PRoTECTION power sys SB esath © Economic oad dispately « : Tadtgols # fawn systems onalpsi and dasign by Glover. Fowen system Engineering ty Nogarathi kotha Switch ge and fyotediion by Baduinam ¢ Vishwakemama. Bes and acne of frsttioe, slaying 3 Rail mater girio55 © gmait-com® Economic LOAD DISPATCH *- She pou Clp of tase Load pawer plant i | Genoaior | 7 Fhe “quel Fial coor ciation of a. ttwsraal pews fant Be gives the setation (2 gust Cott Of the unit vont, power gression. ®an emperical formula. 2 Fie fa Prog biPi + Ci Rofpr. => Gisbi amd Co ane covt coypicienD, of HM unit - > Pi > Power olp of ith unit in "Mwy".Yyenonatly capacitor banks are seennected on high votinge side a3 ; ; ® ‘more suative pouser is grated. aakv/uKy Qyen aN, Xe As Pe, pf mt : T ABV PE FPP, OP, We, neat genowsion T 4s Atm (Meat genaration.— heat disiposion), i change, in tomperature it mone then the tondition is sunduinable dor operadion amd Irulation . 80 Imordorto tonteot AT, heat gowation is smbuoted’, TAR, 2 and P tas do be Concotted . So the Beet sethuk & sdleonys simited 19 Pimay - the Ravin is divided Soy the thurmolynamie, sonsitains of the boller (ov) fixed due to boiler unstabaitity “fonexally to aultch on a plant ik sequisus a amimimumn time of 6-8 hows. Checklist 16 emaure tno of flamt 1— (Some aw given), Puelfy the coal stowage tel in coal handling lant. Be should be move tham the dead: alerage . 7 Semprratuse of the usiler grom ambient tempocakure -to soguined temporal. (temperature > te esitical temporaiore). > Syrchionite the generatorertor with gud. (roige uy, wate owe wetage va) Thordon to enuse T>Te always , Pinnin 8 0 be maimtaimed, cvem or proper aynehvimnisation, of generatorYo operate “the boiler im sable gone a .cxitical temperature "BB maintained imthe boller. wat Te in the Mailer there is a omin nathamical ilp 40 generator 7 80 there is a mim. electuical ofp. Tuementol jel cost 9 thovmal pour Pat o Mathematically be is dafimed os 4 : ar Rs at 7 Hope of duel Tei = oh oe [rts cos awure! Fa Lain? + biPi rcs Relhn Te = ai T+bi Rs [Mohr] —> Irenemental coct of (4h unit - i, Power olp should -be mote then inmemental Cost Of the Lunit is -mere,. ( Troumental 20st awe 1 i Trin the euiwe between Le(Rfoausha) ve fi (mw) of unit. Te. (Rs/rusha), without peurer bors eee ee (1 =Po) Ch = t+). hy => powsor generated. fy —y pauson demandRplergaten ate So © DReetve_dunelion te ° BE suefou to chino minimizaon problem ov marimigaiion foiobler. min Reached Th power ayer, objective Junction is cnn PB SF +Pat hy tee eee fu otha examples § mayimize tre power Anansden-, minimise: the. ®_Consteainds_2- . Be ik tne equation seprusentation of oir Sequiemeits. OD Bypolity consmaimts ¢ ta! cly Ineqratitg eonsteaint.2 <, >, Sd; 2. Extn xy tha 25 —y, Cqnallty coust- Of REQ 7 Imaquating onst. ©) oflimigation metmods 1- (olution vector). arf ]-f J, he Actution cam be d)vatid solution vettor—y saligies all constiaints cy Invalid cetation vettor—> If even one. constraint ify Pima ton vettor not satisfied . tt bs valid selatten vettor amd tr Ahould give aalmimun value of IL a sotuution veetor satictier all the ewnttraints ef an optimisation problem Anon ik is a vatid solution vettor. a solution yottor net Aaktcied even one Constant af am epkimigation probtem then it is -catted atid solution verter.Fimal Zolution vettoy thould be a atid sotn vector amd ft has to give 2 oinin value 18 FO imimisation. prover) ety amaniemuurn value, dor obj dv qevo smanimisation fervobler - Economic vispar te en canned, WITHOUT ROWER LOSh eo objettive & Miminnise the total quel cout of thermal genenating unit amin fp = Puro g Pate. ese