Annual Reviews in Control 49 (2020) 288–294

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Annual Reviews in Control

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/arcontrol

Manufacturing networks in the era of digital production and

operations: A socio-cyber-physical perspective
Enzo Morosini Frazzon a,b,∗, Ícaro Romolo Sousa Agostino c, Eike Broda e, Michael Freitag d,e
a
Graduate Program in Production Engineering (PPGEP), Department of Production Engineering and Systems (EPS), Federal University of Santa Catarina
(UFSC)
b
Departamento de Engenharia de Produção e Sistemas (EPS), CTC, UFSC. Campus Universitário Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, s/n°, Trindade –
Florianópolis – SC. CEP: 88040-900
c
Graduate Program in Production Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, Brazil
d
BIBA - Bremer Institut für Produktion und Logistik GmbH, Hochschulring 20, 28359 Bremen, Germany
e
University of Bremen, Faculty of Production Engineering, Badgasteiner Straße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The performance of manufacturing networks relies on interactions. Digitalization supports an evidence-
Received 15 November 2019 based understanding of partners’ idiosyncrasies and behaviours, so that proper decision-making takes
Revised 11 April 2020
place. Indeed, context uncertainty and flexible problem solving demand human involvement in cyber-
Accepted 11 April 2020
physical systems. Therefore, to materialize systems efficiency along with flexibility and robustness, hu-
Available online 29 May 2020
man aspects and limitations need to be properly considered in the planning and control of manufacturing
Keywords: networks. This vision paper aims to address distributed decision-making in digital and integrated man-
Advanced manufacturing ufacturing networks under a socio-cyber-physical systems perspective. Therefore, this exploratory study
Industry 4.0 presents a narrative review of current research literature, followed by a research framework proposition.
Production planning and control Manufacturing and control research communities need to embrace a convergent vision addressing (i) how
Socio-cyber-physical systems manufacturing networks can be planned and controlled in the future, (ii) which are the proper decision-
Digitalization
making methods and approaches, as well as (iii) which are the technology drivers fostering new research
Production networks
Logistics
opportunities with practical impact. In this context, the proposed framework indicates potential research
Supply chains avenues and offers an agenda for future work.
© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
2. Narrative literature review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
2.1. Industry 4.0 and cyber-physical systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
2.2. Manufacturing networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
2.3. Digital twin models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
3. Framework proposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
4. Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
5. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Declaration of Competing Interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

1. Introduction

Distributed production systems favour economies of scale and

∗
Corresponding author. scope, allowing for improved competitiveness. The performance
E-mail addresses: enzo.frazzon@ufsc.br (E.M. Frazzon), icaroagostino@gmail.com of manufacturing networks relies on interactions among suppli-
(Í.R.S. Agostino), brd@biba.uni-bremen.de (E. Broda), fre@biba.uni-bremen.de (M. ers and customers, as well as transport and logistic operations.
Freitag). Industry 4.0 technologies make data for the characterization of
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcontrol.2020.04.008
1367-5788/© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 E.M. Frazzon, Í.R.S. Agostino and E. Broda et al. / Annual Reviews in Control 49 (2020) 288–294
the system state available, which can support the informational
integration among operations. Indeed, suitable data exchange, in
terms of frequency and scope, is made possible by the increasing
use of information and communication technology, which connects
physical and information flows in cyber-physical systems (CPS)
(Frazzon et al., 2018a; Frazzon, Kück & Freitag, 2018b). This cyber-
physical vision enables the acquisition of real-time system state
data that can be used to support better decisions along manufac-
turing networks. Cyber-physical connection is paramount to coop-
erative processes, where people at different levels, autonomous de-
vices and the environment interact to reach operational decision-
making (Isasi, Frazzon & Uriona, 2015). Therefore, decision-making
supportive tools need to consider the idiosyncrasies of the agents
involved (Leusin et al., 2018).
