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Report By Purwi Saxena R

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Monyai, Priscilla B. "Social policy and the state in South Africa: pathways for human
capability development", Faculty of Management & Commerce

Class Test By Purwi Saxena M2020CF015 SW9: Social Policy, Planning and
Programmes Course Faculty: Prof. Shewli Kumar M.A. Social Work with
Children &Families School of Social Work Tata Institute of Social Sciences
Mumbai, India 1. Discuss the principles of social policy. How are these
principles reflected in the three main models of the welfare state? Answer-
Social policy refers to policies that aim to improve people's well-being,
particularly those who face various forms of disadvantage. Its aim is to
ensure that every member of society is given a minimum standard of living
and opportunities to uplift themselves. To achieve its objectives, social policy
must adhere to the following principles when determining policies: social
needs and social problems, equal rights and social justice, efficiency, equity,
and choice, altruism, reciprocity, and obligation, and division, difference, and
exclusion. To achieve equality, resources must be distributed fairly in terms of
equal outcome, equal opportunity, and equal treatment. Equal opportunity
entails treating equal groups equally. People must be given equal opportunity
regardless of their gender or group membership. Food, care, and shelter are
the three most basic needs. Needs are not limited, and it is unclear which
needs should be met by states. The state guarantees equal rights to all
citizens in terms of civil rights, social welfare, security, political rights, and
the freedom to express themselves democratically. A welfare state is a social
system in which the government assumes responsibility for providing welfare
to its citizens. The three main models of Welfare State as per Esping-
Andersen include: Liberal Welfare States: These welfare states uphold social
policy principles through means-tested benefits, modest social insurance, and
model universal transfers. Individuals are chosen for benefits based on their
capital and income, with the majority coming from low-income households,
working-class families, or state dependents. In this country, the eligibility
rules are very strict, the benefits are modest, and being eligible for these
benefits carries a social stigma. In such states, the government encourages
the market by providing for the bare necessities or by subsidizing privately
run welfare programs. The major countries that adhere to this Welfare State
Model are the United States, Canada, and Australia. Corporatist/Conservative
Welfare State: This welfare state preserves the social class and status
structure. It replaces the market as the provider while preserving traditional
family structures and patterns. The state only intervenes when the family's
capacity to provide for welfare is completely exhausted. In this country, social
insurance generally excludes women, whereas social assistance encourages
motherhood. Austria, France, and Germany are the major countries that
adhere to this regime. Social Democratic Welfare States: These welfare states
are responsible for achieving the highest levels of equality. It promotes
policies that are highly decommodifying and universalistic in nature while also
catering to differing expectations. The dualism of State and Market is
essentially reduced to ensure that all social rights are identical and that
benefits are distributed based on one's income. This model also fosters strong
solidarity among beneficiaries, who support it in turn. Sweden and Norway
are the best examples of countries that follow this regime. 4. Cash transfers
are increasingly viewed as the best social assistance programmes to eradicate
poverty. Discuss its advantages and disadvantages based on any one-cash
transfer programme that is being implemented in India. Answer- Cash
transfers are a type of social assistance in which beneficiaries are given direct
purchasing power generally by depositing money into their registered bank

