Univerzitet «Džemal Bijedić « Mostar

Studij Informatike

Engleski jezik – Osnove gramatike Engleskog jezika

Za studente prve i druge godine

Pripremila : Vildana Habibić

Osnove
Američki i britanski engleski
Izgovor
Grafija
Leksičke razlike
Izgovor
Verbs and Tenses ( glagoli i glagolski oblici )
1. Auxiliares ( pomoćni glagoli )
2. Modal Verbs ( modalni glagoli )
3. Main Verbs ( glavni glagoli )
3.1. Regular verbs ( pravilni glagoli )
3.2. Irregular verbs ( nepravilni glagoli )
Tenses ( glagolska vremena )
1. Present Tense
1.1. Present Simple
1.2. Present Continuous Tense
2. Past Tense
2.1. Past Tense Simple
2.2. Past Continuous Tense
3. Present Perfect Tense
3.2. Present Perfect Simple
3.2. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
4. Future Tense
Shall / Will Future
Going to Future
Present Continuous for Future
5. Past Perfect Tense
5.1. Past Perfect Simple
5.2. Past Perfect Continuous
Used to + Infinitive
Be / get used to + noun or gerund
Passive voice
Reported speech ( direktni i indirektni govor )
1. Statements ( izjavne rečenice )
2. Reported commands (indirektne zapovjedi )
3. Reported questions ( indirektna pitanja )
If clauses ( kondicionalne rečenice )
Realna pogodba
Potencijalna pogodba
Nestvarna ili irealna pogodba
List of Irregular Verbs
( 1 ) Isti Oblik
( 2 ) Dva Oblika
( 3 ) Tri Oblika :
Nouns ( imenice )
Pronouns ( zamjenice )
1. Lične , prisvojne i povratne zamjenice
2. Indefinite Pronouns ( neodredjene zamjenice )
3. Demonstrative Pronouns ( pokazne zamjenice )
 4. Interrogative Pronouns ( upitne zamjenice )
Article ( član )
Član THE
Član A / AN
Pridjevi
Prilozi
Prijedlozi
Veznici
Velika slova
Vrijeme
Mjeseci, dani u sedmici , godišnja doba i datum
Brojevi
Glavni brojevi
Redni Brojevi
Mjere
Razdaljina
Dužinske mjere
Površinske mjere
Težinske mjere
Mjere za tekućine
Novac
Red riječi
Negacije
Upiti
Izravni upiti
Neizravni upiti
Odgovori "yes" i "no"
Osnove

Engleski je najgovoreniji europski jezik u svijetu sa preko 350 milijuna

govoritelja - oko jedna trećina stanovnika zemlje. Postao je gotovo opšte
prihvaćeni jezik zrakoplovstva, trgovine, medicine, tehike, kompjutorskih nauka,
izdavaštva, sredstava javnog informisanja i drugih oblasti.

Engleski je glavni jezik Sjedinjenih Država, Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva

(Engleska, Škotska, Wales i Sjeverna Irska), Kanada, Australija, Novi Zeland,
Irska, Singapur, Gijana, Jamajka, Bermuda i Bahama, Trinidad i Tobago,
Barbados, i Beliz. Engleski je također glavni drugi jezik Izraela, Južne Afrike,
Kenije, Nigerije, Sudana, Tanzanije, Zambije, Gane, Indije, Pakistana, Sri Lanke,
Burme, Hong Konga, Malezije i Filipina. Ukupno preko 750 milijuna ljudi u svijetu
govori engleski. Neki smatraju da engleski govori preko miljardu ljudi.

Od gotovo 2,700 jezika svijeta, engleski vjerojatno ima najbogatiji rječnik sa

preko 500,000 zabilježenih riječi i još tolikim brojem nezabilježenih znanstvenih
i stručnih termina. Za uporedbu, njemački ima rječnik od približno 185,000 riječi,
a francuski manje nego 100,000.

Engleski je porijeklom germanski jezik, ali u njemu ima dosta latinskog utjecaja.
Uz to, engleski je usvojio brojne riječi iz drugih jezika i od drugih naroda.
Takve su riječi kosher = košerni, pagoda = pagoda, bonanza = bonanca,
and facade = fasada, voodoo = vudu, et i druge, sve iz različitih jezika.
S druge strane, engleski je posudio veliki broj riječi drugim jezicima.

Američki i britanski engleski

Premda postoje brojne druge varijante engleskog jezika, američki i

britanski engleski su dva glavna oblika koja se koriste u današnjem svijetu.
Većina drugih varijeteta temelji se barem u nekoj mjeri na jednom od ta dva
glavna oblika. Obje varijante imaju brojne idiome, riječi iz slanga i frazeme
karakteristične smao za njih, a uz to razlike se ogledaju i u grafiji, izgovoru i
u manjoj mjeri ortografiji.