Digitalization can support an evidence-based understanding of
partners’ individual characteristics, thereby potentially contributing
to systems efficiency, accountability, sustainability and scalability
(Buer, Strandhagen & Chan, 2018; Frazzon, Hartmann, Makusche-
witz & Scholz-Reiter, 2013). In fact, dealing with uncertain situa-
tions and flexible problem solving require frequent human partic-
ipation within cyber-physical systems (Frazzon et al., 2013). Both
the design and operationalization of decision-making processes are
bounded by human capabilities, relationships and interconnected
activities within organizations (Karltun, Karltun, Berglund & Ek-
lund, 2017). The human-machine interaction within CPS will (i) oc-
cur more frequently, (ii) involve a variety of individuals and (iii)
take place in different contexts and environments. Thus, the out-
comes of the implementation of these systems will depend on
behavioural aspects of the participants involved and context- re-
lated variables affecting this interaction (Frazzon et al., 2013). Re-
cent publications have discussed the relevance of taking a sys-
temic perspective to deal with the emerging challenges of the
modelling, planning and control of manufacturing (Morel, Pereira
& Nof, 2019).
In this context, the integration of manufacturing and logistics
along supply chains leads to increasing complexity, so that op-
erational planning and control needs to be supported by proper
decision-making models, methods, and software tools (Scholz-
Reiter, Makuschewitz, Novaes, Frazzon & Lima, 2011). Such systems
can be based on simulation, optimization, data analytics and com-
binations of these. At the same time, these systems are connected
to sensors for data acquisition, as well as communication systems
to exchange data and information in both the vertical and hori-
zontal directions. The proper exchange of data between the physi-
cal process and intelligent systems allows the emergence of adap-
tive, agile and resilient manufacturing systems and supply chains.
The integration of different manufacturing systems and supply
chains tasks needs to consider: production planning, schedul-
ing and control, transportation and logistics planning, schedul-
ing and control, inventory planning and warehouse management
and operations, manufacturing systems operations, as well as
coupled services and technologies which can lead to improved
performance.
This vision paper discusses the development of decision-
support systems for digital manufacturing systems in the era of
Industry 4.0 based on a shared understanding of different disci-
plines: Manufacturing management, Control, Operations Research
(OR) and Data Science. More specifically, this research aims to ad-
vance scientific knowledge regarding distributed decision-making
on digital and integrated manufacturing networks, considered un-
der a socio-cyber-physical systems (SCPS) perspective. The remain-
der of this manuscript is organized as follows: the next section
presents a narrative literature review, which is followed by the
proposition of a research framework. Next, a discussion regarding
research avenues and a proposed agenda is performed, followed by
conclusions.
289
2. Narrative literature review
This section discusses theoretical aspects of management
decision-support systems for digital manufacturing networks in the
era of Industry 4.0. Recent advances in the area are also discussed,
addressing cyber-physical systems, manufacturing networks, and
digital twin models considered under an SCPS perspective.
2.1. Industry 4.0 and cyber-physical systems
The increased use of sensors in machines and equipment, of-
ten referred to as Industry 4.0 (Lee, Bagheri & Kao, 2015; Liao,
Deschamps, Loures & Ramos, 2017; Monostori et al., 2016; Wang,
Törngren & Onori, 2015) has enabled the development of ap-
proaches based on real-time data, supported by increasing com-
putational power, focusing on real-time adaptive process con-
trol (Frazzon et al., 2018b; Dolgui et al., 2019; Parente, Figueira,
Amorim & Marques, 2020).
Modern industrial systems are subject to increasingly demand-
ing and dynamic requirements, requiring the development of cus-
tomized products, implying a high degree of complexity, and re-
quiring efficient and flexible control of machines and devices
(Avventuroso, Foresti, Silvestri & Frazzon, 2017; Ivanov, Dolgui,
Sokolov, Werner & Ivanova, 2016). The emergence of Internet of
Things (IoT) technologies has provided increased intelligence, con-
trol and access to processes and systems, not limited only to the
industrial environment, with great advantages in real-time moni-
toring, providing a responsive capacity and adaptive control of pro-
cesses (Ben-Daya, Hassini & Bahroun, 2019; Thoben et al., 2017).
