SINE BAR

• A sine bar is used to measure angles based on the sine

principle. Its upper surface forms the hypotenuse of a
triangle formed by a steel bar terminating in a cylinder near
each end.
• When one of the cylinders, called a roller, is resting on a flat
surface, the bar can be set at any desired angle by simply
raising the second cylinder. The required angle is obtained
when the difference in height between the two rollers is
equal to the sine of the angle multiplied by the distance
between the centers of the rollers.
SINE BAR

• Sine bars are made of corrosion-resistant steel, and are

hardened, ground, and stabilized.
• The size is specified by the distance between the centres of
the cylinders, which is 100, 200, or 300 mm. The upper
surface has a high degree of flatness of up to 0.001 mm for a
100 mm length and is perfectly parallel to the axis joining
the centers of the two cylinders.
• The parallelism of upper surface with the datum line is of
the order of 0.001 mm for a 100 mm length. Relief holes are
sometimes provided to reduce the weight of the sine bar.
WHEN COMPONENT IS OF SMALL
SIZE:
• For checking the angle of over the top surface of sine bar,
component, of small size, the component is placed and clamped
on surface plate.
• Now, the slip gauges are inserted below one roller of sine bar,
so that, sine bar can be lifted and set to an angle approximately
equal to angle of component, which is to be measured.
• The slip gauges are inserted, till the upper surface of component
becomes parallel to the surface plate as shown in figure
• A dial gauge indicator is brought in contact with upper surface
of component at end .
Now the dial gauge indicator is moved towards the other end
of component in a straight line. If dial gauge indicator does not
deviate from zero reading during this travel, then it indicates
that, component is perfectly horizontal and truly parallel to
surface plate. The angle of component can be obtained from the
geometry of figure.
WHEN THE COMPONENT IS OF LARGE SIZE
WHEN THE COMPONENT IS OF
LARGE SIZE
Due to large size, the component is placed over the surface
plate and the sine bar is placed over the top surface of
component.
A vernier height gauge is mounted on the surface plate. A dial
gauge mounted on the vernier height gauge is used to measure
vertical height over each roller from the surface plate.
If ‘h’ is the difference in the heights and ‘L’ is the distance
between the roller centres of the sine bar, then

ℎ
𝜃= sin−1
𝐿
WHEN THE COMPONENT IS OF
LARGE SIZE
SOURCES OF ERRORS

(a) Errors in distance between roller centres.

(b) Errors in equality in size of roller and cylindrical accuracy
in the form of the rollers.
(c) Errors in parallelism of roller axes with each other.
(d) Errors in parallelism between the gauging surface and
plane of roller axes.
(e) Errors in flatness of the top (upper) surface of the bar.
(f) Errors in slip gauge combination used for angle setting.
ERROR IN THE
MEASUREMENT
• The slip gauge combination (h) required to set
angle (θ) is given by,
• h = L sin θ
• The effect of Error in spacing of roller centres
(dL) or Errors in combination of slip gauges (dh)
can be obtained by partial differentiation of the
above equation.
ERROR IN THE
MEASUREMENT
 ERROR IN THE
MEASUREMENT

The question often asked is about the maximum angle that can be
set using a sine bar. The standard response is 45°. At higher angles,
errors due to the distance between the centres of the rollers and
gauge blocks get magnified.
 SINE CENTER

It is used in the situation where it is difficult to mount the sine bar on the component
SINE CENTER

• A sine centre provides a convenient means of

measuring angles of conical workpieces that are held
between centres, as shown in figure .
• One of the rollers is pivoted about its axis, thereby
allowing the sine bar to be set to an angle by lifting the
other roller.
• The base of the sine centre has a high degree of
flatness, and slip gauges are wrung and placed on it to
set the sine bar at the required angle.
SINE CENTER

• Conical workpieces that need to be inspected are

placed between the centres. The sine centre is used for
measuring angles up to 60°.
• A dial gauge clamped to a stand is set against the
conical workpiece. The sine bar is set to an angle such
that the dial gauge registers no deviation when moved
from one end of the workpiece to the other. The angle
is determined by applying the sine rule.
•
AUTOCOLLIMATOR

