| “6 Aanbum Wheory & Radro. en The ibs \ewnp > ab isa Pp > xh brovels “5 vl Gravely —s rb exhr his > zk “ex evbS Surface * a per absorbs onit-z Kvecou as Radio len Ther mad padie lion Radia lion emitted by a body by MY TES, is: youn aS Yermal’. yadia\ion © 2 According. be pre vests theory every be: Gs absorbs sodran eneray Sian ts , above Ole KProperliés ot thermal gadro. (ion il erkreuder Yan BM. Radia We | a °}. sk a velooly: Oye 3s tb andergoes septeclan, ref L> 2b obeys inverse ae ons pelavice Smalh bak for Penile eee m cofuch ik fg modem” - i 1S cm clea led “C-190) osha rs back bo Tigdack body: C20) [alate ek ldack body rs oe cotech “Gamplebe oft le yadia L * good absorber 2S welk as good. emikker. 19) | BR om! Radial: CHR) rove ss ok heat bronsfer Groen one poe te, obkes Mace coithou \ke inve®vements ab medium ¥S : of ks \emp ewnibs sr aaa nua ey os | Through vaccum © : alloas eleraigt- Ore Dke Geglly | ae ken ed-- ee ye “aw. in levforence, daffrachan phenermenes op lie * | ima’ dy 9 How iL lise of ald wave Oona lk rmud oud \| 1A | SFT ETE | | Ferry's back ody Te heed- bravelding by yadio ‘heat or Mermal radialin. Fery designed a perfechly lQack body ) Principe Ves "Tre radvaliin inside onuform by ; cencfosure |S Perfeckly back”. : ‘oak is double toalled conduckig i Sphere [Ne epace bebween Ihe coal 's evacualed be vevent Qoss | heals by emduchor nd | genvec lien « } ‘onl '_s ab is Yamp- black msde oud nicked polished outside lke sphere- — at has Small opentag Of And, projeclm = 2p lke enclosure rs healed be 4 def. nile ik is PM@es wilk back vadra ling vata jee Lae possible oe oa fe back bo radial @. Discuss Cuergy ro lyrou body R io {iour Carsg ) A- Energy edishrtbu lon in black PS ea bm of Igl- lke bacle body emubs: Fale LQeur rs lh we kuow a Iks « The pn i alt possible nate Ded among leflevend" wale | ie energy © me ; Langlks - i Jeshyrbu Lin d. energy im bJack body radialix | for alr Here w- coove Gang hks ol defferew> emapera Lure lo ig called yadiont | \pasedl on ‘lke healed Lapersan ie all> howeG rPeeeeec Wak oot Sal | was ex pevimenbolQy by dumwuer aud pring shetm Yn 1999. Ve expt ayrougemnerk tg Qs Shown tn FI. . Me 2h FadiaXton Prom hack body woos Pocussed aie Coneave mirror Ny: The vaya agai fo cu seeat ~ | Na wivryr ky meanc dt" sul- g)- [~> We Sis pdmced Such Iku vayK from S, become | paralees. . 12 poralle? beam alllocoed bo inccdewk om o prisms | Tre omrism produces specbruu yadja. lion - l> Te ae ae focadel rs cave Cengltr al di fle vend points. io Tk inleneily of aiberewe cove Lorn dekcled by bQarnpe lew By auk 2X graph ond eaph esas Draw a gsaph be bw eow energy densi ly coavellon glk A. ak delevent- lempewa lures. lle curves are at Shown im fepure, By ondJOA Wy 64k - 12.59 Kc =A. a >The emission ror back laody Gar to ved) a, yadialsn Sa Prom oft coave Long lh” i “deeb hale > ao gover lemp , energy is nok -uriformly sey! Haximaur al- one per reufar cwaveLonglt « Lemp > Raxtmam onlenalg imereates coitk terete mp 4 ! | | —> Tokal emeray al given \emp 1S egal Ye aved ~ Clotunded toy \Wre Curve: colk a-G2U's