EJERCICIO RESUELTO PASO A PASO

Materia: Elementos Finitos

Docente: Ing. Tomás Wilson Alemán Ramírez

Para la siguiente Placa de Tensión y Deformación Plana calcular sus reacciones y

graficar su deformación (cargas puntuales, carga distribuida, temperatura y peso
propio)
Datos

E=2912410 t/m2 15 t/m2

μ=0.25
2m
γ=2.4t/m3 10°C
5t
α=1*10-5°C-1   8t
e=20cm 4m

1ERO: VECTOR DE FUERZAS

V3
a) Vector de Fuerzas de Cargas Puntuales
𝐻1 H3 
𝑉1
[𝐹𝐶𝑃 ] = −5
−8
𝐻3 H1 5t
[ 𝑉3 ]  
V1 8t
b) Vector de Fuerzas debido a Temperatura
[𝐹𝑇 ] = [𝐵]𝑇 ∙ [𝐷] ∙ [𝜀] ∙ 𝑉
Cálculo de la matriz [𝐵]𝑇
𝑏𝑖 0 𝑐𝑖
0 𝑐𝑖 𝑏𝑖
1 𝑏𝑗 0 𝑐𝑗
[𝐵]𝑇 =
2∙𝐴 0 𝑐𝑗 𝑏𝑗
𝑏𝑘 0 𝑐𝑘
[0 𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑘]
4∙2
𝐴= = 4𝑚2
2
Nudo x y
i=1 0 0
j=2 4 0
k=3 0 2
 𝑏𝑖 = 𝑦𝑗 − 𝑦𝑘 = 0 − 2 = −2 𝑐𝑖 = 𝑥𝑘 − 𝑥𝑗 = 0 − 4 = −4
𝑏𝑗 = 𝑦𝑘 − 𝑦𝑖 = 2 − 0 = 2 𝑐𝑗 = 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑘 = 0 − 0 = 0
𝑏𝑘 = 𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦𝑗 = 0 − 0 = 0 𝑐𝑘 = 𝑥𝑗 − 𝑥𝑖 = 4 − 0 = 4

−2 0 −4 −0.25 0 −0.5
0 −4 −2 0 −0.5 −0.25
1 2 0 0 0.25 0 0
[𝐵]𝑇 = =
2∙4 0 0 2 0 0 0.25
0 0 4 0 0 0.5
[ 0 4 0] [ 0 0.5 0 ]
Cálculo de la matriz [𝐷]
1 𝜇 0
𝐸 𝜇 1 0
[𝐷] = [ ]
1−𝜇 2 1−𝜇
0 0
2
1 0.25 0
2912410 0.25 1 0
[𝐷] = [ 1 − 0.25]
1 − 0.252
0 0
2
3106570.667 776642.667 0
[𝐷] = [ 776642.667 3106570.667 0 ]
0 0 1164964
Cálculo del vector [𝜺]
𝛼∙𝑇 1 ∙ 10−5 ∙ 10 1 ∙ 10−4
[𝜺] = [𝛼 ∙ 𝑇] = [1 ∙ 10 ∙ 10] = [1 ∙ 10−4 ]
−5

0 0 0
Cálculo del vector de fuerza [𝐹𝑇 ]
𝑉 = 𝐴 ∙ 𝑒 = 4 ∙ 0.2 = 0.8

−0.25 0 −0.5
0 −0.5 −0.25 3106570.667 776642.667 0 1 ∙ 10−4
[𝐹𝑇 ] = 0.25 0 0
∙ [ 776642.667 3106570.667 0 ] ∙ [1 ∙ 10−4 ] ∙ 0.8
0 0 0.25
0 0 0.5 0 0 1164964 0
[ 0 0.5 0 ]

−77.664
−155.329
[𝐹𝑇 ] = 77.664
0
0
[ 155.329 ]
c) Vector de Fuerzas debido a Peso Propio

[𝐹𝑃𝑃 ] = ∫[𝑁]𝑇 ∙ [𝛾] ∙ 𝑒 ∙ 𝑑𝐴

Cálculo de la matriz [𝑁]𝑇

𝑎𝑖 + 𝑏𝑖 ∙ 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑖 ∙ 𝑦 0
0 𝑎𝑖 + 𝑏𝑖 ∙ 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑖 ∙ 𝑦
1 𝑎𝑗 + 𝑏𝑗 ∙ 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑗 ∙ 𝑦 0
[𝑁]𝑇 =
2∙𝐴 0 𝑎𝑗 + 𝑏𝑗 ∙ 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑗 ∙ 𝑦
𝑎𝑘 + 𝑏𝑘 ∙ 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑘 ∙ 𝑦 0
[ 0 𝑎𝑘 + 𝑏𝑘 ∙ 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑘 ∙ 𝑦]