tu) min Ppp = Bay iz CoastninSS 2 dy Equality Comtrainls ¢ Crotat pour genoation’) = (Total power demand). > Pitty t Pate oo Pe Poe N > Piet. tet & Imequality conseain’ + yp imils on astive, power genenaled uy the unit Pranion < PLS Pimay t= lton. > Limi on reactive pewter genoorki Qin & O < Qimay- > amish om Iuurbary voltages, Vjmin < Vi Vira. Ta tdm Al Palumbo a trusgon in poutor system),Fy = lets Mu fa = [Bteale Mw x ® we Rye Pomax = 105 Md. Tey 2 9a Rela 2 AG0 -1aF = (AS Mw. fen = 31 Rs frawh Ws B25 RefMwhr. > Fe oto mo Pp > 63-64 Muy Po = 86-362 My Tey = 26.3686 Re] Mwhn. fen> 06.3636 Ra[mohn. WAS Bey = Len = 26-3636 RslMuohy. W) Pranim = Y Fomio = mim + Bamin t+... + Pani Pomim = 0+a0 = 4omMw- Ley = 015 Py IS tow ¢ Py < (50 Mw. Ten 2 0-19-P2 +10 7 Rsfrawhn, lomw ¢ Pp Pi. Yep = Tomax => fs. Te =Pemaz => Ps - Gen = Lemar > Pu, © Pomin (fer-Tes) = PM +P teen W) fy = AaRsfrawhy — } Pemax = Temag = aa Rs [Mushr. oP kaos AR => Peaomu AeD alk AB oN 0 ena s Pomax ) then sotekion for 5 = Pamay fut- tf, Pp = 50 M09 Pe Pa 04) 0128p =-Y P=4e0amu X fo = 4.904 MO Reaomu. Po = 30Mw- . Bey 2 22 Rs [Mohr Ben 214-6 Rs [Marta fu. Len. fen, ) Pr Gen = 1864 Rs [Muska max {reteo§ = 03 Re [rth , * Pomain (Ley Len) =Wit) Omox (Ter =2eo) = 2 Prnax = a50 Mw Py elas Mo. Po = lag Mw Dey a Bae Refmwhr - Teo = 31 Rs [mahn - Stein ter Pome ain tay = Bee Eo YD Cleudste Prnas 3) ih th Pomax , Gabeullle Pi, 'p, caluildle Tey, Pea,..:. U) Coleutate Demin Semin = mln Be) Beay oo H) By = Bemin “7 Fak Leg =Lemin “7 bt Ten = Semin 77 fan? © Pomar,2usSen = h+tr.- - SAV) Semin = anim f Bey Ben 4 . Oth +20 =31. Pye Nomw O12 Py +l = 3} & = 185 Mw - Pn. BUR wh = Jud “Pama (fer Per) = No tlas 855Masomad = ¢ HO Mu 235 Mu) ‘ Fora ¢ CPomi . pray Cte ene Ley # Bea eq = ee Te feo. 6 4 CASE HL te to (Rs[mwhr). ; ‘ a . 5a5 ‘ I Gr.— — Ty Ber CPomax)) - ‘ Regton qe equal Incremental cord ' Poot : : aa A 4- 4+ 4 — tye fen Cfomin) ley b-- ( ‘ ! jt | |, Pow) Pris 5° WO Prmax 20 125 Conclusion t= Yhore onist a sugion der equal trsremental cost of. production. * Je Generator 2 8 the, animinn um cost geneator Aycough out the 4 Fa any given demand ta >Pi (exeapt Pomisy ard fomax’). CASE-a t- QAEREY fiends on Power dow Hough the Karmistion tine , Iau < [lima k= Ub NE % Emits on ramp up nates, eae a aes | Setuselty comabeainls « Using Aagrongiam emetnod « im 1494 by “Khuntucker", amin Ft r+ a (P- “En, Cor) ditmens (or) augumented Ly Lepragian qurdtion Fainers function ad as a—p daganyiam toepccient Co) dayramyiam msittiplion: ae, a : a TO OF oe +a(o-1) oft o = St +a). OPE ) 0 =fa-A 2 20 Pt aa mo ~2d_ 0 Den > Coptdimation equation > Khun ducker, condition5 get dhe minimum fuel cor Aotuiion gor the eeonamic dikpaleh Geille witheut powerless, the inoemental quel cot of all the generating unili should be eaprat. 1 pannus Soli— = 01F) a0 Re[eqwhr Aey a Bows hee, < asm. & = O12 16. Refraushe. % fy =p =yonw. Pi+Po = Yomw———{) Tqeten => OR +a0 = 0.10% +16. O-1P) -Ont2Pa = —H ~—_-_(8) Pre 36636 MX mot within linnits » Po = 36-364 Mwy & is wiolated if minimum fewer timit , ‘ PEK Pimin , then Pro Pamir. if Pi 7 Pron y then P= Piaman- we PlePimin =aoMw- «, Pa = yom -aoMw = a0MwW- fey 0-1 Fan = 0-1(20)4 20 = aA Refrawhy. Teg = 012% HIG = otalao)+ le = 18-4 Rsfewhr. TE She dpptem A is always decided uy the unit of guoup of -unifs which axe forticipated in economic dispatch (6) which one having sontuol euex Ws frowey Gerwattion . 