Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to give my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher Dr. Kulpreet Kaur, who gave
me the opportunity to do this wonderful project of Alternative Dispute Resolution & Legal Aid
on “Arbitral Tribunal & its composition, Challenges”, Who also helped me in completing my
project. I came to know about so many new things.
Secondly, I would like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this
project within the limited time frame.
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CONTENTS
1. Introduction
3. Who is an Arbitrator?
4. Appointment of Arbitrator/Arbitrators.
6. Challenge procedure.
10. Conclusion
11. References
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"ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL AND ITS COMPOSITION, CHALLENGES"
INTRODUCTION
Chapter III (Sections 10-15) of the Arbitration & Conciliation Act, 1996 and
Rules 22-27 of the Rules of Arbitration, lays down provisions for the
Composition of an Arbitral Tribunal.
The Apex Court in Engineering Mazdoor Sabha v. Hind Cycles Ltd. 1 said that
an arbitration tribunal though discharges the functions of quasi-judicial nature, yet
it is not a court of law in technical sense.
The term ‘Court’ has been defined u/s. 2(1)(e) of the Act,1996. This said section
doesn’t include an Arbitral tribunal. As per this section, 'Court' means the
principal Civil Court of original jurisdiction in a district but, does not include any
Civil Court of a grade inferior to such principal Civil Court or any court of small
cause court and includes the High Court in exercise of its ordinary original civil
jurisdiction.
1
AIR 1963 SC 874.
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Sub-sec(1) provides the freedom to the parties to determine the number of
arbitrators and it is an obligation given by the Act to the parties that, number of
arbitrators shall not be an even number.
Sub-sec(2) ensures that, if the parties could not arrive into the agreement in respect
of number of arbitrators, it will not be the cause to vitiate the arbitration
proceeding. And in such case, the arbitral tribunal shall consist of a sole arbitrator.
In M.M.T.C Ltd. v. Sterile Industries (India) Ltd. (1996), The Apex court has
held that an arbitration agreement specifying an even number of arbitrators cannot
be a ground to render the arbitration agreement invalid.
Rule 22 of the Rules of Arbitration provides that if the value of the claim made
under arbitration is One Crore or less, a single arbitrator can resolve the dispute if
the parties agree to it. In cases where the claim to the dispute exceeds one Crore,
2
AIR 2006 SC 2422.
3
AIR 1997 Bom. 33.
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the arbitral tribunal shall be composed of three arbitrators with the agreement of
the parties.
WHO IS AN ARBITRATOR?
The Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 doesn't define the term 'arbitrator'.
However, in the common parlance, Arbitrator means a person/persons to whom a
particular matter or issue in dispute is referred, with a view to settle on the basis
of submission made by the conflicting parties.
Sub-sec(2) prescribes procedure appointing the arbitrators & the parties have been
given freedom to lay down procedure, subject to sub-sec (6).
Sub-sec(3) would come into operation when the parties fail to reach agreement on
an appointment procedure. An arbitration agreement with 3 arbitrators, if failed,
each party is given authority to appoint one arbitrator and these 2 appointed
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arbitrators shall appoint the 3rd arbitrator, who shall be the presiding arbitrator in
the arbitration.
(a) When a party fails to appoint an arbitrator within 30 days even after the
receipt of request relating to appointment of arbitrator from the other party,
or
In such circumstances, the Chief Justice of India or Chief Justice of a High Court
or any institution designated by them, is authorized to make an appointment upon
request of a party. And these functionaries aren’t required to consul the parties or
the arbitrators while making such appointment.
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designated by him to take the necessary measure, unless the agreement on the
appointment procedure provides other means for securing the appointment.
Sub-sec(9) provides guidelines to functionaries i.e., the Chief Justice or the person
or institution designated by him, in that matter of appointment of sole arbitrator or
3rd Arbitrator in an International Commercial Arbitration, should appoint an
arbitrator of a nationality other than the nationalities of the parties, in case the
parties belong to different nationalities. Logic behind this section is to eliminate
scope of partiality by arbitrator.
