3.

2
Carbohydrate & Fat Metabolism
3.2.1 Outline the terms metabolism, anabolism, aerobic catabolism, & anerobic
catabolism
 Metabolism –
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
 Catabolism –
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
 Anabolism –
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

3.2.2 State what glycogen is and its major storage sites

 Glycogen –
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
 Glycogenesis –
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
 Glycolysis –
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3.2.3 State the major sites of triglyceride storage

 Major storage sites are _________________________________________________

 Beta oxidation –
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
 Primary function of fats – _______________________________________________
 Adipose tissue cells
o __________________________________________________________________
o number of adipocytes we have remains relatively constant but the capacity to
increase our fat stores is brought about by ability of adipose cells to increase in
size
o adipose tissue is found beneath the skin in hypodermis, around organs (heart and
kidneys) to protect and cushion.
 Fat accumulates in different parts of the body dependent on gender
o women – around skeletal muscle of thighs and hips
o men – skeletal muscle of abdomen, between shoulder blades, and around waist

3.2.4 Explain the role of insulin in the formation of glycogen and the
accumulation of body fat
 Insulin – hormone whose presence informs the body’s cells that the animal is well fed;
causes liver and muscle cells to take in glucose and store it in the form of glycogen and
causing fat cells to take blood lipids and turn them into triglycerides
 Insulin and glucagon ___________________________________________________
o Insulin and glucagon are manufactured by the ___________________
o carried to the liver through circulation to perform their functions
 Enzymes convert glucose to glycogen through a ________________________ reaction
 Storage of ________________________________ in adipose tissue is stimulated by
_____________
 Enzymes that hydrolyze glycogen to glucose are stimulated by glucagon
  Diets high in ___________________________ will result in high release of insulin and
consequently an increase in glycogen storage and accumulation of fat.

3.2.5 Outline the terms glycogenolysis & lipolysis

 Glycogenolysis –
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
o formation of blood glucose by hydrolysis of ________________________
o in liver, breakdown of glycogen results in elevated blood glucose
o in muscle, breakdown of glycogen used by the muscles for energy
o occurs as a result of the hormone glucagon.
o In glycogenolysis: glycogen is converted to glucose-1-phosphate and then to
glucose-6-phosphate
o regulated by hormones ________________________ from pancreas and
_________________________________________ from adrenal glands
 Lipolysis –
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
o triglycerides undergo lipolysis – hydrolysis by lipases and broken down into
_______________________________________________________
o lipolysis is induced by the hormones _______________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3.2.6 Outline the functions of glucagon and adrenaline during fasting and
exercise
 During fasting and exercise – blood glucose level ________________________ releases
_____________________________________ to increase blood glucose
 Glucagon – during fasting/exercise: glucose in blood decreases, glucagon secreted by
_______________________________________; promotes
_____________________________________________________________ for energy
 Adrenaline – increases with ________________________________ glucose and
promotes glycogenolysis & lypolysis

3.2.7 Explain the role of insulin and muscle contraction on glucose uptake
during exercise
 Insulin results in _________________________________________uptake of blood
glucose in liver and muscles
 Muscle contraction results in ___________________________________ of blood
glucose b/c of higher energy demands
 Insulin and glucagon are ________________________________ hormones that regulate
blood glucose
 Metabolic balance – maintaining blood glucose near 90mg/100mL in humans
 When blood glucose _____________ below a certain point due to exercise,
________________________________________________________________________
 Insulin and muscle contraction – increase muscle glucose transport and uptake in skeletal
muscle