Izgovor

Postoji čitav niz različitih izgovora i američkog i britanskog engleskog,

ali ono što se može zvati "opštim američkim" i "opštim britanskim" izgovorim
se obično smatra "prosjekom". Ti "opšti" oblici izgovora često se koriste u
prijenosima na državnim radijskim i televizijskim stanicama.
Grafija

Postoji nekoliko glavnih oblasti razlika između britanske i američke grafije,

na primjer:

komšija neighbour neighbor

rad labour labor
para vapour vapor
okus flavour flavor
boja colour color
humor humour humor
oprost parlour parlor
ovlastiti authorise authorize
izvinuti se apologise apologize
pozorište theatre theater
središte centre center
metar metre meter
kilometar kilometre kilometer
millimetar millimetre millimeter
ček cheque check
putnik traveller traveler
nakit jewellery jewelry
otkazan cancelled canceled
dozvola licence license
odbrana defence defense
napadaj offence offense

Leksičke razlike

Postoje i razlike među riječima i frazemima između britanskog i

američkog engleskog, na primjer:

Bosanski Britanski Američki

engleski engleski

stan flat apartment

ploča skirting board baseboard
čips crisps potato chips
apotekar chemist druggist
gumica India rubber eraser
auto-put motorway freeway
pomfrit chips french fries
tregeri garters suspenders
smeće rubbish trash/garbage
benzin petrol gas/gasoline
hauba (auta) bonnet (car) hood (car)
kerozin paraffin kerosene
pelena nappy diaper
lift lift elevator
 kamion lorry truck
najam let rent/lease
pošta post mail
preteći flyover overpass
parkiralište car park parking lot
grožđica sultana raisin
pločnik pavement sidewalk
podzemna tube/underground subway
kamion lorry truck
najam let rent/lease
pošta post mail
preteći flyover overpass
parkiralište car park parking lot
grožđica sultana raisin
pločnik pavement sidewalk
dvije sedmice fortnight two weeks
potkošulja vest undershirt
odmor holiday vacation
krpa face flannel wash cloth
vjetrobran windscreen windshield
prsluk waistcoat vest
nula nought/nil zero

Izgovor

Slovo Izgovara se
a man men
b boy boj
c cat ket
d dog dog
e bed bed
f food fud
g go gou
h head hed
i sit sit
j jump džamp
k kite kajt
l log log
m man men
n neck nek
o potpose potpouz
p pot pot
q quit kvit
r rabbit rebit
s silver silver
 t top top
u under ander
v victor viktor
w wait uejt
x x-rayxerox eks-rejziroks
y youngfinally jangfajneli
z zebra zibra

Verbs and Tenses ( glagoli i glagolski oblici )

1. AUXILIARES ( POMOĆNI GLAGOLI )

2. MODAL VERBS ( MODALNI GLAGOLI )
3. MAIN VERBS ( GLAVNI GLAGOLI )

1. Auxiliares ( pomoćni glagoli )

1.1. BE

Infinitive Present Tense Past Simple «ING» form Past Participle

BE 'M/AM WAS* BEING BEEN
'S/IS WERE
'RE/ARE

* 1.lice sing. + 3.lice sing.

1.2. DO

Infinitive Present Tense Past Simple «ING» form Past Participle

DO DO DID DOING DONE
DOES

1.3. HAVE

Infinitive Present Tense Past Simple «ING» form Past Participle

HAVE 'VE/HAVE 'D/HAD HAVING HAD
'S/HAS(3.p.s.)

2. Modal Verbs ( modalni glagoli )

Osobine :
- infinitiv bez «to»
- nemaju s u 3.1.singularu prezenta (He can )
- upitni oblik tvore inverzijom (Can he ?)
- imaju samo jedan ili dva oblika
 CAN

I swim
you can / can't (cannot) play tennis
he

I
Can you ask a question?
he ride a bycicle

I
Yes, you Can.
he
I
No, you can't
he

CAN – zamjena – BE ABLE TO

Izriče : Sposobnost She can speak Chinese.

Mogućnost He can win the race.
Vjerovatnost
Uljudno pitanje Can you pass the salt, please?

• Can't = zabrana ! You can't smoke, you are too young.

• Can't = negativno izražavanje sigurnosti. It can't be John !

COULD

Izriče : Vjerovatnost (slabija od can ) He could win the race.

Uljudno pitanje Could I borrow your book?
Zamjenjuje would u kondicionalnim rečenicama.
You could speak better if you worked harder.
Sposobnost : She could speak Chinese when she was young.

MAY – zamjena – BE ALLOWED TO

Izriče : Mogučnost We may go to the seaside next summer.

Dopuštanje Will you be allowed to come with us?

MIGHT

Izriče: Mogućnost It might rain.

Sugestiju What are we going to do? We might go to Sarajevo.
SHOULD

Izriče : Obavezu i očekivanje You should drive more carefully.

WOULD

Izriče : radnju koju smo običavali vršiti u prošlosti

He would play tennis every Sunday.

MUST – zamjena – HAVE TO

Izriče : Jaku obavezu We must stop the war.

Zabranu You mustn't smoke in this room.

• Odsutnost obaveze izražava se pomoću DON'T / DOESN'T HAVE TO / NEEDN'T

You don't have to work, you are rich.
You needn't work, you are rich.

OUGHT TO

Izriče : Savjet ili obavezu You ought to drive more careffuly.

PROŠLO VRIJEME MODALNIH GLAGOLA

Modalni glagoli ostaju nepromjenljivi , a glagol koji slijedi je u

infinitivu prošlom = have + verb u participu prošlom

You should have told him the truth.

They must have arrived by car.

3. Main Verbs ( glavni glagoli )

3.1. Regular verbs ( pravilni glagoli )

V V+S V+ED V+ING

WORK WORKS WORKED WORKING
inf.+pres. 3.p.pres. Past Tense Past Participle

3.2. Irregular verbs ( nepravilni glagoli )

Infinitiv + Present Past Tense Past Participle

put put put
eat ate eaten
 bring brought brought

U engleskom jeziku postoji :

TIME – da izriče vrijeme
ASPECT – kako onaj koji govori vidi radnju .
She's reading a book. ( TIME : prezent , ASPECT : now = trajna radnja )

Tenses ( glagolska vremena )

1. Present Tense

1.1. Present Simple

She goes to school by bus.