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has been 1st made under relevant sub-sec shall alone be competent to decide on the
request.
The Rules of Arbitration also provide the manner of the appointment of a sole
arbitrator or three arbitrators under Rule 23.
In Golden Chariot Recreations Pvt. Ltd. v Mukesh Panika & Anr. the Supreme
Court held that a party to the dispute can file an application for the appointment of
an arbitrator by the Court only after the expiry of 30 days.
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Sub-sec(4) provides estoppel against a party to challenge, who had knowledge of
any ground mentioned in sub-sec(3) before the appointment of an arbitrator, if this
is not so, a party may challenge an arbitrator appointment by him and it does not
matter if he has participated in appointment, but he could know only after the
appointment.
In Antrix Corp. Ltd. v Devas Multimedia Pvt. Ltd the Court held that if any
party to the dispute disagrees or is dissatisfied with the composition of the arbitral
tribunal, it can approach the Court to challenge the appointment of the arbitrator by
way of application.
Sub-sec(2) states failing any agreement referred to in sub-sec(1), a party who has
intention to challenge an arbitrator after such failure on agreement of challenging
procedure, within 15 days from the day he became aware of the constitution of the
arbitral tribunal or any circumstances contained in Sec12(3), a party has to send a
written statement containing reasons for such challenge to the arbitral tribunal,
then the arbitral tribunal would decide the matter.
Under Sec 13(3) it is mandatory to decide upon the challenge by the arbitral
tribunal, whether there is a sole arbitrator or more arbitrators in the arbitral
tribunal. This sub-sec(3) provides that, unless the arbitrator challenged under sub-
sec(2) withdraws from his office or the party agrees to challenge, sub-sec(3) cannot
be invoked.
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Under Sub-sec(4), though the arbitral tribunal turned down the challenge yet its
decision is not final, however in the event of failure of challenge, the arbitral
tribunal shall continue the arbitral proceedings and can also make an arbitral
award.
Under Sub-sec(5), where an arbitral award in is made under sub-sec(4), the party
who had challenged the arbitrator is permitted to make an application for setting
aside such an arbitral award, as provided under section 34 of the Act, 1996.
Under Sub-sec(6), when the arbitral award is set aside under sub-sec(5), on the
ground that the challenge application was incorrectly turned down, in such a
situation, the court while setting aside the arbitral award may decide on the subject,
whether the arbitrator who is challenged is entitled to any fees or not. Under this
sub-sec(6) it is the discretionary power of the court which shall depend upon the
circumstances and facts of each case to be finally decided by the Court. Thus, an
arbitrator’s entitlement to receive any remuneration for his services, when he is
challenged is at the discretion of the court.
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Section 14 provides for the circumstances in which the mandate of an arbitrator
fails or becomes impossible to act and in such situation mandate of an arbitrator
shall be terminated or an arbitrator's authorities shall be terminated.
In Kalicharan Sharma v. State of U. P 5., the court said that, if an arbitrator fails
to reviews all reasonable dispatch in the conduct of the arbitral proceedings, his
mandate is liable to be terminated.
2. when he withdraws from his office or the parties agree to termination of his
mandate.
Sec-sec(3) states that, if the arbitrator withdraws as aforesaid from his office or a
party agrees to such termination of the arbitrator’s mandate or authority, it shall not
imply acceptance of the validity of any ground mentioned in Sec12(3) and
Sec14(1).
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AIR 1985 Del 389.
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The aggrieved party opposed the independence of the arbitrator because the
arbitrator had served as a lawyer for one of the parties to the dispute. This fact
has also attracted the attention of the referee many times. The Supreme Court
held that the injured party had reasonable prejudice against the arbitrator and his
ability to make an independent and impartial award. Therefore, the award should
be cancelled.
