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Determine x) using DIT FFT algorithm, olution. From definition, Given that N=8 Hence, = cos n/4 ~ j sin n/4 = 0,707 -/ 0.707 = cos w/2~j sin n/2 2) ~{28)3 W} =e 43) =cos 3/4 —j sin 3n/4 =~ 0.707 -/ 0.707 Now, from the signal flow graph, we have X()=12 x3 X(0)==5.328 -j2414 X@)=0 X@)=0172-j 041s X(5) =-0.172 +j0414 X6)=3) neh yeh 2 ps 1/240ee 336 EE @ Example 5.4: Provided x[n] = {1, 2, 4,5, 5.4, Solution. It can be seen that N= 8, then 2, I), Determine X(k) using DIT FFT algorithm. We =-0.107-j0.707. iy X(O)=24 Z Xi) = 4232-414 x@=0 Hence, WA =0.107-j0.707, We = Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage3 6 2 X(@)= 0.232 + j 0.586 0.707 Fig. 5.7. Example 5.4. Therefore, AW = (24,4.232-/ 1.414, 0, 0.232 + j0.586, 0, 0.232 0.586, 0,-8.242+/3414)- @ Exampiess: Given, x{n] = 2" and N = 8. Determine X(k) using DIT FFT algorithm: Solution. Given, x{n]=2" and N=8 ; then, *@)=1, x()=2, 3@)=4, a@)=8, x(4)= 16, x(5)=32, x(6)= = picaicies x)= 64, x(7)=128Hence, cmemeessermnrangy ———— an waa 387 we 1 ' sob Mi =0.707-70.707, 92 = - 707 70.707. Stage 1 Staged X(4)=-85 =30 aa WR, XG) =-78.63 =}46.05 X)=8 NY X(6)=—51 -j 102 Me Weed “1-20 F120 wo 707 XO) = 48.63 + 16605 0.707 Fig. 5.8. Example 5.5. So, A(R) = {255, 48.63 +j 166.05,—51+j 102, - 78.63 + 46.05, = 85, + 78.63 ~j 46.05, -51 —j 102, 48.63 -j 166.05}. © Example 5.6: Nis provided x[n] = (2, 3, 1, 2}. Determine X(k) using DIT FFT algorithm. Solution. Given, an] = {2,31,2}, Hence, N=4. X(0)=8 xay=tsi X@)=-2 X@)=14) a Weed Fig. 5.9. Example 5.6.ivol+ sags-= (X0%M rio! zero-= OX sirol+ zr 0-= (OX EM wip [= see's" (x 0=@) xo o=(x O=()xo'M oz = (0)x eases of s 5 Ga 128%g é °8 = N ‘oouonbes d “aon mlysi408} pepraoid ay wory “woHmleS 1? LAH AIG Bussn (y)y aunusarog {12's pp '¢ 2} — jae oT + gig ardor B s0uanbes F Mewodys ow} sown Jo r>qunu ayy 4) ae a St poyeadas st'7 yim paywig0sse TMSTYM “(hY) soyo"5 ywodax quauodxo oy “OL *solgsoyng jo su396 ——_—$—_—__________————= [JBiGiTATSIGiAR FRocesaniay From definition, Hence, we find, We =1, .707-j 0.707, We We =-0.707 —j 0.707. Hence, X(K) is obtained as X{&) = (20, ~5.828-j2.414,0,-0.172-j0.414, 0,-0.172-+j 0.414, 0, 5.828 + 2.414). ww Examples.9: Determine the DFT’s of the sequence x(n] -08 na/2, where N'= 4, using DIF, FFT algorithm, Solution. Given, ata] = cos Hence, x{n] = {1,0,-1,0}, N= aks Bean From definition, Wi Ai) Wh =1, Wh ser? 0 X00)=0 x@=1 x()=0 Tx@=0 xq)=2 x 2 Wye i xG=0 0 Wisi tT Xe)=2 Fig. 5.17, Example 5.9. From Fig. 5.17, X(&) is caculated as {0,2, 0,2}. @ Example 5.10 Determine the DFT of the given