,779 MFT FIVSSS 6 ot SEH 5% SEMESTER-II UNIT-4 6. Statistical Mechanics5p STATISTICA- MecHanitics 2] ‘Trybroduction 3 2 | The motion of ra beet con be explained on the basis of tls Centre of mass and using oxdlinary laws of frechonies. Tn order +o explain properties of System takin into Consideration of ths micro scopte structure , then these) llaws mechanics could not be usecl because number [partieles és vey large: To obtain Complete information of the motion of mechanical System Containing large number | s as pt particles [N= 10 1. We have -o solve oe equations Solved 4 Ht ts impossible. Such pe of problens con be the method. of StotPstteal mechanfcs. " stodtstical mechanics & a branch of Sefence which he reloction between the macroscopic behaviour af the eae fnterms of tks mferoscoptc establishes bulk propa tts) behovfour (individual properttes) 30 Stakfstical mechanics , a3 Els name faplss ts Ino Concerned with the actual motion of fndividual portfeles of tne System Batis aes ie most probable. behaviou16 or Statistical properties of the osurbly of wails Popo tits 9 dokistial muchonts | the -fundemntol postulates 4 Statistical mecha Lites are as follows. Fy All gases are Connpossal of mokculks which are fh a state of 0 Constant. random motton. 1» Total number of molecules f 0 qe fs Gostant. Ly Total nu of the system & Coqstant. > All the elementor Cells are of the Same stxe. Ly The equiltbatarn state of the aysten Corresponds to the state of matlmum probably ‘ey. Explain the -term phase Spaces phase point and. ensemble (2012) Phase Space andl phase pad the stote of System of porticles ot any Instant is Compete Spectf tel by the Krnoukalge of posttibn and momtntum of all Be particls - Before deftnin phase Space, het us define Co-orclfnate Space and. momentum] Spee:4) £o-ad ale Space. 2 postion Space, — | YY we Consider ar particle, moven wilh a Certain ey thin ts posthiog Co-or oP -dthates will be (% Y, x): the Slate of 2 motion of particle % desestbed Patams /———+—,5x of velecy Components (Vy, V, Vz) 0 the three dimensional Space he 4 which the _locatio of a particle ’s Coeicd Spectf tel by thie position co-eicliqates i & Kqown as posttion 0 Space . © Momuntum Space: Some Himes it f more Conventent to use momen -tum Co-orltqakes Px, te fastead of velootly Co-or -dinates- ‘ he three dtm enatonal Space fa which the momentum Complete Spectfted ty the three momentu of particles & pk & Known as mommtum -™ Co-ordinates (Pr, WB) Space: Phase Space on MH -Spaee Ee ee eee | (a)e 5 . 163 tt we can desertbe the stake of the particles valh ais tfon and momentum Co-ordinates fh one cornbiyed 3tx Co-ovcliqales are ntededl. "The otk dimensiogal spate (combine posttfon x ond eominturn Pa MH, p) ts Keoun 03 phase Space Space mye or HE Space "the Combiqation of postion Space ancl momertuny | spore fs Known as phase Space « y Explanation « Any instantaneous stole | | | (posttion) of postic le ry be represen ded by six dfmnsbgal spoce A----.—- | (one combiyed Space). In this ¢ atk Co-ordiqates La ye ard Py, A Pa are marked a a mudually perpendicular oxes this & molly “nap 7 e ws ° pee | | phase pofat* “the fastontaneous Stote of particles fn the phose spac fs represented “ a pont Known as phos pofat or Representative pe Pr: Phase Sell: be= . The phase space con be ARERT into a Tonge ee of elemuntizal Cells each of Volume dad dz; Such an ehrnenttal cll % Known as phase cell ENSEMALE #844 TL we hove a Collection of porticles, thin tach Sfrale partic % called as Syste the collection of par «More Over the Hels asa whole * called 05 assemnbl Collechton of a longe number a3semblies & Known 5 . "A large number of 8tmilar , non- interactin sladepe dent Systems but they are mace