Notes: (a) de jure impossibility means factors personal to an arbitrator to act, i.e.,
insanity, acquires some interest in subject matter, death, etc.
(c) de facto impossibility means factors beyond the control of an arbitrator i.e.,
physical incapacity, goes abroad, his office abrogated, withdrawal from his
office, imprisonment, war, etc.
(1) that the arbitrator has withdrawn himself from office for any reason, or
(2) that the parties have consented to each other to terminate arbitrator’s
authority.
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Sub-sec(2) provides answer to question that, how a substitute arbitrator should be
appointed. So, where the mandate of an arbitrator terminates, a substitute arbitrator
shall be appointed according to the rules that were applicable to the appointment of
the arbitrator being replaced.
Part III (Section 16) provides Competence of arbitral tribunal to rule on its
own jurisdiction.
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Section 16(1) empowers the arbitral tribunal to make rule on its own jurisdiction
including any objections in respect of the evidence or validity of the arbitration
agreement, however, over such matters ultimate control is exercised by the courts
as provided under section 34 of the Act 1996.
Sec 16(1) contains the expression 'the arbitral tribunal may rule'. That means it is
the discretionary power of an arbitral tribunal which it may exercise on its own
motion or at the request of a party. An arbitrator cannot be compelled to exercise
those powers.
Sub-sec(3) states that as soon as an arbitral tribunal goes beyond the scope of his
authority, objections are to be raised while the arbitral proceedings are in progress
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and in this context section 16(4) waives of the time limit, provided such delay is
justified and reasonable.
Sub-sec(5) states that the arbitral tribunal shall decide on a plea referred to in
section 16 (2) and (3) and where the arbitral tribunal takes decision rejecting the
plea, it shall continue with arbitral proceedings and makes an arbitral award. That
means, if a plea of objection to jurisdiction made by a party before an arbitral
tribunal and an arbitral tribunal proceeds by rejecting such plea and also makes an
arbitral award, in such cases an aggrieved party may approach to the court for
setting aside such an arbitral award according to section 34 of the of the Act and as
this provision is available to an aggrieved party under Section 16(6) of the Act.
CONCLUSION
Sections 10-15 of this Act and Rules 22-27 of the Rules of Arbitration, lays down
provisions for the composition of an Arbitral Tribunal. This is of utmost concern in
the adoption of arbitration as a mechanism for dispute settlement. It is important
for the parties to choose the right arbitrator or arbitrators that constitute the arbitral
tribunal so that the award delivered by the tribunal is fair and just and free of any
discrimination or biasness. It also ensures that the dispute is resolved in an
effective and speedy manner.
REFRENCES
1. Dr. S. C. Tripathi, Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (Sixth Edition) 2012.
2. https://indianlegalsolution.com/composition-of-an-arbitration-tribunal/#:~:text=Section
%2010%20of%20the%20Act,part%20of%20the%20arbitral%20tribunal.&text=In
%20cases%20where%20the%20claim,the%20agreement%20of%20the%20parties..
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3. https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.legalbites.in/jurisdiction-of-the-arbitral-
tribunal/&ved=2ahUKEwjMn_qG2IHzAhXZyzgGHW3HDuw4ChAWegQIBBAB&usg
=AOvVaw2Aaw-6gXrg4ZgRa7NP-Ogt
4. https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://lawbhoomi.com/composition-of-the-arbitral-
tribunal/&ved=2ahUKEwjMn_qG2IHzAhXZyzgGHW3HDuw4ChAWegQIAxAB&usg
=AOvVaw3NP0Eg3tmCxPZAvfhpmtmw
5. https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://lovdata.no/dokument/NLE/lov/2004-05-14-
25/KAPITTEL_4%23%25C2%25A712&ved=2ahUKEwj5-
rqO04HzAhU17XMBHUXaAi8QFnoECDoQAQ&usg=AOvVaw2G2fOndKtU4ffadPri4
1gh&cshid=1631733432035
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