• It is a special form of telescope that is used to measure small

angles with a high degree of resolution. It is used for various
applications such as precision alignment, verification of
angle standards, and detection of angular movement, among
others.
•It projects a beam of collimated light onto a reflector, which
is deflected by a small angle about the vertical plane. The
light reflected is magnified and focused on to an eyepiece or
a photo detector. The deflection between the beam and the
reflected beam is a measure of the angular tilt of the
reflector.
PRINCIPLE OF
AUTOCOLLIMATOR
A PLANE MIRROR PERPENDICULAR TO THE OPTICAL AXIS SERVES
THE PURPOSE OF REFLECTING AN IMAGE OF THE PATTERN BACK
ON TO THE OBSERVATION POINT. A VIEWING SYSTEM IS REQUIRED
TO OBSERVE THE RELATIVE POSITION OF THE IMAGE OF THE
CROSS-WIRES. THIS IS DONE IN MOST OF THE AUTOCOLLIMATORS
BY MEANS OF A SIMPLE EYEPIECE. IF ROTATION OF THE PLANE
REFLECTOR BY AN ANGLE Θ RESULTS IN THE DISPLACEMENT OF
THE IMAGE BY AN AMOUNT D, THEN, D = 2FΘ, WHERE F IS THE
FOCAL LENGTH OF THE OBJECTIVE LENS.

OO’=2fθ
AUTOCOLLIMATOR
• It is clear from this relationship that the sensitivity of an
autocollimator depends on the focal length of the objective lens.
The longer the focal length, the larger the linear displacement
for a given tilt of the plane reflector.
• However, the maximum reflector tilt that can be accommodated
is consequently reduced. Therefore, there is a trade-off between
sensitivity and measuring range.
• The instrument is so sensitive that air currents between the
optical path and the target mirror can cause fluctuations in the
readings obtained. This effect is more severe when the distance
between the two increases. Therefore, an autocollimator is
housed inside a sheet-metal or a PVC plastic casing to ensure
that air currents do not hamper measurement accuracy.
APPLICATION

• Checking the straightness of machine guide ways is one of

the most frequent uses of an autocollimator. The
measurement set-up is shown in figure.
• The autocollimator is kept aligned with the guideway for
which straightness is to be determined. It is mounted on a
levelling base. The levelling base facilitates alignment of the
optical axis in line with the surface being measured. It
incorporates spring-loaded clamps and a circular bubble
level to help in perfect alignment.
CHECKING THE STRAIGHTNESS OF MACHINE

• Markings can be made on the machine surface to step off equal

lengths by shifting the mirror carriage successively; whenever the
base of the carriage is not straight with respect to the axis of the
autocollimator, the mirror will have a small tilt with respect to the
optical axis of the autocollimator. This results in the measurement
of the tilt angle by the autocollimator.
CHECKING THE STRAIGHTNESS OF
MACHINE
CHECKING THE STRAIGHTNESS OF MACHINE

• In fact, the maximum deviation of the plot from

the axis is a measure of straightness. Thus, an
autocollimator provides a quick and accurate
means for ascertaining straightness of a guideway.
 ANGLE DEKKAR

•Construction:
➢It consists of a microscope,
collimating (objective) lens and
two scales engraved on a glass
screen, placed in the focal plane of
objective lens.
➢One scale is horizontal datum
scale fixed across the centre of the
screen and is always visible in the
microscope eye-piece.
CONTINUED…

➢Another scale is an illuminated vertical scale, which in normal position,

is outside the view of eyepiece and only its reflected image is visible.
The illuminated scale is projected as parallel beam by collimating lens,
which after striking the reflector (workpiece) below the instrument is
refocused on the lens in the field of view of eyepiece.
➢The reflected image is illuminated and is received at right angles to the
fixed scale.
➢In this position, the two scales, horizontal and vertical intersect each
other. Thus, the reading on the illuminated scale measures the vertical
and horizontal angular deviations simultaneously.
➢In other words, changes in angular position of reflector in two planes are
indicated by changes in the intersection of two scales.
➢
EYEPIECE VIEW OF ANGLE DEKKAR
• Working:

➢ Angle dekkor is capable of measuring small variations in the angular setting

i.e. determining the angular tilt.
➢ For measuring the angle of a component, the working principle is the
method of measurement by comparison.
➢ Thus, first of all, the angle gauge combination is set up to the nearest angle
of component and the angle dekkor is set, such that, zero reading is obtained
on the illuminating scale.
➢ The angle gauge build up is then removed and replaced by the component
under test. A straight edge is used to ensure that, there is no change in lateral
positions.
➢ The new positions of reflected (illuminated) scale with respect to fixed scale
APPLICATIONS OF ANGLE DEKKOR:

In combination with angle gauges, it is used in:

(a) Measuring angle of a component.
(b) Angular setting of machines.
(c) Checking slope angles of V-blocks.
(d) Measuring angle of taper gauge.
ANGULAR SETTING OF MACHINES.
CHECKING SLOPE ANGLES OF V-
BLOCKS.
MEASURING ANGLE OF TAPER
GAUGE.
 REFERENCES

▪ A Text Book Of Engineering Metrology And Measurements

By N.V. Raghavendra And L. Krishnamurthy, Oxford
University Press.
▪ Engineering Metrology BY R K JAIN , Khanna Publishers