a B= f &,dT = oT | ° : | Te omomse of radials energy 1S Hg spar Very Sherk cvave Longlt and very Qe, A Ce lewp increases Ihe conve Larglts corresponds bs (3 ae emerge chifle: bowards shorter cave a : eid Hergk ce dt cemenks fac:Lee a @ a pe ee = wave Longlt "correspond bo. Phau'mun! “level Ta Temp 4 b= Gonskows f b= 0-298 xlo tank. Osoien's fil peer low BmeTS av Ey T = Cnsbok Wren'S obgm> showed thal Ey = c, yn ocr cshere GQ AC Gre Gonsbow z.dde she te AS! xe otha, dh Devive ae [Ae Lrg) | kero . coren!s (1823) appdred Ihe prime ples of of, terra dynes stadit (itn jad ap\ics poncphles bo ke loQack body and derived te velabian ameng vas & mm) awd absolute Lemp sulnes ‘ “hy. ioe at gt \i Govres ade bo ‘Mas MUU inlenaily q lee tea lac shijbe louards Vie chorlér wavelang Side as letmp El Dare b | Thc 16 toiew!s Law oe aa sya UMA (inl engi ) y- coavedens tr he increas” Ym Here b= Gonsbot. and bb =O ABVEKIO MK: ~ Sloss. | I 'Ths vs also ence as Ween’ elrs place meGonerder a spherical | | ” it Bure cok ptety | Co ST HET ¥ mK a Peds: eoolle amd A mS ~~ 12592 Gapabse ae expan gum \ A VRO™ lowe 1 pth T= qoulk | rodrl oulsward S- | We Ikas be Bled coil | black loody aadialita-a ensaly | - v1 be Ure veQume a omcle Sure. densily xvatuue d enclosure: A Dvn Rew (u) od lemme CTY Tela nergy Us: Bnergy U: uv ; | » B tke vadiaker made enche eure expands aba labo | Fmagive lke cooly dy enche ture moves oudwards. Chenge in voluwe al- P zdv work dae dw= pdv - Chouge in mlenal ewer y ov “Accord be TZ Yow cr Iermo dy na ynicS de du+ dv ( ) The process 7S adraba lie -* da=0 . o= dut Pov © is Accow ding ke elle dernaguelF leery Ss Pp: + energy densi (4) }@ Pru —@ | . sub 7 Oud Pp Values prem OF @ in a @ ye | \ | @ » ee30 Afav] + dowdy =0 Gave edn +i-udy =O 1 . VA + the u.dv=o dividing unk 2. Vidu 4 bu dv 20 wv 3 UV : dv to ste gre \los Vv au yb. lu wet Sa* 41% Jogu + +t flog v = Consbov!-- Seg J m. v4] = Consbowr | Acct bray be sbe Pam's Qaws- 2 = ~T Sub shlale fkeg in Ike aber y WY onthe: Log 7" v5] = Consteawd arty 0 ThyWa, Garter — Gonak- - frv"A consent € Te fod clause ty cone Gal By cata Aoppller ajed jhsus dnd clrowge yn Gave Ooeee ee ee eet ee 13 | 7 > Radialisne tr lack ody having ald coavelamg|hs. Tris coke Unter goes rou: ple “re\Qed sont prom smoulng wall | Beal: te Tey 4; twoveenglls DW imerlenk on \re coulll \ re PosiGon Sy) Maley angie B- Suppers ces sbviles Baa tt vebteds Go AC. he cwed gee ane tnt win | Yea a of Yebdeclad wove reaches C): the nent isd ch A in Gime Cdaring lis process , Re ood. “moves & disbawce eqpsel be vig here w= Velo uly coat TBs Time period ex panei * Now Cres 1s refeclad Prem lhe pose Lien B f new pesilen Sq a, Gaal. an@ mare allony BD. ‘ neco New wavelength yd, 1 giver by A, AR +ABD- change om coaedangti Dh: ma Aye Ad = Ay BD-AC A, = aay (ante) ~ AC Bude in dd, = AB+BN ce agent Ah, = qip+gh = NA ah FAN «. Ga DE we NA = AR cae 7 dy 2 Woe Here an = 2aN=a¥T Mere P= Tm8 period AX, = aur. God I ee VV = aviicas -@ & et Me \dhe dd, ts \ke Change vm egove Leuk In ane wre Pleclan chauge ~ coove dang ts ab ve: “every rey undergoes ‘Yeapeatid repels | |a ————— | peste \re spherical enclosure: Ihe polk of Singh ray Ws as Shown in Pa Tre coove roves a drsbauce d arcosp bebweem bwo Suscce ssive | vef ec Leen Ca, B)- No- of veh Qeclians per Sec ae | 2. 