2. R= By Re] muohn. Pye Py, =AovMtD OP) + RO = Ola, +16. O-LP) OAR, = HH BAe GIMOR IL Rye RAGINS tenvehuston 2-4 here exbeti only one floimt according 40 eysal inoemen CASE 3 3- AA Qa t salt cost of production . ® ¥ G1 & the mimimum corr gonouasor from Pris to Be ane G8 the mimimnm ott genwrator fem Px to Emax, 7 according to eanal incemental cost Of production Gy shaw Gupply a power of Px Mw dut Gy cam operuile between min to Panay depending on tne dapend. ¥ Gyral tnesemental cost of production is not fiessinte . % Gp is the theapert genonater thaoughsut tne ‘| Lon. % For any given damand , Gp if should be dusty toaded Cay should mot violate iti minimum pouier Limit). Fe onal + aor; + HO Repha. fran. = 00 Mw. P= 45% of Capacity = 0.45xa00 =150MW. te = 2 = 0-a4m +a0 Ie a 4h = ou (150)+a0 = 50 Rs rushFe ol (1) 4 nolim) + yo = 5940 Refdw. ‘WD PePmax = d00Mw, Bee 6G RE/mrhn - F 28240 Rilhw, +3 Solt- Sols: By = 0.15 p> 1 IS Py taoh + 30 Te = 0+3P, +20 Fy = 0-807? + 16 Ps. tao fr. LES" = OW Py + Lo ‘a fra Gor cto 6-hM, and IB 4024 pas Tye Peo P= loomw O-3PL 420 = O-4Ps th Pures = lod. O35 P — Or Py = OBR, 0-4 Py =—Y Ppeseye Fre 155-002 4Rthy ap(Py = trye0-024& Poe H8Ga. 2 106d 4984 Refhn Pa = Is207-14e bs for 6 4ols bas, eae P= aoomw Pi+Pp= B00. 0.3 P| -O4Py = —Yy Py HlkSF — y= 3Qeqesle Refha 3D (Freuresue? Re | P= WS — py 3154. Gey Ralha 9(LPo= 37855-9166 Ry. doriztns . Fig = 194601024 + YR63U2 = 65D1H+ 224 RE fdoy Por = Ipaarlug + 34865-1662 53083-Ny Rs fda foe Pir thar = Y8t49.3u3 Rs [day re 2 Wo Golt- Paqy = -1a0 4+ G0Te -B5 Ty © oes Reap = -1N0 + YOLes — a0 Pep @ Pes = 40 +50Tea 15% —_@) Prt Pp ch Py.=.Soomw ——_(@). Tq =fep = Te, =A-tao + 60A-AS A —1uOt YO A-B AY -W 450A — EAM = S00 gar iso —350 =5v0 o 6p +a —850 =0- Da (6-318 | 8681 5 o% -=8-681 Miimimum value -haxto be deleted imotuor to obtain < Poe ataueo Mw animism quel core a= 56-58 MO- Py= aal-olo MW. BS Soli-~ A CPa;)e 0-006 PG, + 3 Pq) +350 Bey = O-DI> Pay + 8- : ca(Pqs)= 0-004 fos + Pq +400 Teg = 0.018 Pao + loom £ Pay < 650 - 0-012-Pq, — 0-018 Ps. =~ 5p tlw < Pee €500- fy = 600M. : \ Pon + Pay =Goomw 0-012 Pe, ~0- 018 Pea. = 1 Pa = 36-69 Mw i within the Lami. Pao= 243.33 Mo. SE P= ary We th < Pay I Po> ara. Pe = Pay te =Pa Po = Pg Pr = Pay. fr < Pe. Pa > Pq. &I gols— 2 =P = O15 P+ ADP) +30 7 n Re fhe. Tey = 0.3P) +20. Py = 0-2 + b6Po +20 Leg = 014 Po +16 Po = dooms OBR OUP =H PtP. = doo. P= 108.51 Pr= 3969.569 Po = 41.428 Foe 3154. 644 FAY Adcant tt eayotty shared , P, =1e0 mo Py = ten mw Ry> 3530 Py = 36 a0 Hs50 an Saving tr quel covt [day 2 (me Hay.233) = aS. 964 Rela & = GIB. yos Re [day AO p= 300M. Pimay =A00 MW « Bmax =ao0mu. fey = 01h +20 A> ot Doh thy = Leg SOND Pa Hts ae > 005A Bor eK. Pir Pa = 300. : O-LPL = OAPs, = Po Ore ASP ha Pye tus-40] Mw = 0:06 P+ 1S Pot Bo. R= Ist-04t Moy Cpe 38l0.4ue +Ky Py = 3404-T6L t Ko Bag 40TH Ky Hh dor equal Load shasing P= Io MW. Pps 150 Mud Fre Hias 4 Ky Py = 3000 + Ko Fras + ki tke HS*V0q Ky + Ko) dauing = THE HK) AS = 40% Re fheMeluod -a 2- hes Pes - 3 = fl cuslong i Tey dey + J Toads Rs [ho ‘ "GD ep a leo iso iG = J oureserdr 4 J Covtars +15) dey. 6 yo. 1$%0F 6 R 150 = Ot a - outt soti} + ort bas co a 10.4 HA+0g = B08 + (304-402) = 104 Refrr- per ann) sauing = 1:01 x $960 = FOI Re fannum. Boorw £ ea < Ysomua. 150 Mw 2 Pas < hoor, \ dem cures, “eapal imtremental coi ie mot porsible- Genoator Ais chaapert Gensnater . ay Pan = Ysomw- Pag = too-ysv = asdmw. SH Tey 2 QOHO3P)- Leg = d0+O-4R, * Teg = 30- Pani = Somw and Fnag = 300M - Ppetov mw Ppt Po Pg = #00 To fey > to San Be = 33-33mw X P= SoM, Po + Ps = Fo0-5D = 650 MW Tep =Tex > Pozo ma X a ; sp ari fy = 40-50-50 = 600 mo X Pz =3800 Mw. Pit Pp = 400-300 =yoo Mw. . Te = Ten F B0+0.3P, t BO4O.UPD . 