I like tea.

I I
you you don't play every day
we play every day we (do not )
+ they - they
he he
she play every day she doesn't play every day
it it (does not)
I
do you play?
we
? Where they
he
does she play?
it

SHORT ANSWERS :
Does he live in Rijeka ? Yes, he does. - No, he doesn't.
Do you like pop music ? Yes, I do. - No, I don't.

• Upotreba :
- za izricanje radnji ili stanja koji su uobičajeni u sadašnjosti.
- Obično uz priloge učestalosti kao što su : always, sometimes,
after
- Za općenite izjave i istine .
1.2. Present Continuous Tense

SUBJECT + VERB TO BE + PRESENT PARTICIPLE (VERB + ING )

I'm (am) I'm not

you're (are) you're not
+ he,she,it's (is) playing - he,she,it's not playing
we,you,they're(are) we,you,they're not
am I
? are you playing?
is he,she,it
are we,you,they

SHORT ANSWERS :
Are you watching TV ? Yes, I am.
Is he going to the bank ? No, he isn't.

• Izriče nezavršenu trajnu radnju koja se vrši u vrijeme kada se govori.

• Present Continuous se NE upotrebljava:
- s glagolima stanja : be, seem, look.
- glagolima percepcije : hear, see, smell, touch, taste.
- glagolima koji označavaju emocije : like, love, hate, want.
- glagolima koji označavaju mentalni proces : understanding,
believe.

2. Past Tense

2.1. Past Tense Simple

I I
you you didn't play
+ he.she,it played - he.she,it (did not)
we,you,they we,you,they
I
? you
Did he.she,it play?
we,you,they

SHORT ANSWERS :
Did you visit Egypt two years ago? Yes, I did. – No, I didn't.
1. Izriče radnju koja se dogodila i završila u prošlosti. Prošlo vrijeme je obično
izrečeno oznakama prošlog vremena : last year, yesterday, in 1960, two days
ago.

2.2. Past Continuous Tense

SUBJECT + WAS/WERE + PRESENT PARTICIPLE

I was I wasn't
you were you weren't
+ he,she,it was playing - he,she,it wasn't playing
we we
you were you weren't
they they
Was I
? Were you playing?
Was he,she,it
Were we,you,they

SHORT ANSWERS :
Was he driving his car ? Yes, he was. – No, he wasn't.

• Upotrebljava se za izricanje radnji koje su trajale u prošlosti.

3. Present Perfect Tense

3.2. Present Perfect Simple

SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE

I I
you 've (have) you haven't
we played we (have not) played.
+ they - they
he,she,it 's(has) he,she,it hasn't
(has not)
I
Have you
? we played?
they
Has he,she,it
SHORT ANSWERS :
Has he arrived ? Yes, he has. – No, he hasn't.

• Upotreba :

a) Radnja je počela u prošlosti i nastavlja se do sadašnjosti.

He's been a teacher for ten years. / I haven't seen him since Monday

b) Radnja se dogodila u prošlosti ali ne znamo ili nas ne zanima kada.

He's been to China.
They've seen this film.
c) Radnja se dogodila u prošlosti ,ali su rezultati očiti u sadašnjosti.
I've lost my watch. ( I can't find it .)
He's cut his finger. (It's bleeding.)
• Ovo vrijeme ne postoji u našem jeziku.Prevodi se našim prezentom ili prošlim
vremenom.
(On je deset godina nastavnik. ; Nisam ga vidio od ponedjeljka.)

3.2. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + PRESENT PARTICIPLE

I I
you 've (have)been you haven't been playing
we playing we
+ they - they
he,she,it 's(has)been he,she,it hasn't been playing.
playing
I
Have you
? we been playing?
they
Has he,she,it

SHORT ANSWERS :
Has he been studying ? Yes, he has. – No, he hasn't.

• Izriče radnju koja je počela u prošlosti ,još uvijek traje i vjerovatno će trajati u
budućnosti.
I have been learning English for 2 years.
4. Future Tense

Shall / Will Future

SUBJECT + WILL + BASE FORM OF VERB

I 'll
+ he (will) play - won't (will not) play.
they
I
? Will he play?
they

SHORT ANSWERS:
Will they come on time ? Yes, they will. – No, they won't.

• Izriče predvidjanja u budučnosti. In future computers will do all the work.

• Izriče namjeru u budučnosti odlučenu u momentu izricanja. The telephone is
ringing.I'll answer it.
• U formalnom obraćanju (poslovna pisma ) još uvijek se upotrebljava za 1.l.jednine
i množine SHALL.U govornom jeziku upotrebljava se skraćenica 'll .U upitnom
obliku SHALL je obavezan u 1.l. jednine i množine ako izričemo ponudu :
Shall I help you ?Shall we go out ?

Going to Future

SUBJECT + VERB TO BE + GOING + INFINITIVE

I'm I'm not

+ he's going to play - she isn't going to play.
the're they aren't
am I
? is he going to play?
are they

SHORT ANSWERS:
Is he going to stay ? Yes, he is. – No, he isn't.
Present Continuous for Future

We are leaving tonight.

She is getting up early tomorrow.

• Izriče radnju koja je u budućnosti ugovorena ili planirana.