The inclusion of these new technologies and the increase in the
number of devices, as well as the extension of visibility outside the
industrial environment (e.g. supply chain, distributed production or
virtual environment) has fostered the emergence of the concept of
“Smart Manufacturing”. This concept refers to industrial systems
with intensive application of information technology, from the fac-
tory floor to higher levels, allowing intelligent, efficient and re-
sponsive operations (Fragapane, Ivanov, Peron, Sgarbossa & Strand-
hagen, 2020; Ivanov & Sokolov, 2012; Thoben, Wiesner & Wuest,
2017; Zhong, Xu, Klotz & Newman, 2017). Obtaining information in
real time that provides a responsive capacity is an important as-
pect for the development of intelligent systems (Kang et al., 2016;
Kusiak, 2018). IoT technologies provide such capabilities, extending
the interconnection between several devices linked to industrial
processes, allowing the intermittent collection of data, and guiding
synchronous decision-making when considering various aspects of
the current state of production systems (Qu et al., 2016; Tao, Qi,
Liu & Kusiak, 2018).
In this context, the concept of “Smart Manufacturing” arises,
referring to productive systems integrated into sensors and com-
putational platforms and with the intensive use of data mod-
elling and predictive engineering (Kusiak, 2018). In these systems,
data and processes can be connected in a dynamic and integrated
way, bringing the industry to a new perspective in which intelli-
gent systems present themselves as a feasible and promising solu-
tion for the planning and control of production and logistics sys-
tems (Dolgui et al., 2019; Ivanov, Dolgui & Sokolov, 2019, 2018;
Pournader, Shi, Seuring & Koh, 2020; Wang et al., 2015).
Kusiak (2018) proposes that the pillars of intelligent manufac-
turing are: (i) materials, with a focus on new materials technolo-
gies; (ii) manufacturing technology and processes, with an em-
phasis on new additive manufacturing technologies in large-scale
production processes (Avventuroso, Silvestri & Frazzon, 2018); (iii)
resource sharing, with a focus on decentralization and digital-
physical separation, allowing resource-sharing between businesses,
production and distribution; (iv) data, with the emphasis on “big
data” and data-oriented processes (Frazzon et al., 2018b); (v) pre-
290 E.M. Frazzon, Í.R.S. Agostino and E. Broda et al. / Annual Reviews in Control 49 (2020) 288–294
dictive engineering, with the emphasis on anticipation methods,
allowing the prediction of the behaviour of industrial variables as-
sisting the decision-making process (Heger, Grundstein & Freitag,
2017); (vi) sustainability, as an important paradigm for productive
systems, influencing processes and product development.
The development of intelligent industrial systems with virtual-
physical integration is commonly referred to as “cyber-physical
systems”, driven by technologies such as the Internet of Things,
cloud computing, service-oriented computing and artificial intelli-
gence (Frazzon et al., 2013; Lee et al., 2015; Panetto, Iung, Ivanov,
Weichhart & Wang, 2019). In this context, intelligent manufactur-
ing systems have been inspired by concepts widely developed in
computing (Panetto et al., 2019; Tao et al., 2018), benefiting from
emerging themes that foster the development of approaches for in-
tegrating these tools in the industrial context. The integration of
analytical tools with real-time data is becoming a potential field
of research involving industrial systems (Heger et al., 2017), the
evolution of information technologies, and the increasing digital-
ization of production and operations connecting physical and in-
formation flows into productive systems (Lee et al., 2015). This
cyber-physical view allows the acquisition of system state data that
can be used to support better decisions along production networks,
with a great potential to change paradigms in relation to the man-
agement of processes with a high degree of accuracy and produc-
tivity (Monostori et al., 2016; & Yang, 2018).
