Login Cookies & Privacy

Take the Tour Plans & Pricing SIGN UP

Cronbach's Alpha (α) using SPSS Statistics

Introduction
Cronbach's alpha is the most common measure of internal consistency ("reliability"). It is most commonly used when you have multiple Likert
questions in a survey/questionnaire that form a scale and you wish to determine if the scale is reliable. If you are concerned with inter-rater
reliability, we also have a guide on using Cohen's (κ) kappa that you might find useful.

SPSS Statistics top ^

Example
A researcher has devised a nine-question questionnaire to measure how safe people feel at work at an industrial complex. Each question
was a 5-point Likert item from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree". In order to understand whether the questions in this questionnaire all
reliably measure the same latent variable (feeling of safety) (so a Likert scale could be constructed), a Cronbach's alpha was run on a sample
size of 15 workers.

SPSS Statistics top ^

Create PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API PDFCROWD
 Setup in SPSS Statistics
In SPSS Statistics, the nine questions have been labelled Qu1 through to Qu9 . To know how to correctly enter your data into SPSS
Statistics in order to run a Cronbach's alpha test, see our Entering Data into SPSS Statistics tutorial. Alternately, you can learn about our
enhanced data setup content here.

Join the 10,000s of students, academics and professionals

who rely on Laerd Statistics. TAKE THE TOUR PLANS & PRICING

SPSS Statistics top ^

Test Procedure in SPSS Statistics
The eight steps below show you how to check for internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha in SPSS Statistics. At the end of these eight
steps, we show you how to interpret the results from your Cronbach's alpha.

Click Analyze > Scale > Reliability Analysis... on the top menu, as shown below:

Create PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API PDFCROWD
 Published with written permission from SPSS Statistics, IBM Corporation.

You will be presented with the Reliability Analysis dialogue box, as shown below:

Create PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API PDFCROWD
 Published with written permission from SPSS Statistics, IBM Corporation.

Transfer the variables Qu1 to Qu9 into the Items: box. You can do this by drag-and-dropping the variables into their

respective boxes or by using the button. You will be presented with the following screen:

Create PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API PDFCROWD
 Published with written permission from SPSS Statistics, IBM Corporation.

Leave the Model: set as "Alpha", which represents Cronbach's alpha in SPSS Statistics. If you want to provide a name for the scale,
enter it in the Scale label: box. Since this only prints the name you enter at the top of the SPSS Statistics output, it is certainly not
essential that you do (in our example, we leave it blank).

Click on the button, which will open the Reliability Analysis: Statistics dialogue box, as shown below:

Create PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API PDFCROWD
 Published with written permission from SPSS Statistics, IBM Corporation.

Select the Item , Scale and Scale if item deleted options in the –Descriptives for– area, and the Correlations option in the –
Inter-Item– area, as shown below:

Create PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API PDFCROWD
 Published with written permission from SPSS Statistics, IBM Corporation.

Click the button. This will return you to the Reliability Analysis dialogue box.

Click the button to generate the output.

Create PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API PDFCROWD
 TAKE THE TOUR

PLANS & PRICING

SPSS Statistics top ^

SPSS Statistics Output for Cronbach's Alpha
SPSS Statistics produces many different tables. The first important table is the Reliability Statistics table that provides the actual value for
Cronbach's alpha, as shown below:

Published with written permission from SPSS

Statistics, IBM Corporation.

Create PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API PDFCROWD
 From our example, we can see that Cronbach's alpha is 0.805, which indicates a high level of internal consistency for our scale with this
specific sample.

SPSS Statistics top ^

Item-Total Statistics
The Item-Total Statistics table presents the "Cronbach's Alpha if Item Deleted" in the final column, as shown below:

Published with written permission from SPSS Statistics, IBM Corporation.

This column presents the value that Cronbach's alpha would be if that particular item was deleted from the scale. We can see that removal
of any question, except question 8, would result in a lower Cronbach's alpha. Therefore, we would not want to remove these questions.
Removal of question 8 would lead to a small improvement in Cronbach's alpha, and we can also see that the "Corrected Item-Total
Correlation" value was low (0.128) for this item. This might lead us to consider whether we should remove this item.

Cronbach's alpha simply provides you with an overall reliability coefficient for a set of variables (e.g., questions). If your questions reflect
different underlying personal qualities (or other dimensions), for example, employee motivation and employee commitment, Cronbach's

Create PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API PDFCROWD
 alpha will not be able to distinguish between these. In order to do this and then check their reliability (using Cronbach's alpha), you will first
need to run a test such as a principal components analysis (PCA). You can learn how to carry out principal components analysis (PCA) using
SPSS Statistics, as well as interpret and write up your results, in our enhanced content. You can learn more here. It is also possible to run
Cronbach's alpha in Minitab.

Join the 10,000s of students, academics and professionals

who rely on Laerd Statistics. TAKE THE TOUR PLANS & PRICING

Home About Us Contact Us Terms & Conditions Privacy & Cookies © 2018 Lund Research Ltd

Create PDF in your applications with the Pdfcrowd HTML to PDF API PDFCROWD