5. Past Perfect Tense

5.1. Past Perfect Simple

SUBJECT + HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE

I I
+ she had played - she had not played.
they they
I
? Had he played ?
they

I had finished my work when you arrived.

• Izriče radnju koja se dogodila u prošlosti neke druge prošle radnje.

5.2. Past Perfect Continuous

SUBJECT + HAD + BEEN + PRESENT PARTICIPLE

I I
+ you had been - she hadn't been
playing playing..
they we
I
? Had he been playing?
they
 We had been playing for an hour when you came.

1. Izriče prošlu radnju koja je trajala neko vrijeme prije neke druge prošle radnje.

Used to + Infinitive

We used to go skiing in winter.

Did you use to go there often?
I didn't use to go to the cinema on Sundays.

1. Izriče prošle radnje i stanja koja su se često dogadjala.Upotrebljava se samo u

prošlom vremenu.

Be / get used to + noun or gerund

I thought it was very difficult but I'm used to getting up early now.
I couldn't get used to the wet climate in Africa.
He's getting used to studying hard.

• Izriče radnju koja je bila neobična ,ali više nije. I'm used to = accustomed to=
biti priviknut . Get izriče proces promjene.

Passive voice

SUBJECT + VERB TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE

S O
1. ACTIVE : Columbus discovered America.

PASSIVE : America was discovered by Columbus.

S O

2. ACTIVE : They will give Peter present.

PASSIVE :
a) A present will be given to Peter
b) Peter will be given a present.

• Trpni lik se često upotrebljava u engleskom jeziku.

a) Ako želimo više istaći objekt od subjekta.
b) Ako ne znamo ili ne želimo spomenuti vršitelja radnje.
• Ako postoje dva objekta (indirektni ili direktni ) ,dvije preoprazbe su moguće.U
trpnom obliku se izostavlja vršitelj radnje koji nije značajan.
• U našem jeziku se prevodi kad god je moguće povratnim glagolom (zamjenicom
se).

Reported speech ( direktni i indirektni govor )

1. Statements ( izjavne rečenice )

Preobrazbe
He said ,»I'll come back tomorrow.» I → he
He said he'd come back the following I'll come → He'd come
day.
tomorrow → the following day
He said to me,»I'm leaving.» say → tell
He told me (that) he was leaving. said → told
He said,»I can swim.» can → could
He said he could swim. will → would
Bez preobrazbe
would→ would
should → should
He said to his mother,»It might rain.» might → might
He told his mother it might rain. could → could
must → must or had to

• Ako je glagol u rečenici koja uvodi indirektni govor,u prezentu ili budućem
vremenu glagolski oblici se ne mijenjaju
• Ako je glagol koji uvodi indirektni govor u prošlom vremenu dolazi do pomicanja
glagolskih vremena unatrag « One tense back rule»

present → past
present perfect → past perfect
past → past perfect
will → would

U našem jeziku se ta promjena ne dogadja !

2. Reported commands (indirektne zapovjedi )

He said to me,
»Bring me my book.»
told
He asked me to bring him his book imperative→infinitive
ordered
He said,»Don't go out.» negative
He advised me not to go imperative→not+infinitiv
out e

3. Reported questions ( indirektna pitanja )

He said, «What are you Vrijedi pravilo pomicanja

doing?» vremena.
asked Ne upotrebljava se
He wanted to know what I was doing red riječi upitne rečenice
was interested
He said, «Do you come from Ako pitanje počinje s
Zagreb?» glagolom uvode se if ili
whether
He asked if I came from Zagreb do/did = nepotrebni
wheteher

If clauses ( kondicionalne rečenice )

Realna pogodba

If clause (zavisna rečenica) Main Clause (glavna rečenica)

If you learn hard., a) you'll pass the exam
(ako učite marljivo) (položit ćete ispit)
If you go to England, b) write to me.
(ako odeš u Englesku) (piši mi )
If you are hungry c) you can have lunch.
(ako si gladan) (možeš ručati)
PRESENT a) FUTURE
b) IMPERATIVE
c) PRESENT
Potencijalna pogodba

If clause ( zavisna rečenica ) Main Clause ( glavna rečenica )

If I had money I'd travel round the world
(kad bih imao novaca) (putovao bih svijetom)
If I were you, I wouldn't do it.
(Da sam na tvom mjestu) (ne bih to učio )
PAST SIMPLE WOULD+BASE FORM OF VERB

Nestvarna ili irealna pogodba

If clause (zavisna rečenica ) Main clause ( glavna rečenica )

If he had arrived on time, we would have gone to the cinema.
(Da je on došao na vrijeme ) (bili bismo otišli u kino )
PAST PERFECT WOULD+HAVE+PAST PARTICIPLE

List of Irregular Verbs

( 1 ) Isti Oblik

Base form = Past Simple = Past Participle

cost stajati,koštati
cut rezati
hit udariti
hurt raniti,povrijediti
let pustiti,dopustiti
put metnuti,staviti
set položiti,postaviti
shut zatvoriti

( 2 ) Dva Oblika

Base form = Past Simple = Past Participle

bend bent svinuti,saviti
bring brought donijeti
build built (sa)graditi
burn burnt spaliti,goriti
buy bought kupiti
catch caught uhvatiti
dig dug kopati
dream dreamt sanjati
 feed fed hraniti
feel felt osjećati
find found naći
get got dobiti
have had imati
hear heard čuti
hold held držati
keep kept držati,čuvati
lay laid položiti
leave left ostaviti
lend lent posuditi
lose lost izgubiti
make made učiniti,tvoriti
mean meant značiti
meet met susresti
read read čitati
say said reći
send sent poslati
shine shone sijati
shoot shot pucati
sleep slept spavati
smell smelt mirisati
spend spent provesti
stand stood stajati
teach taught poučavati
tell told reći
think thought misliti
understand understood razumjeti
win won pobijediti