0-3 Py — O.U Pp = 10. Pre Pa =400 Pn ayo B54 Me P= Isa-s1ys 14. The imeumental toot is eonstamt ponible only for Aydro Manils- av Sole ey eat b PLHCP Rfhy. Poe Otbh + 80h” Refi, Te = fen > rapt a Boye Paap. ) \ PraPo = 800 mw © 3Po. = 300 MW fr = tov Mw + uh Economic poweR Dpispatct wire PowER Loss 3- 00 tw. Pourertors > Technical Lotses Commercial peurer fasten Genviator pouser horses X xi power thefts xr Pe torcer , corelors , anech-lors H Tle fowex tones (neglected) nz. TRR devs » Cone Lox. Tf power torses £ 4 : TAR doevesTn Indi power +y:Her0, @ Patianasy Humemiscion ¢ Raokv /yooky. ( genowsing tation 40 pid) Semdary Hrorvmistion £ Bary faao kv { NOKV. Cgsid 40 food) Interconnected anmmision ¢ yooky [aeeKy. Cari to guid). highest gonenaling vettage: askv. NeTPc Ramagundam )asky , GooMvA - Ts Aighest dhansmission vettage 2 6SKV. > Hghat Hype ink 3 + 500KV. tb evoky (under Conruttion). Bishwanatn Cherialti to Aga Q600 MW. dubsiation sulin least votrage Kunyetmer > Bokv /uky. he erate eet 7 ; PLa3T;R1 + 3D Re + 3(M)8, > considering 0. atanced- em 23 [sie +O Ro ¥(L nye] a Ras [sane pad (Rot%) + 24] P= Gut pf, and b= BUTPH .a VB No Phy T= G A fh) _[Bs-+#s ) peer (Ge a ). EP Nar Pe Vee = Buty + Basle? + Bio Cio . Bu ce (Ri+Ry) Vg Phy Re Bp = By = 82 NyVo Pty Pho. => (Bor = Bisa Ra. for jer jective 8~ nin | a ft 5, Conmiainls_i- ConsitairnB I oth. N Pe = PPL ict a Reo t dfs© oz 2 + a(o+ Be " : © mim ff = Pr 4 A(tore~ FF) Ge te} OL 20 ar u aPe o= Te -A(I- DHL). A(t) = Ta. oe lila Rehab. Ay, eagrampian sodtiient Cor) im Ref h smutifion (07) test soceived dey the anit in Refiquhy (0) Angi maiam ~muktifl fs a ab= sb, Pty LO > Aa Tey re =0) > Astle tty. dusk cost wo) Coordimation equation wn) Khuntucket eqsrotion. ho get the minimum fucl cost sotation dor economie, dispatdy swwlin power Lois the product of penalty darter amd imesemenda! corr of dll the Unda must be eqpol. __lmpetama 8 Of penalty. gettor 2- * Ab (1) (DC) = constant, yet, seh, F= Lap ebp ec. LCs ap tb. tel, rh p= DO, = DP * TL CEH a P= Bee h. pres fe DALEP ant 20, os

Rg=0 Bye (Rit ka) > By =o Baa & (82.483) =) Boo. fo2 , R=Bull t BaP + abjaeite Mio a on | Mu. LASERS, load senter is Located at unit-a, 4 Then a. Po Ry ZO 5. Ro =0 5 Agco, Bu x (Ri+Rs) => By fo. Bao o: (8.483) => Bor =0. (82-821) eR3 >Bia PL = BUR? + Bas Pe + abit P, Mu - [+-© on LimeRi fo 4 Aa fos Ra =0- Buc (Ri+h) > Bu fo- @ Bora (Ro ths) > Ber7o- (b= Bar oc Ry > Bia =0- Ple OnP? + Boh? + ABihPe MW. WF + Bo2Po™ mw ‘OP, “ap, * 8 BuPt. Bie = a8aB, I oe : Pe = OP; eee laa > : - —L >». 1 2ByPy ! 1 2B02P, fy =P +h. Aa by Pey =loTeg = 2... aly Tey. If Anes: Infotiwation ‘a thucigied > dose rvepqicienls sui be given (oR) => Not given > fos formulae - will be giver, On) Os Eonomic, dispate Bink mm 2 . without power for Falewtation of Loss coofpictents « tess, Py =P, nh. Ax LC, =Bey--- = TC, Spthe Question asked Like, U) Solve for ED if Jor ane included and oordimated. yemen L / A= Ute =adoty = 2. tu den .(AY, Solve gor ED, tp desces one, included but not teerdinated. % = PorPL DeLee... --=Ton. Overall dheszes writ be increased tompanod to Aovidimated. Spis-tes Te takes tos simulation time . Nott $~ Method (2) gives more {uel cost amd leu simutaton +ime solution composed to +metnod 1. CB) Solve, Zor ED, if Lerses ane mot tneluded uct tovrdimaded. —7 No fiudlical importance - WH) Solve for ED, if dower are mot included amd not teordinakd - f= Po. Aste =2eo = ..