macroscopically as identical as posttion fs Known aS ensemble. [ Macrosco peal Rent cal means +hot each assumbl 5 choracterlsed Sarne values. Phoroclantebies 9. sembly! Gha areup of large, nurnber of seem: All the munbers of an ensernbles are Fdintical fh feotares Uke volume, ene number Of pasticls N. of an ensembles ¢s Subjeclect to the Every member Some eaperterental Cogdttion. > Ensembles are classtfted accordi to mode offateraction. Every member of dhe ensemble ~~ have lorge number of miciostates- Ty ensemble : upes of DEEN, ; Following are some Known ensembles- There ave mas three “types of en gernble- © Micro - Cononical ensemble. © Canontcal ensemble. ) Gyonel — Canonfeal ensemble- © Mitzo- Carpoteal enesenble + “te Bs the Collection of o lage number all fadependent stem having the same on volume (v) ond total number of particles. | the syste of a. micro— Canonical engernbles are Sepera.} ded, Hate Tnparouoble and well insulated walls. the values of Ev oncl N are not obfected, y the mutual presene of the other System. borders ave impamecble and fy sulabed. of eatGropital engerable A fs the Collection ofa lage number of essentiall, Fadependant m pea the Sarne Temperature T Volume V Nurnber of particles N. te eapolty of temperature o all the system aan be achie ved. thaing alll the Systern fn thermal Contact. Yn this ensembles the systems are Seporated by wigtd impermeable but Conduching walls. The ower walls of ensembles are perjecty * sulated and, fmpermeoble- “he Conorfal ensemble con exchange heat but not the particles:eel 16% AMG ELE LLL 4 od (OME G Ary Nn T Ae 8G | | SES TiN TV N TVN G VILTLILLT TTT TT TT Grand Gnenkal epssnbl:: Ht & the Collection of lage number of essentfall ‘adepen ent Systern havi the same Tiraperatre T, Value -V and. ehemfeal pokettal # The Systerns are Separoted 4 a permeable and Cond| 2 ucting walls: the © outer borders ore Inpermuable and fnsulated. the exchange heat energy os well as molecules with each lothw- [a Such away ahot all the systems achfeve, the sary omnmon ernperatore Tond chemial polenttal H. the n0 of particles of spe ore not Constant. Exar : i radioactive duos thos ditffeutt to Keep the 90 of particles Co aa 8 ng Eas een pawrvay jou quanti x 1) Conpantson a Mar a proquan U4 WwNAASNS PepL}Os] BoRime Uy hoa * 42sap Ub Pon #4 qnaat ee Fpeoysod ¥ unyshe| fo vad WU +] pane! Lap | aoe * Parraaeory ses) $2]79j0 fo oodh sajous fh aquuni, PRaug eobwoyo + funyshs (@quaw) fo aanonduny au0G + JErUaUOD — OPIN ungshs (equaw) fo -alunon164 Conwpt of, probable, Tred fon : Sin order +o constder the Concept of probably Id us onstder the tossing of coins The chance that the head or tl falls upwoore is Yo & 507: - yf the coln % tossed tora. large umber of times ythe chances of gttitg the head. or tofl upwards are eqpal is So, for half number of Heyes he hod. would be up and for another half _ thetatl will be HP che above Concept con be expressed fo terms of probabil . Number of (ses th which the event occur Hh, probabil an event = " ad " Total number of Cases "Fence babilt an event & defthed a3 the ratio po number of coses fy which He event Occurs to otal numb er 0} Cadsed- Constder jo occurs fn 8 wa The probobilty of that an event can Occur to 6) tags and fat 3. Then happerig the event = ra +B a 7 probabil of otlty the event ay fi fs assumed thot (9+8) ways hove the Same chan ere,ay the gum of 4un probable 4 » 2 ies | : 4 4 Be however | AR AGB Lone because dhe event may eflher ceenr ot fail . the probabilthy of Compastte event & equal tothe product of 4h reba berks al an thdvdual. ever t 4 Classical aq? Quack Stekiettes : Tohreductinn he my of Statistical mechanics con be divided thto 400 mat clases. Oclassteal Sattates [Matewll- Bollzman statist] @Guorlum Hotistics [ Base~ Erystefn Statistics and Fermi— Dirac Statistics he classtal statistics uttlises te clossical results of Moxewells Batman veloctly dishibutfon of partfeles of an ossembl fo equtlibtlurn « Ye tnberpre tec Successfull mon phenomenon « But et fatled +0 account (adequatel ) Obsav phenomenon Such a black bod for Several othe observed. radtadfon , photo elechte affect ect. The fatlure of classtal mee —hanfes tater preted Successfully 4 the new gpantun Wea. of discrete exchange of nny ( Quantum states) [ the qpontum Stadtstics was frst formulated. { See ©al | [oy Bose andl the Efanstelh~ $0 on quarkun kee known as “Bow- Efngtetn stodtstes" (in 92h). Th 196 Fermi ancl Diiac medifted the &© Statistics &9 Connection wth elctonic stucture af otoms> this Kfod. of Hlatistics f% Known as Fermt - Dirac stotishts. het us Study the difference belwen classfeal and _gpactumn statisttes ond abo Kinds of distibution lows. Unde of, dito lave: here are three Kinds of destrtbution laws+ © Maxurells — Boltaran dtslatbutton law (m. 8:5) | @ Bose— Etysietn ( stotistte) cltsfetbution law (BES) | @Fermi— Dhoc (Shatist{e) dishtbiton law (F-D+S) in(e) = Total number of porttcles hustrg cong E. he « gradlatnal weight number of totes havir energy ee #(e) - probebbtiteg -fun ction" (or) articles & Enaqy & mbtr of a les Pa Stode of 4 f Average nuiT Maxauells Sglkemann “Dishibution law .- setae 1) Maxewells — Constderee that how a red amount of ene ts distributed among vartous members 4 assernbly « The uxpresston Concent this tdea & Known as Moaxewells~ Boltzmann Dishtbutiog faw- 2) | ssumptons to Maxewelld ~ Bollzmann Dishibution !aw are farticls are simflar and distingutshable- Yolal number of particles fh the entire, Systern fs always Constant. Total seg rematns Constant. 15) Consider a Systern of N— Statistical vatfoht above eas ntion ~ © represents M.B.D law 1 the particles havieg enugy behween Er and & + dé nt) de = Ace kT, q (&) de —@ te raph drawn betwen Eandy fs found to bo Curve which is shown fo frypre:seas of M.B Disbtbubtbn Jou (0A) Average Ener AE leal ge) of ideal gos molecules (2x") a " . 2a Id us Consider an ‘sembly of N- particles of ideal qs TH ts assurned 40 be the gas has onl , n hanslormati . re 1s 90 honsfer of nal 4 “pe meg Keo Auording to 8:5 law, The funcion 2 Gn be wllen as & Zz. - KT J eo. q8-46— 0 hue Ke Batzmann Constant Te Absolute fempaature € = Ener gla) apovdlotional Welght of Shores that hove engi between E lon g(elae = Number ond E+dé evolve of gritafnal wii q (Fae és qn 4 WV (ani)! eb. de _@ a? de -| ; ithue r= vébme cp by te ops he ploncks consant the molecule. me mass y dubstitule @ gquation fo eqperlon © we qrx= fC er 0 zesav(on)h fe WK hs But the value of fetta re Q a gv. any (ani)® , REP wk BRECAaos ye vem a fe) re z.TGanm", (x1) re) Faking 10g on both sides thn laa = ly [¥ pont) + bg bo Meee | 7 log = C+ lo (xr). cording +0 Kigehic theory of MBS ke on ay “egy ts ” Peng oy (0) 00 (2 ee) Poe b? , % ~elKT ve dé ConstantE = Ae 4 [¢ 9 (ery) Pye oET [a fe chs constant | But de co at okra [' (1)*) at a[t ay ia (x7)] E s = d Ov oe gH ye kT d_ (to oi (leak) =0 zo tig’) a 2 let N be rurber of molecules Total env is gun Total Enagy Ue Average Fou vey iN 2. L x Total oumber of molecules.pAveage an of af N * the equation which teprosents the Various eno Stotes for a is Krown as B-E dishtbution most proboble = isteibution of portichs aren Bie Statistic are known as Bosans te particles cheng Example protons. Assumptions are farticles ave tndishiguishable Each cell contains ©, a. iderttical particles levels are discrete. Each level Can be Occuptecl 4 number of articles . “he porlichs hove tegal malifh Spi Oph... the Suen