Nudo x y
i=1 0 0
j=2 4 0
k=3 0 2

𝑎𝑖 = 𝑥𝑗 ∙ 𝑦𝑘 − 𝑥𝑘 ∙ 𝑦𝑗 = 4 ∙ 2 − 0 ∙ 0 = 8
𝑎𝑗 = 𝑥𝑘 ∙ 𝑦𝑖 − 𝑥𝑖 ∙ 𝑦𝑘 = 0 ∙ 0 − 0 ∙ 2 = 0
𝑎𝑘 = 𝑥𝑖 ∙ 𝑦𝑗 − 𝑥𝑗 ∙ 𝑦𝑖 = 0 ∙ 0 − 4 ∙ 0 = 0
𝑏𝑖 = 𝑦𝑗 − 𝑦𝑘 = 0 − 2 = −2
𝑏𝑗 = 𝑦𝑘 − 𝑦𝑖 = 2 − 0 = 2
𝑏𝑘 = 𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦𝑗 = 0 − 0 = 0
𝑐𝑖 = 𝑥𝑘 − 𝑥𝑗 = 0 − 4 = −4
𝑐𝑗 = 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑘 = 0 − 0 = 0
𝑐𝑘 = 𝑥𝑗 − 𝑥𝑖 = 4 − 0 = 4

8 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 0 1 − 0.25𝑥 − 0.5𝑦 0
0 8 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 0 1 − 0.25𝑥 − 0.5𝑦
1 2𝑥 0 0.25𝑥 0
[𝑁]𝑇 = =
2∙4 0 2𝑥 0 0.25𝑥
4𝑦 0 0.5𝑦 0
[ 0 4𝑦 ] [ 0 0.5𝑦 ]
Calculamos la ecuación de la recta

b=2

x
a=4
𝑦 𝑥
+ =1
𝑏 𝑎
𝑦 𝑥
+ =1
2 4
Multiplicamos por 2
𝑦 + 0.5𝑥 = 2
𝑦 = −0.5𝑥 + 2
Cálculo del vector de fuerza debido al peso propio

1 − 0.25𝑥 − 0.5𝑦 0
0 1 − 0.25𝑥 − 0.5𝑦
4 −0.5𝑥+2
[𝐹𝑃𝑃 ] = ∫ ∫ 0.25𝑥 0 0
∙[ ] ∙ 0.2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0 0 0 0.25𝑥 −2.4
0.5𝑦 0
[ 0 0.5𝑦 ]
0 0
−0.48 + 0.12𝑥 + 0.24𝑦 −0.64
4 −0.5𝑥+2
0 0
[𝐹𝑃𝑃 ] = ∫ ∫ ∙ 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = −0.64
0 0 −0.12𝑥
0 0
[ −0.24𝑦 ] [ −0.64]

d) Vector de Fuerzas debido a Cargas Distribuidas

𝑥2 [𝑁]𝑇
∙ [𝑝] ∙ 𝑒
[𝐹𝐶𝐷 ] = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥1 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑦2 [𝑁]𝑇
∙ [𝑝] ∙ 𝑒
[𝐹𝐶𝐷 ] = ∫ 𝑑𝑦
𝑦1 𝑆𝑒𝑛𝜃

Del ejercicio anterior obtenemos [𝑁]𝑇

Cálculo del vector de Fuerza [𝐹𝐶𝐷 ], en función de x

1 − 0.25𝑥 − 0.5𝑦 0
0 1 − 0.25𝑥 − 0.5𝑦
0
1 0.25𝑥 0 0
[𝐹𝐶𝐷 ] = ∫ ∙[ ] ∙ 0.2 𝑑𝑥
4 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝜃) 0 0.25𝑥 −15
0.5𝑦 0
[ 0 0.5𝑦 ]
El ángulo θ, lo calculamos con la función tangente

2
2m tanθ =
4
θ = 26.565
4m

1 − 0.25𝑥 − 0.5𝑦 0
0 1 − 0.25𝑥 − 0.5𝑦
0
1 0.25𝑥 0 0
[𝐹𝐶𝐷 ] = ∫ ∙[ ] ∙ 0.2 𝑑𝑥
4 𝐶𝑜𝑠(26.565) 0 0.25𝑥 −15
0.5𝑦 0
[ 0 0.5𝑦 ]
1 − 0.25𝑥 − 0.5𝑦 0
0 1 − 0.25𝑥 − 0.5𝑦
0
0.25𝑥 0 0
[𝐹𝐶𝐷 ] = ∫ 1.118 ∙ [ ] 𝑑𝑥
4 0 0.25𝑥 −3
0.5𝑦 0
[ 0 0.5𝑦 ]

0
3.354 − 0.8385𝑥 − 1.677𝑦
0
0
[𝐹𝐶𝐷 ] = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
4
0.8385𝑥
0
[ 1.677𝑦 ]
Reemplazamos la función de la recta del borde donde se aplica la carga