4 rePdeclins m Gme db = db: oak 14 - hang w~ woene Qamglt in db Gie és quae Ly } . i dh = Shay In usa wie refleclinw ml | On one ape +n db tne I 1 dA= [avd. ca ‘ E oJ Lx LTCHd a4] a2 wd ab ok idle we hon Oi yn ox XY ako dy . toon habs de ioliga fae fe ». ¥v Qog L = Logs + S036 > beg Cve) Ae VC ah » = Con owt © vr : Frm @ Tv! cinsle v= Lae T frn)* 2 THT Cons- Tr = cms _@ © pudles 6 x ey & i) AxTr= Conslaut”Re LAS) a Feyeye — Jean's Yaw CrP) 9 13% ee xh AT= consleavh” fa ad Dz”? = warelongtt Gorvrecponda Le nak ius iwlenas paces ea ereaaees 3 =T « Pars Gonebod | chuck 18 ews Law. 53 wole 0) Joren's Law 1s agreed wel fox chovler wavelengths: wien'l4 Law feed be expas'n Ihe epecliad “energy disbwibulion al~ Loviger agave bun glee, * Ra Qeigh aud Teauls eve a & NS Sor wl ope ory e spe dead Arebribuls db back ed apadia Lion toy S i elect Aynawucs and oe eead sme chancs. kr energy 4 \ker mao radwa. on rs invershy pre per bo bo fourth pocoes of esave Oungth® T igh- Sau of cide L. cok | Gesides © hollow cubre encfo Sure : ~s ke boo prrfeskly ve Pleckig walld. Yel us Qace a Woe! 4 pox bieke rnside the ‘encto sure: We scodco sens ernilted log Ke particles cold oe weftecled ‘os, \ke cwolls- i % lac Theor Ihe voor Peecor di" be the ellerly-mogre 4 ry 9 A \ He rst number of caves. tke Ha is Suappo seck bo Gans o i ae in lhe enclosure Gravel In ald grbWe an er The under ge mulbiple veflec ins Frm fe | g 4 j (Gecled woves in ledere walla \ke enclo Sure- ‘The yeflee ; i . p, ilk 10 uk gla Gonary - osaves AE forme _o aieOe Xf, xP ih vibrolee | ai one Goop zy Jk vibyales cotk kee Leos = $29) zt a wibralas with wv Qeops = Ue a, oR Az ayy, —Q Here Qe drs bance belroomn walls The Gorvres pondiw alowed ae iui fon cfr. ebb” eC. oj aver oft) Gre given by Sek & C= veloek a, bate Bver ea. veg uency ys lenows as d t Oo F three “ of- cube pm ' ode Te enchosure 'S cube bk ‘The * pusalee? ce in each * These ¢ are given Three aues 17 spare « diveclwn Ny) Ny y ine = ‘heeds 1, = 3 > eS x x on Qe mal) | owe = a » -| Qsn () 7 ) lez Ned Ley oy) =n aS As. 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Cot" Galera =| 2 TAI SATS a) Ty WS = (y-@ ages =v > ho. ony Menges FO Lew d, eft ipaord ke ates’ aw eye Whe equalin & cepresenls luns as go overnale and n, divec (Each sek el, vollues galisfying bo one mode *, yrbva laze . : a“ Ore eee ‘wil Ny) Ny er be Led number a mo des a, ve (n , mS | ‘ko te Lebad number a possibie gek ok, ae) Bam le fhe number dy wokes a viloralsms gan we be chbeme jr Len © vv =e \Ke picbure 2 Gon tides We muwbet | of nodes \n wo Ween eymall -plane | | \ ey —e@ i From © one ety = i136 jive eqpealion © repre adel equalin A crvee f on -y aus: en woe pools Ng On X-aN'C ae ny jas Shocon in sg (> jevery pernbs of inlersec lia farves mode vibvo lim Lee ee as oy {Mar Wy ore aWowed , we ia consides ine Seclion s ita Fag » tha be