of wregis of afl the posticks in the olfferent qr? are taken a> total nu of Spplrn Er ul “the prbatsy Junction 4 (€) is gin 4 4 (€) = ae this & Known 05 BE difetbution : = unction.The gpa 2 Ba const which cpr ob pel J the System ord Tenpnatare (7). t sche number of Bosons hovicg enn fs ae “ n(e) = fle)-g(e) where ql) ds gravilational weidht = number of qportum state De 419 fii Ue clos opin gt 1 — 7 chr : a this ts Known as BE dishtbution law. y the ney jas betwen Eand E+de n(e) de = _! i aa «ae e.e Ly en pro \_————— | aa Cor) Hloneks Radmlon Rymule on Ihe boas of BES a le bose ah gpackin thivy df Yadialin | Honcle propsel \vad- ae js emmilked tw Ve dors 4 phelas. tends Ghd has” energy by chee hss plencles consbowk aud vv is Whe frequency radia ko Accor bing bo wpilaucla theory , Ve evergs \ P ony he @ fenteed corbnususly tu energy iS omibed Fans soe WS, ahy, shi---- | - aot planes, energy dicbribu bse df phele ges eh Ae | 2 (Se ER Ray cproeles yada Lam. Derivalion on the basis of fase. trinsbein shabsbes - Fee ee eter. bck. baby Cm) Be leleclio mague le eve mside cavily 1S, Gansideve Os lee gas. Te radio lim Conbains a Large ‘number 4 indishinguishll phobias of. various Propposcies Te pholae are brown 28 Bosans anc obey ose binslsta chatislics . Te babel number porticles having ever es qwerty ne) = 3 Ce)- fe) chee a(ed = grow be ool coe gg l> Shy fan | eoeeeeses 0 eee OY Ths ic Fenocon a8 |ale anna aeaieianiaieiaaaieielalaiaieieeaeaacnen accor “Ra - Weigh Tene to . “ Me tw er aaber having, energy hers ge by, (aavilvol nal a) gt = cn as —@: | % prbolaitl; Sjucko or The average acme of phebor tm each oreryy abela @) Is gen leg | bce) = 5 ele * | cohere les Bo roan “Gansbonk: Br Case of pholie we gftzo Ex hh Cg fee) Bs hr, — Sub equ le @aG in ca n(e) = Sms" - csé a . ! ther) is Tobe euergs a, parbeles having SOG given sacra eat 3 pot = rohad rusaber of; poobicles xB ee a . a Porn @ i a rhe hw) | &s aes a Se C Bde = ae TE s plencka yada hie | eS que, Qaeo - By. using Tic, tue cau eapDauis Ihr _eworaiy. peta wad 4 Jeary i18] FERMI — DIRAC- STATISTICS = (FDS) i Ferm dud pire modified Ie BE gholsbes, im connecbm clk eleclronic Shruclure + alans “Ths kind f [seek is Itnown as *ermi-diyac. sha babies" Asumplions are > Ke parbicles are idenlicad bul inchelig sha ble > Te parbicdec have hal odd - inleg ral sp’ CARAS Te bob evergy lt lhe parkicles in differed ee pops i Angelina hh energy typ wbicles Qi clusive prine’ > Te parbicles obey poulies ex p ‘k) | € me bees che fm On alim have Same ener 'Wreory 1 Consider a Syslem Conbeurning 0 Pe?" i energy Qowefs ore deserebe. Te parbicles oberg ra re Wenown as FermionS: For exawuplle, pare es lefechmas, prolis neulns eck , | We probabil fonelsia rs given Py ) “Fe : welt oe - e + 4 ee We quenbly co 1 entbek Te vee 49 UE en lerapora ur se ad zhis o Ponclsn of Ip fermi 6 ch aaa’ ae having enor) gpiven by n(e- $C) gl: —o 9 (eD te skabsbical weg A . erseeoseeeeonseesneeae eee @eeeeveseeepeeeeoeoeeeeeeeoeeeeeeeeeensenne q 7 @eeeenv —, — _ G_ SG er r From GLY = 5 | nl = g(a, i ee | BH, tke porbiclec houiw enn beleoenr £ aul Erde shed tuunber purbveler is gies BY | ai Be ll niledé = ae dg. Ths © ke C1 e+ Permi—Diae dithyi baliir Lao placa ff. d § leo: i R. [Fermi nergy abel Qos 1) eQeclrm gat, pea one. goot conducts Que be ie i ae nove. SQ conbuclG: Prorewe cy fra eledraue they ; Tre Qree aledae mare freely inside ke one jelledimis moving realy mode Inca ove teh * i. Ne eledran ove half indegret gpin omg ar |rnomen(aia tr one of They OE cate fem povbicles C Permian) ound doey ED. sbaliebes © Perm Buoray ch ebecbin go t+ oo aA 1g eve te an Terme eqpitilrivnn ak close ls? » energy Deval rer zero vo & Corban value Eg o~ occupied toy Ve