TYPES OF MICROORGANISMS  first line of defense Second stage: Exudate Production

 secretions
 Bacteria Types of Exudate
 Virus The nasal passages have a
 Serous
 Protozoa defensive function
 Purulent
 Fungi
 mucous membranes  hemorrhagic
TYPES OF INFECTION  cilia (sanguineous)

 Local The lungs Third stage: Reparative Phase

 Systemic
 alveolar macrophages SPECIFIC DEFENSES
 Latrogenic
 Acute Oral cavity Antigen
 Chronic
 mucosal epithelium Autoantigen
Bactremia  saliva
2 Components of Immune
Septicemia Eye Response

Nosocomial Infection  tears  Antibody-Mediated

Defenses or Humoral
 Exogenous Source GI tract immunity
 Endogenous Source
 high acidity  Cell-Mediated Defenses or
CHAIN OF INFECTION  resident flora Cellular Immunity
 peristalsis Antibody-Mediated Defenses or
Etiologic Agent
Vagina Humoral immunity
Reservoir
 vaginal pH of 3.5 to 4.5. 2 Major Types of Immunity
Carrier
 urine flow  Active immunity
Portal of Exit  mucosal surface  Passive immunity
Method of Transmission B. Inflammatory Response Cell-Mediated Defenses, Or
 Direct Inflammation Cellular Immunity
 Indirect (Vehicle-borne, 3 Main Groups of T cells
Injurious agents
Vector-borne)
 Airborne  Physical agents  helper T cells
 Chemical agents  cytotoxic T cells
Portal of Entry  suppressor T cells
 Microorganisms
Susceptible Host FACTORS INCREASING
Five (5) Signs of Inflammation
Compromised Host SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTION
 Pain
TWO (2) CATEGORIES OF  Swelling  Age
DEFENSES  Redness  Heredity
 Heat  Level of Stress
 Nonspecific defenses  Nutritional Status
 Impaired function
 Nonspecific defenses  Current Medical Therapy
NONSPECIFIC DEFENSES
Stages of Inflammatory Response  Preexisting Disease
Processes
A. Anatomic and Physiologic  Certain antibiotics
Barriers First stage: Vascular and Cellular  Any disease that lessens
responses the body’s defenses
 dryness of the skin
 against infection places
the client at risk.

NURSING MANAGEMENT

Assessing

 Nursing History

(a) degree which client is at

risk developing an infection

(b) complaints presence of an

infection.

Physical Assessment

 Swelling
 Redness
 Pain or tenderness with
palpation or movement
 Palpable heat at the
infected area
 Loss of function

Signs of Systemic Infection

 Fever
 Increased pulse
 Respiratory rate
 Malaise and loss of energy
 Anorexia
 Nausea and vomiting
 Enlargement and
Tenderness of lymph
nodes