𝑦 = −0.5𝑥 + 2
0 0
3.354 − 0.8385𝑥 − 1.677(−0.5𝑥 + 2) 0
0 0
0 0
[𝐹𝐶𝐷 ] = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
4
0.8385𝑥 4
0.8385𝑥
0 0
[ 1.677(−0.5𝑥 + 2) ] [ −0.8385𝑥 + 3.354]
 0
0
0
[𝐹𝐶𝐷 ] = −6.708
0
[−6.708]

e) Vector de Fuerzas Resultante

[𝐹] = [𝐹𝐶𝑃 ] + [𝐹𝑇 ] + [𝐹𝑃𝑃 ] + [𝐹𝐶𝐷 ]

𝐻1 −77.664 0 0
𝑉1 −155.329 −0.64 0
−5 77.664 0 0
[𝐹] = + + −0.64 + −6.708
−8 0
𝐻3 0 0 0
[ 𝑉3 ] [ 155.329 ] [−0.64] [−6.708]

𝐻1 − 77.664
𝑉1 − 155.969
72.664
[𝐹] = −15.348
𝐻3
[𝑉3 + 147.981]

2DO: MATRIZ DE RIGIDEZ

a) Placa 1-2-3
[𝐾] = [𝐵 𝑇 ] ∙ [𝐷] ∙ [𝐵] ∙ 𝑉
Del inciso b) del primer paso:
−0.25 0 −0.5
0 −0.5 −0.25
0.25 0 0
[𝐵]𝑇 =
0 0 0.25
0 0 0.5
[ 0 0.5 0 ]

3106570.667 776642.667 0
[𝐷] = [ 776642.667 3106570.667 0 ]
0 0 1164964
Reemplazamos en la fórmula de [𝐾]
−0.25 0 −0.5
0 −0.5 −0.25 3106570.667 776642.667 0 −0.25 0 0.25 0 0 0
[𝐾] = 0.25 0 0
∙ [ 776642.667 3106570.667 0 ]∙[ 0 −0.5 0 0 0 0.5] ∙ 0.8
0 0 0.25
0 0 0.5 0 0 1164964 −0.5 −0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0
[ 0 0.5 0 ]
 388321,333 194160,667 −155328,533 −116496,4 −232992,8 −77664,2667
194160,667 679562,333 −77664,2667 −58248,2 −116496,4 −621314,133
−155328,533 −77664,2667 155328,533 0 0 77664,2667
[𝐾] =
−116496,4 −58248,2 0 58248,2 116496,4 0
−232992,8 −116496,4 0 116496,4 232992,8 0
[−77664,2667 −621314,133 77664,2667 0 0 621314,133 ]

3ERO: CÁLCULO DE LOS DESPLAZAMIENTOS

[𝐹] = [𝐾] ∙ [𝑎]

𝐻1 − 77.664 388321,333 194160,667 −155328,533 −116496,4 −232992,8 −77664,2667 𝑢1

𝑉1 − 155.969 194160,667 679562,333 −77664,2667 −58248,2 −116496,4 −621314,133 𝑣1
72.664 −155328,533 −77664,2667 155328,533 0 0 77664,2667 𝑢2
−15.348 = ∙
−116496,4 −58248,2 0 58248,2 116496,4 0 𝑣2
𝐻3 −232992,8 −116496,4 0 116496,4 232992,8 0 𝑢3
[𝑉3 + 147.981] [−77664,2667 −621314,133 77664,2667 0 0 621314,133 ] [𝑣3]

72.664 155328,533 0 𝑢2
[ ]=[ ]∙[ ]
−15.348 0 58248,2 𝑣2
𝑢2 −4
[ ] = [ 4.678 ∙ 10 −4 ]
𝑣2 −2.635 ∙ 10

4.678 ∙ 10−4 𝑚

2.635 ∙ 10−4 𝑚

4TO: CÁLCULO DE REACCIONES

𝐻1 − 77.664 388321,333 194160,667 −155328,533 −116496,4 −232992,8 −77664,2667 0
𝑉1 − 155.969 194160,667 679562,333 −77664,2667 −58248,2 −116496,4 −621314,133 0
72.664 −155328,533 −77664,2667 155328,533 0 0 77664,2667 4.678 ∙ 10−4
−15.348 = ∙∙
−116496,4 −58248,2 0 58248,2 116496,4 0 −2.635 ∙ 10−4
𝐻3 −232992,8 −116496,4 0 116496,4 232992,8 0 0
[𝑉3 + 147.981] [−77664,2667 −621314,133 77664,2667 0 0 621314,133 ] [ 0 ]

𝐻1 − 77.664 −41,966
𝑉1 − 155.969 −20,983 111.65t
72.664 72,663
−15.348 = 30.697t 
−15,348
𝐻3 −30,697
[𝑉3 + 147.981] [ 36,331 ]

𝐻1 35.698
𝑉1 134.986 35.698t
72.664 72,663  
−15.348 = −15,348 134.986t
𝐻3 −30,697
[ 𝑉3 ] [−111.65]