2.2. Manufacturing networks
Manufacturing network systems combine cyber-physical tech-
nologies to create geographically distributed manufacturing net-
works, allowing for the more efficient use of resources with better
control of the production process, while reducing the costs associ-
ated with production, storage and transportation, and enabling an
optimized use of resources in response to variable demand (Rauch,
Unterhofer & Dallasega, 2018). Distributed manufacturing systems
represent a new paradigm in the industrial context. One of the
significant technologies in distributed manufacturing is the use of
3D printing, which represents an emblematic shift to on-demand
and smaller-scale production, where manufacturing is decentral-
ized, and the end product is manufactured very close to the end
customer (Avventuroso et al., 2017; Srai et al., 2016). This technol-
ogy simplifies the production process, requiring only the raw ma-
terial and 3D models of the products as input, unlike traditional
Fig. 1. Conceptual model for Digital Twin.
manufacturing production methods that require configurations and
greater numbers of machines and devices to perform tasks (Pour,
Zanardini, Bacchetti & Zanoni, 2016).
Another important aspect relates to the sustainability that such
systems can provide. The development of geographical production
structures distributed in facilities with a smaller scale of produc-
tion allows goods to meet local needs and to be delivered quickly
and at lower cost in a more sustainable way than in traditional
globalized mass production (Rauch, Dallasega & Matt, 2017). En-
ablers of manufacturing systems development include a range of
technologies that are becoming increasingly mature, such as re-
mote sensing and synchronous process analysis methods that can
provide better production control and support supply chain in-
tegration. More advanced management systems and data analy-
sis can support decision-making by incorporating communication
technologies with multiple objects, machines and equipment (Srai
et al., 2016).
Recent papers deal with management and control in manufac-
turing networks, such as Fu, Wang and Huang (2019), who devel-
oped a model for integrated scheduling of distributed systems us-
ing multi-objective optimization. Lara, Bernal, Li and Grossmann
(2019) developed an agent-based model for manufacturing net-
work design decisions. Li, Zhou, Liu and Li (2018) developed an
agent-based approach for resource sharing in distributed manufac-
turing.
2.3. Digital twin models
Simulation approaches have evolved in different stages: (i) sim-
ulation of a specific device based on special tools; (ii) simulation of
a generic device based on standard tools; (iii) multilevel and multi-
disciplinary simulation. Currently, a new wave of transformation is
occurring, with the possibility of developing real-time simulation
models (Frazzon, Albrecht & Hurtado, 2016; Ivanov et al., 2019;
Kritzinger, Karner, Traar, Henjes & Sihn, 2018; Tao & Zhang, 2017).
These new paradigms associated with technological develop-
ment in Industry 4.0, involving remote sensing of machines and
devices, as well as real-time connectivity, have allowed the de-
velopment of the “Digital Twin” concept. This approach addresses
the integration of sensors and quantitative models of simulation
and optimization in industrial operations. Digital Twin can be
defined as a simulation model that reflects, in a timely manner,
the state of a corresponding twin based on the historical data,
 E.M. Frazzon, Í.R.S. Agostino and E. Broda et al. / Annual Reviews in Control 49 (2020) 288–294
real-time sensor data, and a physical model (Ivanov et al., 2019;
Kritzinger et al., 2018; Rosen, Von Wichert, Lo & Bettenhausen,
2015; Schleich, Anwer, Mathieu & Wartzack, 2017; Uhlemann,
Lehmann & Steinhilper, 2017). Fig. 1 shows a Digital Twin con-
ceptual model allowing for a real-time and adaptive optimization
under a socio-cyber-physical perspective.
Recent studies report the materialization of aspects of Indus-
try 4.0 in use cases aiming towards the adoption of cyber-physical
technologies and advanced manufacturing. Cozmiuc and Petrisor
(2018) have reported the case of the adoption by Siemens of a
cyber-physical system by using IoT technologies for integration and
mass customization of production. Kokuryo, Kaihara, Kuik, Sugi-
nouchi and Hirai (2017) have reported a Japanese case study to
demonstrate the usefulness and flexibility of adopting the IoT and
printing technology using cloud computing and cyber-physical sys-
tems for custom manufacturing.
Some practical applications involving the development of Dig-
ital Twin models are found in the literature. Wang, Zhang and
Zhong (2020) developed a Digital Twin application for material
handling in a shop-floor environment in a manufacturing process.