( 3 ) Dva Oblika : BASE FORM = PAST PARTICIPLE

Base form = Past Simple = Past Participle

become became become postati
come came come doći
run ran ran trčati

( 3 ) Tri Oblika :

Base form = Past Simple = Past Participle

be was/were been biti
begin began begun početi
blow blew blown puhati
break broke broken slomiti
choose chose chosen izabrati
do did done učiniti
drink drank drunk piti
 drive drove driven voziti
eat ate eaten jesti
fall fell fallen pasti
fly flew flown letjeti
forget forgot forgotten zaboraviti
freeze froze frozen smrznuti
give gave given dati
go went gone ići
hide hid hidden sakriti
know knew known znati
lie lay lain ležati
ride rode ridden jahati
see saw seen vidjeti
sing sang sung pjevati
speak spoke spoken govoriti
steal stole stolen ukrasti
swim swam swum plivati
take took taken uzeti
tear tore torn razderati
throw threw thrown baciti
wear wore worn nositi
write wrote written pisati

Nouns ( imenice )

Razlikujemo rod, broj, i padež.

1. ROD nije gramatički već prirodni :
živa bića = he / she
stvari = it

2. BROJ – postoje dva broja : plural i singular

PLURAL = SINGULAR + S
( hat = hats )

NEPRAVILNA MNOŽINA : ISTI OBLIK

man men sheep sheep

woman women fish fish
tooth teeth deer deer
foot feet swine swine
mouse mice
goose geese
ox oxen
child children
Pronouns ( zamjenice )

1. Lične , prisvojne i povratne zamjenice

Personal pronouns Possesive Possesive pronouns Reflexive pronouns

(osobne zamjenice ) adjectives ( prisvojne zamjenice ( povratne zamjenice )
( prisvojni pridjevi )
)
Nominative Object
case my mine myself
I me your yours yourself
you you his his himself
he his her hers herself
she her its its itself
it it

we us our ours ourselves

you you your yours yourselves
they them their theirs themselves

• Ostali padeži ličnih zamjenica izražavaju se pomoću prijedloga –

of, to, with + padež objekta
• Prisvojni pridjevi se upotrebljavaju samo uz imenicu.
• Prisvojne zamjenice upotrebljavaju se samostalno.
• Povratne zamjenice se upotrebljavaju uz povratne glagole, ali i za isticanje.
- He did it himself = On je to Sam uradio.
-

2. Indefinite Pronouns ( neodredjene zamjenice )

SOME = POTVRDNE REČENICE

There is coffee
milk
some sugar in the kitchen.
eggs
There are bananas
ANY = NEGATIVNE REČENICE

There isn't coffee

any tea in the kitchen.
eggs
There aren't sandwiches

ANY = UPITNE REČENICE

Is there coffee
any tea in the kitchen ?
eggs
Are there sandwiches

NO = not any

There is coffee
no tea in the kitchen.
eggs
There are sandwiches

EVERY - stoji uvijek ispred imenice.

Every student must be present.

SOME body
za osobe
ANY one
+
NO thing za stvari
EVERY where za mjesto

• Te se složenice upotrebljavaju za izricanje istih vrsta rečenica

kao i some, any, no, every.
3. Demonstrative Pronouns ( pokazne zamjenice )

Jednina : Množina :
Za nešto što je blizu This These
Za nešto što je dalje That Those

4. Interrogative Pronouns ( upitne zamjenice )

NOMINATIV Who? What? Which?

GENITIVE Whose ? Of what ? Of which ?
DATIV To whom? To what? To which?
AKUZATIV Whom? What? Which?

Article ( član )

Odredjeni – Definite article the

Neodredjeni Indefinite Article a ili an ispred samoglasnika

Osnovna pravila :
1 . A /an – može stajati jedino uz imenice koje se mogu brojiti i koje su
neodredjene .

They live in a flat.

I'm watching a film.

2. Odredjeni član the stoji ispred bilo koje imenice u jednini ili množini koja je
odredjena ili poznata.

The house they are living in, is near the station.

The books which are on the table, are mine.

Član THE

a) ispred imenica koje su predstavnici vrste : the President , the Earth , the
Queen
b) imena obitelji u pluralu : The Browns
 c) uz vlastita imena zgrada, instituta,društva,kina,hotela,brodova,parkova i
lokaliteta :
The Houses of Parlament
The Odeon ( Cinema )
The Imperial ( Theatre )
The Titanic
The Limski kanal
d) uz vlastita imena geografskih zajedničkih imenica : The Mississippi river , the
Sahara ,the Mediterranean
e) uz imena naroda u množini : the Bosnians , the English
f) ispred rednih brojeva : the first
g) ispred superlativa : this is the best way
h) u nekim frazama : run the risk ; play the piano

Član A / AN

a) ispred imenice koja označuje karakteristike drugih : a cat is an animal

b) ispred dozen, hundred, million ( a hundred questions )
c) s razlomcima : a half , a fifth
d) u frazama : I have a toothache ; give a chance ; take a seat

bez člana :
b) ispred ličnih imena : Peter, Sarajevo, Europe, Hyde Park
c) mislene imenice : libery, beauty
d) gradivne imenice : iron, copper, milk
e) imena planina u jednini : Triglav , Mt.Everest
f) imena godišnjih doba, mjeseci, dana : in spring , in May , on Monday
g) ispred imena bolesti : He suffers from bronchitis
h) uz superlativ priloga : Peter runs quickiest
i) u frazama : By accident ......... ; On purpose ........; On top of......