sequence x[n] = {1, 2, -I, 2, 4, mathematical stage wise explanation. . -1, 2} using DIF FFT algorithm with Solution. Till now we have performed DIF FFT without expanding every stage. If N = 8, then Ws = 1, Wy =0.707-j0.707, We Output of stage-1———_0)= (0) +x(4)= 14 4=5 Al)= x1) +x(5)=2+2=4 A2)= x2) + (6)=- 1-1 §3)= #3) +x(7)=24+2=4 Wg =~ 0.707 -j0.707.yy = % FO~ LO) — 20) 8 may 25 45)= ()—x(5)1 7 =) me =0 49~ WQ)=16)] 92 = 141) 2 < 4D='G)-21 W = 2-2) Wp «0, Similarly, output of 2 stage is calculated as, 800) = [A0) +f2)]=5-2=3 8(1)= (Al) +£3))=4 44-8 8(2)= [A0)-f2)] We =542=7 A . 8G) = [A1)—f3)] Wz = (4-4) G)=0 2 = geen r. 84) = f4)+£0)=—3 8) =f5)+£7)=0 8()= (RA) -£6)] We =—3 8(7)= [A3)—A)] WP =0.7 Hence, output X(8) is X()= 8@)+ 265) XQ)= g@)+8G)=740=7 XQ)= [a(6) + 8] WE =-3 24) = [(0) —g(1)] Wp =3-8=—5 (5) = [s(4)~ g65)] We = 3 X(6)= [g(2)-g3)] Hf =7 X()= [g(6)- aD] We =—3. 1,-3, 7, -3,-5,-3, 7,3} {l A a @ Example 5.11: Compute the FFT for the sequence x{n} = {1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}: Solution. From definition, Hence, Given, Hence, X(k) is obtained as, we (NTU Apr. 0,3) =-0.707-J0.707. 0,707 -j 0.707, 3[n] = {1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0}. XM = (1,111,111, 1}.Fig. 5.20. Example 5.12. T Example 5.13 : tf 50 7 Compite'the 8-point DFT of the sequence x{n] = | Sa using DIT and DIF algorithm. O ; otherwise Soition. DIT Algorithm We =1, We =0.707-70.707, Wy =-j, We =—0.707=f0.707. i 9 a Fig. 5.21. Example 5.13. Einaialn.n.0.0.0),400 DIF Algorithm 2 7 8 xO=1 \ ie = w,? 2 0 x@=1 t Wy, 7 0 X@=1 Wei 0 x@=t a w;) 0 x@=1 ie a a x@=1 of 0 x@=1 S we e 0 x@=1 = Fig. 5.22. Example 5.13 Ch) = {8, 0,0, 0,0, 0,0, 0; @ Example 5.14: Compute 8-point DFT for a continuous time odd signal x(t) = sin (2nft) where f = 50 Hz Solution. Given, x(0) = sin 2nft) and f=S0 Hz 1 T= — = =0.02sec. then om see. ‘Now, we have to find x(¢) at different values of t. Hence at t=0, x()=0 1= 0.0025 sec, x(i)=0.707 1= 0.005 sec, x(#)=1 1= 0.0075 sec, _x(f)=0.707 1=0.01 sec, x(=0 1= 0.0125 sec, x()= 1=0.015 see, xi 1= 0.0175 sec, x(t) = Hence, we have found, x{n] = {0,0.707, 1,0.707, Also, twiddle factors W,' are calculated as 0.707 0.707. = 0.707, ~1,~0.707}. 1.707 -j 0.707, W2 = We =—0.707-j 0.707.Fig. 5.23. Example 5.14. I 5.5 DETERMINING AN INVERSE DFT BY DIRECT DFT ‘Mathematically, IDFT is determined by ot ainy= 2 xGHW yh, 2= 9412 W 1) 627) 7 N fo Taking complex conjugate of eq.