Working towards the integration of complex production and logis-
tics systems, Frazzon et al. (2016) proposed a simulation-based op-
timization method for integrated scheduling, considering the adop-
tion of Industry 4.0 technology. The authors tested a hybrid model
combining linear programing and discrete event simulation, find-
ing positive results for the adoption of the proposed method.
Towards the development of a framework considering aspects
of Industry 4.0, Frazzon et al. (2013) proposed the concept of socio-
cyber-physical systems in the context of manufacturing networks.
Manufacturing planning and control decisions are central benefi-
ciaries of the current technology-oriented industrial revolution. A
proper consideration of behavioural aspects in the background of
current and forthcoming digitalization embodies an interesting op-
portunity for both business practice and scientific research.
3. Framework proposition
There is a need for an integrated and convergent vision address-
ing the questions on how manufacturing networks can be planned
and controlled in the future, as well as on which are the most rel-
evant decision-making methods and technology drivers fostering
new research opportunities with potential practical impact. New
concepts, decision-making methods and smart technology-based
approaches will fundamentally change the understanding of plan-
ning and control in manufacturing networks.
In the proposed research framework (Fig. 2), the planning
and control of integrated manufacturing networks are ad-
dressed by means of: (i) an innovative concept, embracing
the planning and control of integrated manufacturing networks
under a socio-cyber-physical systems perspective, (ii) a hybrid
Fig. 2. Research framework.
291
simulation-optimization-analytics operational decision-making
method, and (iii) a technology-based approach to improve the per-
formance of digital production and operations along manufacturing
networks.
The first section of the framework is concerned with a vision
of the convergence of planning and control as the outcome of
the digital transformation of manufacturing and operations on the
execution level. Even though this vision relies strongly on tech-
nological advances, the creativity, flexibility and problem solving
competence of human stakeholders will be essential for their im-
plementation and operation. Therefore, socio-cyber-physical sys-
tems in manufacturing networks should be properly considered. In
this direction, context-dependent behavioural aspects and implica-
tions related to the human stakeholders need to be addressed as
well. The integrated concept proposes an evolution from the tra-
ditional periodic decision-making to data-driven integrated opera-
tional planning and control, in which the allocation and control of
the use of resources converge to a continuous process occurring
in real time. The concept provides relevant requirements, ensuring
the adequacy of the decision-making method and the technology-
based approach to the planning and control of current and forth-
coming manufacturing networks.
On the operational level, integrated planning and control is a
challenging task due to the multitude of production and transport
processes involved. Therefore, hybrid simulation-optimization-
analytics decision-making methods, which combine different
representation models and solution procedures, constitute a
promising research direction (Frazzon et al., 2018a, 2018b;
Leusin, Frazzon, Uriona Maldonado, Kück & Freitag, 2018; Uhlmann
& Frazzon, 2018). The complexity of the integrated scheduling
of production and transport processes has motivated the devel-
opment of simulation approaches connected to mathematical
models, on the one hand, to obtain optimized solutions, but also,
on the other hand, to properly study the behaviour, interactions
and uncertainties involved (Frazzon et al., 2018b).
In close relation with the conceptual development, we argue
the relevance of the identification and evaluation of different tech-
niques for the development of a hybrid simulation-optimization-
method that is capable of dealing with operational data and react-
ing to varying conditions in real time. Hybrid methods balance the
capabilities of analytical and numerical (simulation-based) tech-
niques, leveraging the capabilities of each technique in terms of
the representativeness of complex systems and the solution qual-
ity. Different analytical and numerical (simulation-based) tech-
niques can be explored. The developed method can be integrated
with the architecture of a new generation of advanced manufac-
turing networks execution systems.
