3 switches
o Difference between Ping and Traceroute
o Servers in Computer Network
o What is Local Host?
Transport layer
Application layer
Network Security
Computer Network Quizes
Computer Network GATE Questions

Types of Routing
 Difficulty Level : Easy
 Last Updated : 23 Dec, 2020
Routing is a process which is performed by layer 3 (or network layer) devices in order to
deliver the packet by choosing an optimal path from one network to another. 
There are 3 types of routing: 
1. Static routing – 
Static routing is a process in which we have to manually add routes in routing table. 
Advantages – 
 
 No routing overhead for router CPU which means a cheaper router can be used
to do routing. 
 
 It adds security because only administrator can allow routing to particular
networks only. 
 
 No bandwidth usage between routers. 
 
Disadvantage – 
 
 For a large network, it is a hectic task for administrator to manually add each
route for the network in the routing table on each router. 
 
 The administrator should have good knowledge of the topology. If a new
administrator comes, then he has to manually add each route so he should have
very good knowledge of the routes of the topology. 
 
Configuration – 
 
R1 having IP address 172.16.10.6/30 on s0/0/1, 192.168.10.1/24 on fa0/0. 
R2 having IP address 172.16.10.2/30 on s0/0/0, 192.168.20.1/24 on fa0/0. 
R3 having IP address 172.16.10.5/30 on s0/1, 172.16.10.1/30 on s0/0, 10.10.10.1/24 on
fa0/0. 
Now configuring static routes for router R3: 
 
R3(config)#ip route 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.10.2
R3(config)#ip route 192.168.20.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.10.6
Here, provided the route for 192.168.10.0 network where 192.168.10.0 is its network I’d
and 172.16.10.2 and 172.16.10.6 are the next hop address. 
Now, configuring for R2: 
 
R2(config)#ip route 192.168.20.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.10.1
R2(config)#ip route 10.10.10.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.10.1
R2(config)#ip route 172.16.10.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.10.1
Similarly for R1: 
 
R1(config)#ip route 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.10.5
R1(config)#ip route 10.10.10.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.10.5
R1(config)#ip route 172.16.10.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.10.5
2. Default Routing – 
This is the method where the router is configured to send all packets towards a single
router (next hop). It doesn’t matter to which network the packet belongs, it is forwarded
out to router which is configured for default routing. It is generally used with stub
routers. A stub router is a router which has only one route to reach all other networks. 
Configuration – 
Using the same topology which we have used for the static routing before. 
 

In this topology, R1 and R2 are stub routers so we can configure default routing for both
these routers. 
Configuring default routing for R1: 
 
R1(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.10.5
Now configuring default routing for R2: 
 
R2(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.10.1
3. Dynamic Routing – 
Dynamic routing makes automatic adjustment of the routes according to the current state
of the route in the routing table. Dynamic routing uses protocols to discover network
destinations and the routes to reach it. RIP and OSPF are the best examples of dynamic
routing protocol. Automatic adjustment will be made to reach the network destination if
one route goes down. 
A dynamic protocol have following features: 
 
1. The routers should have the same dynamic protocol running in order to
exchange routes. 
 
2. When a router finds a change in the topology then router advertises it to all other
routers. 
 
Advantages – 
 
 Easy to configure. 
 
 More effective at selecting the best route to a destination remote network and
also for discovering remote network. 
 
Disadvantage – 
 
 Consumes more bandwidth for communicating with other neighbors. 
 
 Less secure than static routing. 
 
 
Attention reader! Don’t stop learning now.  Practice GATE exam well before the actual
exam with the subject-wise and overall quizzes available in GATE Test Series Course.
Learn all GATE CS concepts with Free Live Classes on our youtube channel.
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Classification of Routing Algorithms
Next
Classes of Routing Protocols
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Article Contributed By :
saurabhsharma56
@saurabhsharma56
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