Pridjevi

Pridjev je opisna riječ koja karakterizira ili modificira imenicu.

Postoje dvije vrste engleskih pridjeva:

1 Prosti pridjevi koriste osnovne riječi kao happy, sad, good,

bad, fast, slow, yellow, red, new, old, pretty, ugly, et cetera.

2 Izvedeni pridjevi tvore se dodavanjem sufiksa na osnovu

imenice ili glagola, na primjer:

fashion + able = fashionable

forget + ful = forgetful
hero + ic = heroic
fool + ish = foolish
attract + ive = attractive
humor + ous = humorous
health + y = healthy

U engleskom jeziku pridjev obično ide ispred imenice na koju se odnosi:

Two red cars are parked on the street.

A new world record was set today.
That was a humorous story.
I bought two new books.
She bought a fashionable dress.
He has two new cars.
She is an attractive woman.
That was a terrible book.
It was a boring trip.

Često pridjevi koji opisuju imenice mogu ići iza glagola:

His two cars are new and fashionable.

His new car is red and fast.
Her new dress is green.
My car is old.
Our trip was boring.

Prilozi

Prilozi, poput pridjeva, modificiraju i određuju količinu, ograničavaju

ili pojašnjavaju druge riječi u rečenici.

Mnogi engleski prilozi tvore se dodavanjem nastavka -ly na pridjev.

Nekad, ako pridjev završava na e, to e se ispušta:

new + ly =newly
pleasant + ly =pleasantly
hesitant + ly =hesitantly
clear + ly = clearly
near + ly = nearly
close + ly = closely
dear + ly = dearly
cost + ly = costly
affordable -e + ly = affordably
experimental + ly = experimentally

Neke su riječi isključivo prilozi:

there
very
here
almost

Prilozi se se često upotrebljavaju da odrede glagol ali

kao intenzifikatori mogu određivati pridjeve i druge priloge:

‰ Uz glagol
Prilozi se upotrebljavaju da odrede glagole i često u rečenici idu iza glagola:

The river flows smoothly.

The time went quickly.
The bus arrived promptly at 3:00 o'clock.

‰ Uz pridjev
Prilozi mogu biti korišteni da odrede pridjev.
U tom slučaju prilozi obično idu ispred pridjeva koji određuju:

The cake is almost gone.

That is a very boring book.
It was unbelievably cold.

‰ Uz priloge
Prilog može biti korišten da odredi drugi prilog.
U tom slučaju ide ispred priloga koji određuje:

Her hair is amazingly silky.

Prijedlozi

Prijedlozi kao from, in, about, with, i drugi, su "funkcijske riječi "
i obično pivezuju imenice, glagole, pridjeve i priloge.
Obično iza njih idu imenice ili zamjenice:

bosanski prijedlog primjer

o about He will arrive at about six o'clock.

poslije after He arrived after her.
protiv against He was against the idea.
uz along She went along with the others.
osim apart from Apart from my clothes, I have no
possessions.
oko around The bus is due to arrive around 3:00 p.m.
u at I bought it at the bookstore.
prije before Did the chicken come before the egg?
između between The girl walked between her parents.
- by He traveled by train.
tijekom during It rained during our voyage.
za for He asked for a glass of water.
iz from He came from London
ispred in front of He sat in front of the television all day.
u in I found it in the closet.
unutar inside Her money is inside her purse.
u into The river flows into the sea.
blizu near He lives near the beach.
- by He traveled by train.
- of He is a friend of mine.
na on He came here on his bicycle.
nasuprot opposite I live opposite the park.
izvan out She went out the door.
iz out of He ran out of the house.
van outside The best beach is outside of town.
pored past They went past here yesterday.
oko around He just came around the corner.
(okolo) (round)
kroz through He ran through the water.
- of He is a friend of mine.
do until (till) The party continued until (till) dawn.
do to How do I get to the bus station?
prema toward It gets cold toward evening.
ispod under The book is under the newspaper.
sa with She went with her father.
bez without She arrived without her ticket.

Veznici

Veznici vezuju riječi, sintagme i rečenice:

‰ Naporedni veznici vezuju dvije slične grupe riječi

(npr. imenice, zamjenice, pridjeve, priloge, glagole, sintagme i rečenice).
Glavni naporedni veznici su:

but
because
or
and
but
as well as

I like cheese but I don't like milk.

He came because I invited him.
Do you want to dance or go home?
You and I will finish the job.
He is smart but not brilliant.
The gift is for John as well as Mary.

‰ Dvodjelni veznici

both (...) and (...)

not only (...) but also (...)
either (...) or (...)
neither (...) nor (...)

Both John and Mary will be there later.

He not only asked Robert but also Jane.
Either you do the job or I will.
Neither John nor Mary knew him very well.

‰ Prilozi koji se ponašaju kao naporedni veznici.

Najčešći su:

so
therefore
meanwhile
in any case
otherwise
therefore
despite that

I have to get up early so I must go now

The legislature passed the law, therefore we must obey it.
I read the paper, meanwhile Mary did the housework
In any case, we lost the game.

‰ Zavisni veznici uvode zavisnu rečenicu.