The proposed method requires the permanent updating of the
simulation model according to the current state of the actual sys-
tem, which implies several challenges to be properly considered in
this activity. In order to achieve a data-driven approach for inte-
grated production, transport and inventory planning and control,
the developed method has to be inserted into a technology-based
environment. Regarding the technical realization, this needs to take
into account current manufacturing simulation integration stan-
dards (e.g. Leusin et al., 2018). On the other hand, the proposed
method must consider which data and information are essential to
define the structure and behaviour of the simulation model.
The third section of the framework is concerned with the com-
bination of the proposed concept and the developed method in
an approach to improve the performance of digital manufacturing
and operations under a socio-cyber-physical perspective. The ap-
proach needs to deploy transport, inventory, and production oper-
ational data for the appropriate operational planning and control
of manufacturing networks, considering the current state of digi-
tal manufacturing and operation in distributed systems, which is
292 E.M. Frazzon, Í.R.S. Agostino and E. Broda et al. / Annual Reviews in Control 49 (2020) 288–294
made possible by the widespread application of technology-based
cyber-physical systems.
This deals with research on combining technologies and hy-
brid methods for improving the operational performance. Data de-
scribing the current state of a production system (e.g. actual pro-
cessing times, resource availability) can support the operational
decision-making. The research framework considers previous re-
search works on data exchange between existing manufacturing
execution systems and hybrid methods for the scheduling and
control of production systems (Cavalcante, Frazzon, Forcellini &
Ivanov, 2019; Frazzon et al., 2013, 2018a, 2018b; Leusin et al., 2018;
Uhlmann & Frazzon, 2018).
Finally, the performance evaluation must consider use cases
based on empirical data representing the state of praxis in dig-
ital operations and manufacturing. This intertwined relation be-
tween advanced normative scientific knowledge and its empirical
application allows for original, interesting and advanced knowledge
creation. Considering the innovative character of the framework,
aimed at the development and application of scientific knowledge,
of a quantitative nature, to solve research problems with practical
implications, with potential for development and technological in-
novation, an empirical normative approach needs to be adopted.
To evaluate the performance of the approach, indicators of effi-
ciency (such as throughput times, lead times), reliability (such as
due-date reliability) and cost-related indicators (such as inventory
levels, machine utilization) need to be considered. Complex man-
ufacturing networks encompass a high level of interdependencies
among different processes and their parameters, so that the perfor-
mance evaluation needs to follow a structured procedure for gen-
erating test scenarios that will guarantee that no relevant aspect is
neglected. Therefore, in order to reach relevant results on the per-
formance of the developed approach with an acceptable amount
of simulation runs, a proper design of experiments should be de-
ployed.
4. Discussion
Production technology, advanced manufacturing and Industry
4.0 methods and approaches have the potential to ensure manu-
facturing competitiveness by means of enhanced efficiency and re-
silience. In the manufacturing arena, mid-size companies are es-
pecially under pressure due to unbalanced global competition and
the need for continuous innovation in products and processes.
Among several other day-to-day real-world industrial chal-
lenges, the scheduling and control of production resources have a
great influence on the performance of industrial systems. The al-
location of machines, inventory, labour and other resources must
cope with clients’ expectations in terms of cost, quality, and lead-
time, among other requirements. Manufacturing systems are sub-
ject to internal and external dynamic effects that can induce rel-
atively quick and unforeseen changes, such as unanticipated high-
priority orders or unplanned machine downtimes. Due to the high
degree of interdependencies between processes within manufac-
turing systems, disturbances can accumulate, so that even small
changes of system parameters can have a big impact on the per-
formance of the system. The traditional approaches currently used
in industry for production scheduling and control are not able to
react to dynamic events in real time, i.e. they are not able to adapt
fast enough to currently evolving changes.
In this context, the increasing use of IoT, Industry 4.0, and
smart manufacturing technologies enables the collection of data
about the current system state in real time. The research frame-
work points in the direction of more intensive use of simulation,
optimization and real-time date exchange to handle dynamic in-
fluences, ensuring high efficiency and robustness. This framework
might be embodied in new data-driven adaptive simulation-based
optimization approaches dealing with integrated control of inven-
tory, production and maintenance processes. This vision connects
data-oriented research on the use of smart components with re-
search on optimising and simulating manufacturing systems.