----- = Ten Ed without pewex bass . umf, cf , teh. due - QI sols De = owoar t+ 18 Re[rtwin. Pe oa. oP Aas ae) te . age ( 3) (o.00ae +18) : a. ? =woo M & a QB gol’ PL = Bu o+— te Py lov tae, fo fL= ton: Toy 2 00aP, £16 Re/rushor, Bie SS Loy = 0-04 Pa+ a0 Rs/rtubre- a = ool (Mw )>Pp 2 a60 Mw. losses ane included suct net. covrdinated . ( Pa = Po tPL re, = abo + top> ———_—© Tey = Tes. O102P, F16 = 004M +20. Bo 0:02 Be =H —ooy z &% = 05% -too —___-_@ pum Oand@, Pye 0.5F)-t00 = abo + 10°F. 7h 05h +360 =0 ——@ Pa laoo mu. 5 Py = 300 MW. W. PyeBooMw foason value is selected 40: amimimise lorses « Py = 9.6(200) -100 = 50Mw- Z 7 2 Pre to?xt = (300) = Yemw- a Sole Lg has Dep = Yoo Rs[why. A= Life, = Ap= leBes = las xYyoo = 500 RAfrauohn- @-20 SO tay = O-o1Rt 1% Ra [rth 2: Ley = 0-06) +19 Refrawhr- P= BuPh Pi stoomw 4 FL=loMw A =as Rs[Mwhr- Y Pi ston 5 fF PL = tom 1 = Bu Cio) qo ty Bey = tater. Bu = 10? Mw oe ag = tity = Lefer. PL = tPA” Mw. “Lg etor ~ = = axio’h =0-008F. aye ae BO no as =I OP \ LU LoUs Aa (haar) (oo1mr) =as P= 8/006 Py = 133-33 Mw. lo Bly =A Q) (0.06%. +14) =a5 Py = 29-13 ctoo mw. 0-06 PL Hie p> = to? (93.33) = lh 49 Mw. a = Pot Py Poe Pres = AL Py = 133-33 4100-14. 4 f = ais-56 mw. ads a Bark l [= ari®xioo shag.tort * gay galt sia @% c a fe = oupts Relewho — @) Pelomw. te = punto +3 = 4 Ref muha a) aun, Ae bay = 444 Re fmivhr. SAE goli- eu Gy (ws Afp=5mMw 3 AP =8MwW. Lt AP, = 8-5 =3MU. ta= ast, ue t fee ea mac te re qo eg eh Bre Solr- m ° C - 1CPeu) = Re 10900 / rush. Ec} = lov00 Bs [turbo Co (Pee) = Rs tas00/ twhr > Tea. = 1a500 Rs [ruohr. 2 PL = 05 Pey pu. bated on too MvA dabatity . ta = Pot PL Ly Leys LoPes - Pq, =0a pu. Pay =0:&x 100 = ROM. Why os (OY og Pe 0.5 (0:2) = 0108 peu P= OORx WO = AMD fan Pert Pas —PL = got Pag -2= ho. Pega = AAMTDey = ISP) +150. Ley = 0 ash, tS Pi =P, = 200 mw OPL one. > Ly PCy = ba Peo eee ee ee we ere rs Pe Ley = 180 Rf muohy, Dep = aac Rs[muohr (has) (aas) = Ly (Ie) Lys beeas- Qs a a6kr9 Ge ask 2) & Pi etaomw Gq hasto supply mere power = bas,LOAD WRVE t= Tk isa ture ashich bean between demand in ki Vs me operation im $y. oad uvwe giver the variation of demame om power aystem wrt time . he. anea sundex the toad twwie gives the otal umber of sunili gonouated (or) Consumed in.a given time ieways toad curue saprusented as boo Ve hs | since launit = kwh, Mind < Avgd < Max. The tree typer of toad ture + @ Baily toad tue t-tontuetiing of pousen system. - © Monthy oad Lule 2— Bist, ¢ . © yoosty soad wwrwet- pramnimg of power system. PPA—> Pewev Purthase Aguezment- We datides the anit s0et. sherordiiong to tris GENCo's twill Cuacuale, the powerte Winteibwion semnpanics. Biseibution tompanies awit pax fo Genoration compamies inter spony op Bore Electricity Act 2009, all GENCO, TRANSco, Diseoms axe tueto work’ under one unit ner, SEB (Stole Electaicity Board) - the Sinfutbution tompanics alto pay fo ammistion companits intoums of wheeling charges Lared on tangin of the fine amd voltage. Eleedeivity bull.Thyounaions clined feorm tend ewes % Number of uunils roniumed ot generated im a given pertod= Aras under the toad sure ima given period . F Maniamum damamd onthe power system amd its ectuning time . Te isdne, greater ef all the demamd vohich ane ecaming on power system - # Mimimum demomd on power Ayslem amd iti sceuring me « + duenage demamd on the pewter system , Age Seman (hay) = NO Of wrth generated femaumed : otal mo. of hours Avg» Semamd 2 Yaa under the toad ewe Total mo. of hours F Bate Lond on the power system (om yearly Joad sure). Sheseteristion of a base toad powser plaris :~ * Bose Load plants ahould be capable to supply he enogy -tuwugheut the oor twltrout any disturbance. * D sthoutld supply the enexgy at do Lost. ~tigdseo Power Parts axe the Mert to select ax bare toad power amt. ma tigdo eclectic, power plants with ample capacity af voaten, Preference: bal toad, Power plant Nuclear peuserr plas ‘Thermal power plantt ee NN ices ee tee t Te should able to contool power olp ofthe unit # Ot should have fie wquick