pesbicles: abe: energy evel abu E, eee Re energy Ep ig Know OS Ferm Energy According, bo Fern’ Dives robes bln Loe oO “‘ us ies Te number poobie es having Uneir ener) Yang | bebe gad Bade ts ganw hy - n(eyde = ce) gle) dé ae | coher. fe) 2 Fermi ~Dime isbvi bu lon \ | and fl)» hy © @.c€ +l | Pox a syphin 4 free ellechins emelesed in gravibaliciat cory gCeyde | » g(e)de = an wes —® | an lke oleae @ ola b j We Yadlsr a ys tw ro dueh ToWoustng pauls | Prmerple euch Wal beso aledlwais cath up of decon Pepin - contse acesinmodahed in Rneray dale FA er Une (44) whew & branadalsnad energy coder P oud Fa Qik , Ps momentum » Sub egpalasn @imn equalex © n(e) de = enfidpe be The ced Yeuwber of elleclreane tm tke euler is gies by 20 e+ Me (nbejde B20 Ma fet be. a volume V; coe ha ee ECL eeGi crit «7, AL abeabuly 20 Dro fr EE | ~ FW r0.. Lor E> Fe !SD CCeCR CORO LHL OC 2 O02 O2082090N90 | ——_—______~4 meeeeeretl chen Aloae | chat ove the differences sar dp ae vaf 6:0 ne hv 8 ey mia Pe Ame Eeo, Peo aud ent a hw ay Fav Gn Ge kro EzE, ai 3 : N Bere aha ark Ie (ony am. — é, ee E. = Te He Perri ~ Bra an yl aloobrebins * ee (aclig —> 18 s ) akabishics > Gs »D @ueenlua of ain n= density of efeebns . Ep lpelrco con edassical & 1gu Pe aha hs } fren | pllechra gs Ty + dalsliot 5 gud FDS2 @e 3 NBS > Compare WBS, BES ul FS. tohok ane Bp Oud FD aghabisbis be approach on WR GONPARISN OF _N BS, BE. song FPS tg = == @lCompae HOS, BES oud FDS. Qoiwecdy a the Givsbole dor, @ e Ss ued) a & oe uk abaquichel There 18 no nestmelia P +* [he probalbitty Su is Qe) ae Sher | [ee + | parbieles Ge Meabiallx parlicles are ideabeil a parkrelas Gre tates Ua oEs abagial wT pedekeguadal. lon number of shiled ruber of Par" yeler |anag bee mmo git | ina given cue ae Apples bo ideal gat jx apples bo pheborges |» Apples bo elediangdl. *onty poids axe fe Quanlurn dbalar ore |e Quali, abale ore Laken, \iabo Gontideraléy Gaken who Gartdelay Saleen tbe Gonsiderals afanleinal ewergy, i ‘Tre @ ade abcddh + Even ol absofale idea gos maleate | aro wm tlhe os Bem] dao encngy 1M bb alsseluly sero a Galea ce Zero. Lo slr Pf le wo resbriclea, on + only one particle | @ 1% probabil fad} Te poe * Hab coun nls pels mony oloser vole Phenomena, slick as leap, preesuie, Energy a] portals ore oMted og oMassicah pom iy 4 pisbribaloa Savo's n(@)- 9g) ae w Sloe Fath | Pee ayy | Bh could emplaus I fhenemone 4 alr Cows enpQorn * back looSy elias] seek Went Varta, * parbrelas cove cull] x par breles ane called as Rosas: as Fermions- Fepadriba les Jae] Macroscopic cud (date se called “ag Lows - Dt vont developed miidy Sin sctheenreray, Mivosceple ctudly Pisttadual [e fom [a1 to wie] Macros copie study rustalpamic — FrvevSole yen at Ther moda nawei¢ (eysten atu) Coyetem re qe) Salted eccopic study Syston con be weshadl Kinetic [in both cased Ctotictical Theory [or can't he abequ (8) reser Ceegetem ak equ) proce coe won't be at *) clasercal Quantunr Stak-Mech Star-Mech Thermal ctudy Ctudy ef temp of Ste effects # May ponticte sy chen Stystem whidr 93 Cts tage wilh qactitee. Bap yCSeltde, sKqptde, gacee, placma, redatiol chewical, ply ciel, WRC! ycbon ) wy Flaima ~ cattection of fone > Rodiation'- celtection of phetons Hh Macreccopic Chudy e~ -A cythem that ie vicible q sdinary away y macroscopic Ky eten ordinary say > TE can be ceen vig a micrecape ov by naked yee A rikorcccople ctud Cady at atomic dime ncion = 10h? Ceteut tel whe aw favelved % This CAPT Ramford , Davy, Mayer, bod Kelvin | cat clauctouc, eamnoty “WES, “Joule, Themen. axatomie Level or molecular Jove] FEY F theemodqnamies — y oldect> oliigc’pline 147 [ Rewrfesd Davy] > Macrewopic Gteooly =} Based “on eapermimeta) dota come dene: Gaement were! mode conyerning the Jaye | \