Glavni zavisni veznici su:

that
when
before
after
since
while
if, when(ever)
as if
so that
because
with the
as soon as
although
without
in order to

‰ Ispuštanje

Nekad se zavisni veznik može potpuno ispustiti.

Please tell him (that) I would love to do it!

If we (only) had the time, we could do so much.
Will you help me so (that) I can get to work on time?
He blew the car's horn (in order) to get her attention.

‰ Upitne riječi

Upitne riječi what, who, which i how ponašaju se kao

zavisni veznici u neupravnim pitanjima:

Then he asked me what time it was.

He wanted to know how much it cost.
John wanted to know which answer was correct.

Velika slova

U pisanom engleskom velikim slovom uvijek se pišu:

Zamjenica I (nikad se ne piše i)

Prva riječ u rečenici (Today it is raining.)
Imena ljudi (John, Mary, James, Robert, itd.)
Imena naroda i grupa ljudi (American, British, Arabic, Asian, itd.)
Kontinenti (Europe, North America, South America, Africa, Asia, itd.)
Zemlje (United States, Great Britain, Russia, itd.)
Države i pokrajine (California, New York, Denver, Kent, Minas Gerais, itd.)
Oblasti, planinski lanci, pustinje (Burgundy, Bavaria, Alps, Andes, Sahara, itd.)
Oceani, rijeke i jezera (Atlantic Ocean, Lake Michigan, Amazon River, itd.)
Imena tvrtki (Microsoft Corporation, Translation Experts Limited, itd.)
Religije (Catholic, Protestant, Moslem, Evangelical, itd.)
Godišnja doba (Winter, Spring, Summer, Autumn -- also Fall in the U.S.)
Mjeseci u godini (January, February, March, itd.)
Dani u sedmici (Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, itd.)
Vrijeme

Primjeri koji slijede daju opšte upute o izražavanju vremena u engleskim

rečenicama. Na primjer, "What time is it?" može se reći i kao
"What is the time?" ili "Do you have the time?" U engleskom,
obično se govori a.m. or p.m. poslije svih pisanih brojeva za sate,
premda se koristi i 24-satna skala.

‰ Puni sati

"It is one o'clock" (dodati a.m. prije podne; ili p.m. poslije podne)
može se napisati i kao 1300 hours ili skraćeno 1300 hrs.
"It is twelve noon" može se napisati i kao "noon" or "midday."

‰ Pola sata

"It is half past three." (3:30 p.m.)

"It is 11:30" (dodati a.m. prije podne; or p.m. poslije podne)

‰ Četvrt sata

"It is quarter past eleven" ili "It is 11:15"

(dodati a.m. prije podne; or p.m. poslije podne).
"It is quarter to (till) ten" ili "It is 9:45"
(dodati a.m. prije podne; or p.m. poslije podne).

‰ Minute

"It is eight minutes past nine in the morning" ili "It is 9.08 a.m."
"It is 18 minutes to six in the evening" ili "It is 5.44 p.m."

Mjeseci, dani u sedmici , godišnja doba i datum

‰ Mjeseci u godini

Bosanski English Abbreviation

Januar January Jan. ili JAN
Februar February Feb. ili FEB
Mart March Mar. ili MAR
April April Apr. ili APR
Maj May Nema skraćenice
Juni June Jun. ili JUN
Juli July Jul. ili JUL
August August Aug. ili AUG
Septembar September Sept. Sep., SEPT ili SEP
Oktobar October Oct. ili OCT
Novembar November Nov. ili NOV
Decembar December Dec. ili DEC

Mjeseci se, za razliku od bosanskog, uvijek pišu velikim slovom.

‰ Dani u sedmici

Bosanski English Abbreviation

ponedjeljak Monday Mon. ili MON
utorak Tuesday Tue. ili TUE
srijeda Wednesday Wed. ili WED
četvrtak Thursday Thurs. ili THUR
petak Friday Fri. ili FRI
subota Saturday Sat. ili SAT
nedjelja Sunday Sun. ili SUN

Dani se, za razliku od bosanskog, uvijek pišu velikim slovom.

‰ Godišnja doba

Bosanski English
proljeće Spring
ljeto Summer
jesen Autumn (also Fall in the U.S.)
zima Winter

‰ Datumi

Najčešće se koriste redni brojevi da se označi datum.

Britanski Američki
12 May 1995 May 12, 1995
31 August 1995 August 31, 1995
2 June 1994 June 2, 1994
12-05-95 05-12-95
Brojevi

Glavni brojevi

I u SAD i u Velikoj Britaniji zarez (,) se koristi da odvoji hiljade od

stotina a tačka (.) kao decimalni zarez.

Broj Engleski
0 zero (Britanski nil ili nought)
1 one
2 two
3 three
4 four
5 five
6 six
7 seven
8 eight
9 nine
10 ten
11 eleven
12 twelve
13 thirteen
14 fourteen
15 fifteen
16 sixteen
17 seventeen
18 eightee

Redni Brojevi

Engleski Engleska skraćenica

first 1st
second 2nd
third 3rd
fourth 4th
fifth 5th
sixth 6th
seventh 7th
eighth 8th
ninth 9th
tenth 10th
eleventh 11th
twelfth 12th
thirteenth 13th
fourteenth 14th
fifteenth 15th
sixteenth 16th
seventeenth 17th
eighteenth 18th
nineteenth 19th

Mjere
Razdaljina

U Velikoj Britaniji koristi se metrički sistem (kilometers, meters,

centimeters, millimeters, itd.) a u SAD, premda se u privredi sve
više koristi metrički sistem, većina mjera izražena je u miles, acres,
yards, feet, inches, ounces, pounds, itd. Mjere za odjeću i obuću mogu
se razlikovati u SAD i Britaniji od mjera drugdje. Uz to, temperatura se u SAD
mjeri u farenhajtima, a ne u stepenima celzija. Da bi se pretvorili fajrenhajti u
stepene celzija, treba oduzeti 32, pomnožiti sa 5 i podijeliti sa 9.