Madting mature (on-time should be. mininuun),bite powen plamB . of ad fatto pom pl order | (‘pumped storage hydro eletluic pauien planli roc | LuMped STORAGE Power PLANT 3 Founped, stovage fouser fant thawing 3 amedes of opowtion 3 Gy Gensnating made (Suuring peak Load periods). ee & Motoring anode (Suing off peak periods). ay iy Gpresvomous emdensor (Depending on tne saysinemert Of the guid’), CONNECTED Lond 3= BEE the wum Of continuous seasing Of att the euaipmets whieh ane, Goannetted to the power system. Genarating capacity (q.c) < Connected toad (c.1), Genaration tapacity (q.c) > Mamimum demand Gap), Denon treme (oe): vt is dh imad as the sakio of manimur demand to the tonnected toad . erin Med}, DP = GE MD < OL DES 1 fauooy. Lonp Pactor (LF) t- LRRD ERNE AS $k is dafimed 04 the Aatio of average demand ty maximum demamd sgerouttty the 0-2 (Retuan On Zavertment) i the donal parameter to be, eamtidored hile daciding the plant copo.cityPc = loo Mw. Med = 80m ot SrEDe TLR LAD. She senenue Stati of power ryrtem depends on ood fostoi. So always Doad factor shoud be as high at porsible . conclusion 2- Tho protical power sysiem load factor a Pottible Cnearto unity’). % dood gactor mainly ejects he revenue of the power plat OM pousey ayitem FO oad fartor imowases sanoriie Of the power plant ov Pour aystem imexeases - Diversity actor (blv.e) i Te is defined ar the sation of sum of individual mania Amando ane seimcidamce manimum domamd on the power system, bivee = Sum of Individual’ maximum demand —> domestic. Loads. —> Commertial. Loads - —> Induttuial Loads. Cp) bop —> Municifpat toads. A loorw o-lah 7 Tastion Loads - B ano la-ayh. , P > Agtiouttusal Loads. (mw) a \oo+a00 pivee = gcse 200 200 - -~--—- = bs. plow capacity = 10 | : asome. ef > tis) ta ay. WwoxIQ 4 Rooxt> Asd Rt 800 2 1004200 WOM, ay x Lee AD 150 _ MD woo OFS. case &t- eae) ERIK tap Tos loom —o-1nh Bo asoMW tg _auh. M+D = 300 Mw pive = toot 800 00 Chas, = 300 . (hs) B00 Pe = 350mu. Ad = (looxtr) + (300x2) + (aoo# = 158.33 mw. ay : AD . (58.33 “ up oo AD. = 0. . Mao 300 osay. The plant capacity decides the fined cost Of tne pousen system. 2 manimurn Bemamd iLery coincidence manirmum domond is les tnen tre Diver is more, tthe phamt tabacity ani be Les , 20 fined cost of the pousen system uit be Joss. $0 operating condition of poweit system by tase is mene suliahle, than in xose-a. # Sivouity fextor is adusays greater tam one. * Boverlty factor Ahould be as high 04 potsible. % Bivouity factor mainly eects the ficad cout of the pou system (plant capacity (or) inuestment decisions « A Uf divoutty factor inoaitt tne, foced toot of the power system domneases. COINCIDENCE FRcToR {¢-F) %-PLANT UTELTZATION FACTOR (P-U:F) TE it defined as the natio of maximum demamd tothe phim capacity. Prue = MD 2 RG Pure POF A prop = GD MD. Po ID) Por = LF xX Pur] RESERVE CAPACITY 3- (Rc) RAR AA Ue i the difjerence between plant Lapacity amd maximum demand. RO = PhO -MD Ree poly td pet re) [re = Fe (ore) [re = aie (wee “EESpinning sue ie tentuibuted uy the aunit awhich 4s tomnetied to ed which is frxoducing the Power. @® F the Wefautt see is shimnimg swowe + Sloning ssteue iB always tonduibuted Ny the unit awhich is connetted to the guid. Cold Resenie s— EE ib the gonenation tapacity swhich is available for seruice tut nor yim epeuasion. Cold Reseie = PC. cold Rasewe | N¥ =° umdilions Bollea & OFF Boiler temperature . ts the genexakion zabacily which @& in operation tua not in serviee. Het suse = Pc. Boiler is ov. lad < Bolles temporaiune < Te. Excitation is orp. Bis NS < Nr < No. Het stant time * laom to wom. BSR CSUN Sa) De ip deyined as the natio