hin tke pes live gUeadvank andy « lke avea of each square ves int ibe( Ayea ef \ke quadrork) [ss onby- | “Te number ot j we (vadincy~ i 20 bo ree dimension b ch OTe uple Ihe lke sphew' = at B- | 7 @e exlens \he above rdea | space y lhe crrefe wh be gphere ond ea ee ae onl cube - a lrol nuwher of modes of yibre bows t Tow in Ike chant of oavelongli DQ wilh be Shel of radi 24): Toball nuvw ber o- modes =f : Lan’). x. \s paen(l ans | feeg]—@ ' Te clegree of freedom C haw ber ed alee e hen ee ee era ee a aaa —. ——~.,AL a » 2 Hen a (oe) = un (aa) i_ {34 fy | | A = aot - ss BQe) aud. av | ‘ — sry ¢ wegtecl ve 8iy 2) is i ab = ny 45 cd Av —(@) [Pteve user chal be rmudliplied by 2 a6 Frans, Veyse coavee rave use polar release for cash mode; Telsal Nuuber a vilbraliens is . | . d wrovd\e. yo mokes per onl voli | Fe ay = Oh Ad awe Recording loo ReyQergh —Seawt Quo ca | | Averoy aera per eack rmnode = ‘ | © Evers y demailg = Eq-dd is Yer “SZ | + nck value J gyda ere hy | BAN = ERAN ake | ; a» glenbule Ban = BREAN [ops ve lhe omergl sealed AN ae ah - Teas favo .g pee | Nols Tris Vas @ plone The experimental carve alr bouger i AD aC i ‘esavedaangits bub Louis fer Shes “ >This Laws shows zk By s i nob byue .hc : 128... 27 \ pre yee Tepe " Sens he oad Romane 28pi 1 Dene) val o planck inbyoduced Ike evalu loenary concep: of ' adialin tm 1%oo. 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I |e em Ssron oY alocorplin + energy bakes pace | in diccrele amoun's - | —> Te euersy weldalors con heave only depnile Values Vike 0 Ww, aby, ahoecr: The meni Maw solve hs 'S called an later “| ‘Thes quavlaw of evera4 is j The pes $i bile Values ‘eb \Ge ener one EB anh: cAnar® \= poancle's comdlre Ee oe\34 | © Cangy qf otattdey (oy Average energs : Swsray sh cbettdKos (oy) Average E | ek ow be the Gckt ruber of HeMabrsne and © eel (Telrad energy \ --.= —@ Average eweray © FW ae Asans:| jAek Ay) My My - be oscilla lors having uerg \ { N= My eh, + Ngthy 7 @ ! E spot mhS + nahr+ Wyahr 3E nfs € t = t Boo ~~ B = aby ME + AER, + 3ENg The maussler of Recordings bo Naxuelte Arsbri bu Leen cleultalers havrny energy vhy ts aver Med -6&,-— -v/— Ki Mes Ny @ Pes a a a6 fer kb, = Ny 2. Subalilals vy, Ny, | NaStuma try ef ® = = —DLEfeT N=, +n, eet, Ns @ Mer ~€ fez -26/e7 Ne No fire her efile | [ xl 6 im lke form ao lee ah abe a5, | values Im C94 ln @ -ehr — 86 her 736 fier + den, € + BEM E ro y, — éfer —aeler 7] +26 "4 3e4---- Rol }eaxns axe uxd--- = 1 - d-%~\uo a © \ (i - oer) ; Sevag é fs. 9 in hy co i From @ XG) e 7 ! en oa ” - swe Coe Ge ) — eer g 6 f G- 2) = a Bull hie [erty —o. | tn thre eu Tho. 4 Bertea lar per unk voluwe | Pragya Y | Fone ana vrde is ge hy | g. sv us. —B fd Tobe ewer 4 per Aa volume or energy ens i iS Given ‘oy ede Aerage \ \ 1 \ By As = Average emerge * no-o chealta be by giv d wis . fan. ae | : [: ier, | [ cs gnhe: dv Ss “e® (@euly| ™* fox plancke Lous ales of, fre gyno ys the ex javess7™A_ MY es] Phancks Jaw tmlerins & wave ange Reonte cpp Lan ® whe ds ese ‘nave vex eT © neghec! as-(S “ER a, a = Sab Sark AS Valucs rm Dbove Ray. 85 h cdk ) Xr Sm & (3) ye - Ce Asi | fad\ = oe a The "8 the pie nck hE PE : (e i) ee Low inleFms o} agave Dong hh one % Qaro . 