Dužinske mjere

1 centimeter = 0.3937 inch

1 inch = 2.54 centimeters
1 foot = 0.3048 meter
1 meter = 39.37 inches1.0936 yards
1 yard = 0.9144 meter
1 kilometer = 0.621 mile
1 mile = 1.609 kilometers
12 inches = 1 foot
3 feet = 1 yard
5,280 feet = 1 mile

Površinske mjere

1 hectare =2.47 acres

1 acre = 0.4047 hectare
640 acres =1 square mile

Težinske mjere

1 gram =0.03527 ounce

1 ounce =28.35 grams
1 kilogram =2.2046 pounds
1 pound =0.4536 kilogram
1 metric ton =0.98421 English ton
1 English ton =1.016 metric tons

Mjere za tekućine

U Velikoj Britaniji, većina mjera sada su metričke (s izuzetkom mlijeka)

mada većina ljudi i dalje koristi imperijalne mjere. Amerika i dalje koristi
američki gallon, quarts i pints premda se za alkohol i neke druge stvari
počinju koristiti litre.

Mjere za tekućine
1 US gallon = 0.833 Imperial gallon
1 US gallon = 3.785 liters
1 Imperial gallon = 1.2001 US gallons
1 Imperial gallon = 4.546 liters
1 liter = 0.264 US gallon
2 pints = 1 quart
4 quarts = 1 US gallon
31 1/2 US gallons = 1 barrel

Novac

I američki i britanski novčani sistem je desetinski. Britanski se novac temelji na funti

sterlinga (Pound Sterling = 100 Pence) a u SAD na dolaru (Dollar = 100 Cents).

‰ Sjedinjene Države
100 cents (100˘) = 1 dollar = $1.00
$4.99 = four dollars and 99 cents

‰ Velika Britanija
100 pence (100p) = 1 pound sterling = Ł1.00
Ł4.99 = four pounds and 99 pence

‰ Kanada
100 cents (100˘) = 1 Canadian dollar = $1.00
$4.99 = four dollars and 99 cents
(različita vrijednost od američkog dolara)

‰ Australija
100 cents (100˘) = 1 Australian dollar = $1.00
$4.99 = four dollars and 99 cents
(različita vrijednost od američkog dolara)
Red riječi

‰ Red riječi proste rečenice je obično:

Subject + Verb (+ object(s)) (+ complement)

We are eating.
We are eating breakfast.
We are eating breakfast today on the patio.

‰ Ako u rečenici postoje bliži i dalji objekat, poredak zavisi od toga da li se radi
o zamjenicama ili imenicama:

He gave his mother the history book.

He gave the history book to his mother.
He gave her the history book.
He gave it to his mother.
He gave it to her.

‰ Zavisne rečenice neka se stavljaju na početak rečenice odvojene od glavne

rečenice zarezom:

After eating breakfast, he went to the office.

--znači isto što i:

He went to the office after eating breakfast.

Negacije

Glavne riječi za negaciju :

no
not
not a
nor
nobody (no one)
no one (nobody)
not only (...) but also (...)
no more
nothing
never
nowhere
neither ... nor
by no means
no how
nary (not anything/not anyone)

Upiti

Izravni upiti

Postoje četiri osnovna načina tvorenja izravnih upita:

‰ Inverzija normalnog reda riječi:

You speak German. >>> Do you speak German?

She is sleeping >>> Is she sleeping?
You love me. >>> Do you love me?

‰ Question word(s) + finite verb (+ subject) (+ complement):

Upitne riječi:

who? >>> Who is coming?

what? >>> What happened?
when? >>> When will it be ready?
why? >>> Why did you do that?
where? >>> Where did you go?
how? >>> How did you do that?
(to) who? >>> You sent it to who?
(to) whom? >>> To whom am I speaking?
whose? >>> Whose coat is that?
(with) whom? >>> With whom did you travel?

‰ Subject + finite verb (+ complement):

Koristi se u slučajevima sarkastičkog uzvika:

That's supposed to be cheap?!

So what's your point?!

‰ Subject + finite verb (+ complement) + tag

Upitne etikete u engleskom: isn't it (is not it), aren't you (are not you),
doesn't he (does not he), can't she (cannot she), itd.:

Isn't it a shame?
Aren't you sorry?
Doesn't he care any more?
Can't he swim yet?
Neizravni upiti

Neizravni upit ide iza glagola ili rečenice i uvodi se

pomoću upitne riječi:

Explain why you're angry.

Tell me how you want it done.
Show me what to do.
Draw me a picture of it.
Demonstrate it for me.

Odgovori "yes" i "no"

Upit
Are you going already?
Was it interesting?
Didn't you like it?
Do you like it?
Will you finish today?
Odgovor
Yes, I have to go now.
No, I still have some time.
No, it was boring.
Yes, it was very interesting.
No, it wasn't very good.
Yes, I liked it very much.
Yes, I like it.
No, I don't like it.
Yes, I will.
No, I won't be able to finish today.