Manufacturing planning and control decisions are central ben-
eficiaries of the current technology-oriented industrial revolution
(Frazzon et al., 2018). Complex decisions rely on contextual char-
acteristics that might be out of reach for CPS data so that hy-
brid (automatic and human-centered) decision-making must take
place. Technological evolution pushes the boundaries of the plan-
ning and control of manufacturing networks towards an integrated
and adaptive vision, in which human factors and behavioural char-
acteristics have to be taken into account. The development of
data-driven approaches has motivated researchers and practition-
ers alike. Among the different scientific and practical challenges,
the proper consideration of the behavioural human aspects, as well
as the capability of decision methods, stands out.
In terms of barriers, the capability of monitoring and decision-
making methods to properly consider production, transport, inven-
tory, and supply data stands out. This capability is paramount to
take advantage of industrial digital twins representing the produc-
tion system (Kshetri, 2018; Rosen et al., 2015; Schleich et al., 2017;
Senyo, Addae & Boateng, 2018; Uhlemann et al., 2017). There is a
need for an integrated and convergent vision addressing the ques-
tions on how to plan and control supply chains in the future, as
well as on relevant drivers fostering new opportunities to develop
supply chain digital twins.
There is a greater focus on fostering behavioural changes in the
way people use information to engage in knowledge-focused activ-
ities. Technologies foster data-driven processes with real-time (and
progressively automated) decision-making capabilities. Big data an-
alytics offers decision-making capabilities that are, in fact, more
evidence-based. Combining these technologies with the availability
of information and data, a future manufacturing network will be
able to react flexibly to changes imposed by the system environ-
ment. Furthermore, a proper consideration of behavioural aspects
against the background of current and forthcoming digitalization
embodies an interesting opportunity for both business practice and
scientific research. The additional consideration of the relationship
between individuals and the cyber-physical systems in advanced
manufacturing needs further research to be properly understood
and to materialize the potential competitive advantage.
5. Conclusions
This vision paper presented a narrative review of the literature
on advanced manufacturing, and a framework that aims to guide
future research on manufacturing networks in the era of digital
production and operations. Social aspects of CPS towards SCPS are
highly relevant for the present and forthcoming challenges of man-
ufacturing networks. New concepts, decision-making methods and
smart technology-based approaches will fundamentally change the
understanding and the relationship between planning and control
in distributed manufacturing systems. Technological evolution is
pushing the boundaries of manufacturing decision-making to-
wards an integrated and networked vision. Technology and proper
decision-making approaches create new possibilities for coping
with current and forthcoming challenges. Indeed, the combina-
tion of intelligent methods and information systems allows for
the emergence of adaptive manufacturing systems. Therefore, a
convergent and shared vision connecting the manufacturing and
control research communities should be pursued. The proposed
framework embraced on-going research and indicated research
directions on manufacturing networks through the interconnection
of concepts, methods and approaches, considering a socio-cyber-
physical perspective. As a motivation for future research, the
 E.M. Frazzon, Í.R.S. Agostino and E. Broda et al. / Annual Reviews in Control 49 (2020) 288–294
following research directions and opportunities emerge: (i) future
convergence of planning and control, which means concomitantly
shortening the intervals between planning updates and widening
the assessment of control decisions; (ii) interactive and integrated
ways of performing planning and control routines; (iii) improved
consideration of socio-related aspects that have an impact on
planning and control decisions; (iv) development of advanced
decision-making approaches based on the combination of the ca-
pabilities of simulation, optimization and analytics methods, which
are capable of anticipating situations, coping with the operational
data level in complex systems and reacting to varying conditions
in real time; (v) alignment of concepts, requirements, methods,
capabilities and technological drivers in digital manufacturing and
operations, guiding research opportunities with a practical impact.
Declaration of Competing Interests
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
This work is funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG)
under reference number FR 3658/1-2 and also by CAPES (Coorde-
nação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil)
under reference number 99999.006033/2015-06, in the scope of
the BRAGECRIM program.
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