Of ottive actual 10.04 hours -the plant i ir cperadion (Sewice Rewy) tthe total number af now im given period. ree see cael ee Votol o..ef hewrs G)Gh ST GP St. Bore nad power plant bing anol ta fate oe %o peak load power plants - Resa veg pooron (mest) t : De it dapimed asthe sustio Of actual 0. of unity gerenased by the Alant 10 the monimum mno.df unite hat ould have been genesased » No-of units generated — * P.Use.P = Pe UsesP = No. ob senile. Pe x Sh Pusese = No. of uni. wt FAD yt Perse T Fee Peusese = > Puse-F > Cee > UPS ROP ou Y the peur plant ie sunnimg trsough tne Hime, eh =e Prusese = POF NL power plant is sunning Hrstoughout the Hime itn (1D =Pro, Pur = Le = Pee =P Usesk Ro =0. TRANSIENT BEHAVIOUR OF GENERATOR IN PRACTICAL PowER SYSTEM t~ BANAL A RR eee > Pee 3 OBEAt too, (System iv under steadystate, ) : © ¢ ey « See Pno = Pe oS 0 = Peo Poo (rv Los fee Aystom). eos Ne=Ns (constamt),—y Wry = Ws => KE = KES. fy =Poo 3 Po =Peo 3 Pn= Po $= 45 (constamt), S= So (constant) . re Pe = Ev sind. Xs Pe. = Proax 9nd. ad vie" Pe = Peo $e sit! (Ba) | rt 2b. or as MEX=0 2 Load’ oni the system is suddenly nenensed Py = Poo + APp Ned. Py = Poo tAP, Fry = Pino Po = Reo +Ake - APé comes feeom k-Ewtored in Hotaling pax ef aynchione: machine,to kes LT Why - es He Net KE decxeates, KE = Kg + ARE | (ve) Kee oe (Ne) woe] Neb 1 Nene - SL, fau Hime constamt of G-6+8 Pon = Pano + AP DP Din will xestones KE back KE = Es D NeeNs feds bdo tas. Dl = APeo = AR. Po'= Peo tAPe, St > sie! (fortis), ‘Soorrespands 40 new steadystate operating point if Aystem is stable. using a Auden xaiter ien Aoad on “the quid , the genmodors whith arte, stmnerted dineclty to gid ane effected more ond emmong them the d oe Arawsiong peor Hagutazion wit be affected more.Ol Ok Ok w Protection system +- > — a > onnsinfE ogg —P Sbudional baat Hing ee / : saute we ee > matic. —> SiffountiaL. — sigm.. y vo 30° —> Numodcal e oa (ese rocesson) ae shasic, building tou of Numenieat Relag ts TED (Trensive Enplosive Denice), Des 7 > —> Intewigenr ELECTRONIC. DEvtcE. PEL —y Appliceation Punction Libraries . > dom of easitation Anduetion qpreator. > dou opine move | snpadronsus moor > dows of patie maven ip g dows of eneltakon frduttion «notot- —> Lox of aeprchsionioom RL toad.'" ORUSES OF -ApNoRMAL CONDITIONS ¢— CCC ee 7 biysical astident t- ® : eee —p lightening. 7 Animals 0% operators tomimg in . > auinds Contact usith tive objects , contqactors a —y Anew, Bee, Sains. digging underground table. LT? Hie denpucrions + 7 Vehide anashing Gianiminion frole. —> Extn quakes. > dying objet - eee ea dere ices —y Breakdown of conducting patr Cor) baarkdoun of ove fault. 7 Pxsakdouin of imudation ef clectical equipment. : 4) Mis opexation 2— 7 Nur open irotator pariot to OB oferiimg. —p Wapped charges» thigh 'v' sith be duveloped . oB 1_/. SL Ho ee ‘ihe bot eaen(E-) Seyerce dusting losing 1 ep, * Open Es: Fe d + close |solator. * Oote tineuit breaker Sompamee dusiorg opening 3 (Bore, going To maintenamts) # open eB & open lnolator & dete ES.Py Tetertoaing is frouided dor aneiding LiLg gout. % de aveid awius operation , system mut be provided saith propor intelocking ut itt met employed mall aytems dueto cost Of inatattection. (tn Yona distaibubion system may met have tntertocking system). . Prbrovmmal sonditions t= (1) denier autt (open ciruuit faults). a) Shimt Jautt (shout clout faut). Uy there ba uakdewn ef conducting path, Hun it teads to aenies qautt. Causes 2 y Matopexadion of op. > Breakdoun of Jumps - > Broken conductors im clectuical amachines FOG faut ane charaduired by in cent § b in vettage. % tne over vetinge indured due to oc fautle