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accounts. They are distinct from in-kind transfers, in which state agencies
are directly involved in the distribution and sale of a specific commodity or
service, usually at a lower-than-market price. Cash transfers are usually
conditional in nature. That is eligibility conditions are stipulated for example
households need to make pre-specified investments in the human capital of
their children, be employed in public works, use specific healthcare facilities,
etc. An example of a Cash transfer scheme introduced by the Indian Ministry
of Labour & Employment is the Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-dhan Yojana
(PMSYMY). Launched in February 2019 to provide social security to
unorganized workers (UW) in their old age. It is a voluntary and contributory
pension scheme on a 50:50 basis, with the beneficiary making a prescribed
age-specific contribution and the Central Government matching this amount.
The beneficiary has to opt for an auto-debit facility from his/her savings/Jan-
Dhan account to pay the contribution every month. After reaching the age of
60, each subscriber will receive a minimum assured pension of Rs 3000/- per
month. Criteria for Eligibility i) Unorganized Worker (UW) with a monthly
income of INR 15000 or less ii) The entry age ranges from 18 to 40 years.
Requirements i) Mobile Number ii) Aadhaar Number iii) Savings Bank
Account / Jan-Dhan Account Advantages This scheme is, in fact, a financial
inclusion scheme that focuses on an individual's future protection. This will
not only improve the country's economy, but will also instil a sense of security
and financial awareness among the general public. Such cash transfer
schemes are also cost-effective because they have low transaction costs and
eliminate the need to ship, store, transport, and distribute commodities. It
also gives the beneficiary the option of allocating the benefit to specific
household needs. Disadvantages The eligibility criteria exclude a large
population from benefiting from the scheme, as people earning more than
INR 15,000 per month also require pensions, people over the age of 40
cannot apply, and not everyone will have the '50 %' amount to contribute
every month. People who do not have proper documentation or who are
already barred from opening a bank account (for whatever reason) will be
barred from participating in this scheme as well. Even a monthly pension of
INR 3000 is insufficient to live comfortably in old age, especially as medical
costs rise for everyone. With rising inflation, INR 3000 will never be enough
for an individual, and it will never be able to alleviate poverty. In-kind
assistance may also cause more household conflict regarding expenditure
priorities than cash assistance. As a result, cash transfers as a stand-alone
intervention to eradicate poverty are not a viable option; rather, they should
be used as a supplement to in-kind welfare intervention. 6. What is the
meaning of social citizenship? Discuss the relevance of the concept for
universal social protection. Answer- Social citizenship refers to the right of an
individual to economic well-being as well as the right to social heritage and
the ability to live a dignified life in accordance with societal norms. The
education system and social services are the institutions in charge of
upholding the social component of citizenship. We need educated voters for
an effective political democracy; to achieve social wellbeing, one must live in
a civilised society; and to protect citizens' civil liberties, political democracy is
unavoidable. Universal social protection is defined as a minimum level of
income or consumption provided by the government as a right to all citizens
and residents of a country, thus treating everyone with equal consideration
and respect. Social policy based on universalism aims to ensure a decent
standard of living for all by providing social services and a basic income to
the entire population. It assists people in moving out of poverty, ensures
human security, reduces inequality, and enables people to live more dignified
and productive lives. Universalism is concerned with solidarity and the
concept of social citizenship, which includes social rights in addition to civil
and political liberties and emphasises collective responsibility for individual

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well-being. A basic income grant for all citizens or residents, funded from
general revenues and provided unconditionally, is the ideal type of universal
social protection programme. The greater the potential for redistribution, risk
pooling, cross-subsidization, efficiency gains, and quality control, the more
universal a programme becomes in terms of coverage, rules of access and
membership, and adequacy of benefits. The state has the authority to ensure
that it provides uniform standards and universal coverage of social protection
, employing various redistribution mechanisms among different groups based
on risks and vulnerabilities, income and class, gender and ethnicity, and other
factors. Social protection programmes can be designed to redistribute
income both vertically (towards low-income groups) and horizontally
(towards groups with specific risks and vulnerabilities, such as women with
care responsibilities, the disabled and those who are ill). Tools that can be
used to provide universal social protection are- Social Insurance - These are
employment-related programs financed from contributions from employers
and employees. Social Assistance - It provides transfers to those who are
unable to work or excluded from gainful employment, usually financed
through taxation. Labour Market Standards - These are the rules and
regulations that govern working conditions. 7. What is universal basic
income? Discuss the challenges of implementing universal basic income as a
social protection strategy. Answer- Universal Basic Income(UBI) refers to the
idea of providing periodic, unconditional cash payments to all citizens, rich
and poor as a solution to poverty reduction. In most developing countries
where people are losing out on job opportunities due to replacement by
technological advancements or out of use skills, or due to medical conditions,
providing them with UBI seems like a very good solution. Implementation
Challenges- ● Because UBI is universal, it would divert assistance away from
the most vulnerable. ● Because of the costs involved, there is a lack of
political will. According to the Economic Survey of India's (2016-17) model of
UBI, 75 percent of India's population should receive Rs. 7,620 per year (4.9
percent of GDP). The income was calculated using Suresh Tendulkar's 2011-
12 poverty line, which was inflation-indexed to 2016-17. ● Difficulty in
reducing some existing subsidies in order to balance the resulting deficit. ●
There is no guarantee that the money will be spent on productive activities,
such as health and education. It could be spent on tobacco, alcohol, drugs,
and other luxury items, for example. ● People receiving free money will raise
the rate of inflation in the economy. ● Workers can refuse to work as
labourers or demand higher wages, raising the cost of agricultural goods
production. ● UBI, which some see as an alternative to work, would reduce
the labour force. A smaller labour force would, by definition, result in lower
economic output and lower tax revenues to invest in the future.

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