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Sa NEGO aol eonrh RY A. ee eshave, ve pleas Ar\geweure. ze ckrénglk eurres— ®= ee er a= cals Perrpese eo elyreees : We exported” cond “performed Sey eval Maven ow te awe day Cnker contrawr Rees Gon Xihion'd eo ete is yerread= ebsvalons a We Quu: Avrrenap value + gS ane Calculated by per fevers \\xe emp orice \\nrowgh E er ice : 2 obforWw Volue ok Roller Gons pawl g od a ie a Solar com ebawk So, One Comnee led Wy th velo 20 2 &ed- c a ~ a L mo sphure r user al ( (ast) 2 Tran ari sso Go- eb piers ( of pe Qeit dixhauze ok Suu (Aug16\ [ or Slatistical propo ties a a oust of particles: Ropodies of slobistical mechanics The _funclernental postulates of Shattst real mecha Lnics are as follows. Fy All gases are Cornpos molecules which are fra state a Coqstant random motion. L» Total numbe of molecules fn a gos & Gystant. by Total ener of the System Ps Coqstant. Ly All the elementar cells are of the Same size. Ly The equi libriurn Stote of the aysteen Comreoponds to | ne State of maximum probability. gh Explafn the term phase Space phase point ancl ensemble (2012) Phase Spare ond phase pal’ The Stode of System of particles at any tnstant ts knowkage of posttion and Complete Spectf tec by the momentum of all the particles - Before defintns phase qe Co-orclfnate Space and =momintun ecl of Space, het us lof epee9) Se-eedhale: Space oy postion pase SL Ef we Consider any particle. moving whth T ‘ a Certain Nebel Hen es postion Co-or ) dinates will be (% Y,2)- The state of motion of article Ps descxtbed. Faterms No of veloctly Component s (Ver \y Vz) / & \ a w io » 7 a The three dim:nsioqal Space nn % ~ o o S” Nb Xe % which the location of a particle Ps Completely Speci ted. | three position co-erdiqates it fs Kqown as posttion n y Space. » © Momentum Space 4 Some Himes tt es more Convenient to use momen ° Co- > Lum Co-ordtqates Pa, i Pnstead of veloctia ‘- Or b | ~dltqotes. mentum ; . The Shree dPmenstogol Space en which the mo pletel gpectf ted by the three momentu | of particles t Com -m Co-ordinotes (Py, RB) a fs Known as momintum Space: Phase Space or 1 -,sspate : Gisereinrrnenseientent niece er irene_ at OP ng xf we can olescrebe the state of the particles ee Elon and momentum Co-ordinqates fo one Cornbined. spoce Stk Co-0rdl nates ore needed. "the six dimensfoqal space (combined position mye and momentum Px, MH Re) Ps Known os phase Space or H- Space: "the Combiqation of posttfon Spore and momentum . ace fs Known as phase Space. ¥ Explanation « instantaneous state An ( sttion) of postic le may be represen -ted sik dimnsisqal space, (one combiyed Space). In this . gix Co-ordqotes [ x, 4,2 and Py, Py Pa] are masked abd atk med perpencltcalar axes th Space. « this ¢ pay a mothemattca' Concept phase poles the Pnstantaneous Stole of porttcles fr the phase Space fs re presentecl by @ pofnt Known as phase potat or "Representative pofnt’ Tenens arene ensue em mowae Phase Cell: ms