i always Hansient in nature - , Became Lev? gou Mmoughe® » tis |, Lev, sovt. Dy. So -ve 2" dtows. Sc peel cue se yesc estos } W) outage to consumers amd cores Lots Of on (A) If tre oven voltage dm power system is vorg high then tt may Lead do breakdown of insulation of clectuical eysipmentla - @) hue to kh of ap o.6 faults the power system bs experienced ttt, aunbatomced ofwrttion . CU) Up athe diterbamen/~aaled hy Ore fault Js very high them it-may fead to quid imatalitity-Causes 2 Maimly due to breakdown of, inuutation, of unas ep im the below cases. UW) Overy voltage caused Ing Lightening of ausitching « @) Ageing effect CO) Vmpusdities im ineutosion (or) mammuijacturing degects - U) Atmorphude factors G) Tempowture salto. Y trove is faut on amy part of, power system, the magnitude of faut current 2b wony high (ato to domes of futt Load cwount) amd faut anunt is owing thewuyh faulty sections as awelt as healthy sections of the systems. ; O-Hé Ersin during vem te Suning qoutes [la . ir Ter Amp 4 * Sey = got Yooky aaypeterty Beso Ve yookv/ys . y awe. vw Le ya] - on ° The sources for the -tireulalion of fault cwrwnils anc. tyndvionous qenmanters amd synchioneus amotors, : NOTES uning faut , induction fe auitl also conluibsite for fault So for all theorebical calculations , the yautt cent tontuibuted My induction mle is -negtected ; She magnitude of fautt ewuumt depemds ov G) ype of four : (a) docatien of fautt- G) value of faut impedanw U) Number of sewrres available to feed the faust.. a Rep bevis Black: Burry U) dxamemision dine —» 507% LG's —~e57. 2) Underground tables —y @7, Liq —»e7, BD banriformes —p 47, L-L —> 5% (4) Generators —> 137 Bop —p ak (3) OT G PT'8 amd Contos] cineuits —> 7 ©) Relays amd ineuit bowakens —> 10 7. # Sheet tbuult fault ane characterised wy xwount t amd voltage. 7 thoumal » sHaas , Heat enwigy = apee C27 Mechamical Ades wwhoie Tp—y faut eworent = 10 to ao times. womal auuemt. t—> fault dwutin « Th qautt is. not cleaned the f, Oue tosis —7 Ieulation get deteriorated. > Conductors get melted. —> Pine Hagards, KIEGHANICAL STRESS: 3— N s Poe Ty Py x . ale = " * eo , e ae kK Fer (ih t%-P.) an durcimide Sehending. on dunation of fault en the ayalem , hy dransient fault —y 80% diy Sustained /steadystate fault ——> ao 7. fer “NL 0- 300%, -C 0 - 92min —C OO.Be = 0 BTt/ t oP of on v otis t 1yoRv. ye [OZ eta purcure, Vere = ato oy Pe ee ge ns ie anaied fer eociet Breakdown sMrengin Breakdown tttengt ‘owe of aporkgap (bony) < of, brsutadion cto xv) PROTECTION SYSTEM g- ARR ARS U) A furotection sytem at designed det continuous monitoring of four mptem amd. it should emrune emanclmurm continuity with minimum damage ty Life, equipment amd property. ©) It should prsuide omanimum continuity of seouize , The chjaotives of Pusan atom ts speed of operation. % Sensitivity. Selustivity . & Reliotinity « b Simpuicily. * © Erenemizal- the powielion aysiom should ensure emimimum gout duration ¢ Aoreqpent eaylbment damage. Ytne gaur caring js Actaged the heatthy eysipment of power aystemns roy dawnage, due Io enxremive trewmal G vuchamical aeunes« So povkelion aystem should efurale, os qrickty as fostible.BORON ON gy! parameter Cetera which andengoss wostiation wort almetmal condition | in the pousexr system. Bur ph, vertaged ptt le = Ee tome founure, tin te tant pesto shang nny’ stn tone above ath soli operslasthe sulay’ contimususty mumilors tre power tystem. THRESHOLD «QUANTITY eee Md a value of actuditing quantary sohieh is on trruhold abave which slay operas. . The relay sytem should alle to detect evem smattert foxible value ef faut cwoumt im the frotection yore. dime-a osteo