(5.27), we have wet vel 5 ow wA5.28) % is Kats _ Comparing with the expression of DFT, we have 1 29) ' a] = (4) DET [X*(4)] we “ meee the complex conjugate of other sides, we have N=1 y a= 4) Dxt@w™ oe N\ geo (5.30) xin)=(4) ert poy’401 X (0) =0 7X (4) =0 X (2)=0 WX @=0 X M)a4 We X@)=0 x(@)=-1 X (3)=0 We 4 x@}=-0007 er 3X M=i6 Fig. 5.23. Example 5.14. I 55 DETERMINING AN INVERSE DFT BY DIRECT DFT Mathematically, IDFT is determined by wel aio] = DY XM y™ 2 = 0, 1,2, WD (5.27) N k=0 Taking complex conjugate of eq.(5.27), we have Nel Next~j= Dx" (5.28) imo Comparing with the expression of DFT, we have 1 (5.29), 2 (2) DFT [x0] Taking the complex conjugate of other sides, we have (5.30), uy nk n= 3] Ewe | : (530) So aE i) (FFT EX"D"402 x@=0 xq) x x@ x@ x@) x0) x@ Fig. 5.24. Signal flow graph determining an inverse DFT by direct FFT. w@ Example 5.15: Determine the 4-point IDFT of the sequence X(k) = {6, ~ 2+ 2j, ~ 2, ~ 2 — j2}. Solution. From definition Wize Hence, We xO=6 4 < o 48 ()=0 x (I) =-25 a = = * Wa"? x(j=2 - aE a 1 yet Fig. 5.25. Example 5.15. Hence, a{n)= {0,2, 1,3}.gene nenronn ALGORITHM a ee 403 s Example 5.16: Compute IDFT x(n] of given sequence XW) = 136, 4 solution, From definition, $1965, 4 4-4 15 16, = 4,47, W=4=$1.656,=4 4H -4-}9.656) Given, Therefore, wo tee %' =0.707+j0.707, From the process explained in IDFT, we have fol a alge a #5 0.1074 0.70 8 Signal flow gra 0-707 x(-3 ES ‘graph x O=1 (F996 5x (8) =5 Qa IS x (2)=3 x(3)= 41.656 7 ax )=7 xg (1-2 Waxn6 x0)=-45 1656 xQ)=4 x0=-5 10S pee ee a Wat eee ls Fig. 5.26. Example 5.16. 4 Ther 7 se afr] = (1,2,3,4,5,6.7.8) Is. DECOMPOSITION FOR N A COMPOSITE NUMBER eae sections, we considered two FFT algorithms, decimation-in-time and decimation-in- and are oa, 1¢ case where NV is a power of 2, that is, ‘N= 2M". These algorithms are highly efficient lage represented by butterflies that correspond essentially to 2-Port DI < £565. Ho) whenever possible to deal with sequences of length 2” and this can be See Wwever, there are cases where this is not possible and it is necessary to develop algorith Where Vis a composite number and can be written as product of factor suc 88 N=Py P21 Pm FT's. Therefore, itis done in many ums for onf5.32)ay esos cr Here, V=Ry oy ; N-1 KZ)= V2 DY gin yk-nP2 ee where, gl] = xf] (7, egy» « pore (2, toe ME )= V2 YD) etn) Kn) = pin oe HA) = hag} Hx) Here, the DFT points fall on the circular ¢ ; sense ofthe filter is given by ; = Contour and is a linear filtering approach, The unit samp le Afr] = [Ry oop? = Ree ier 2 Ithas magnitude of Rj” and the phase angle Jv. = ona n= 7. gp Example 5.23 : Prove that Wy = Wry 2n ? Solution. We know that, Wy=e 7 In this equation, replace N by N/2 a a Wyn = € 88 = @ Proved. B Example 5.24 : Ifx[n] is periodic with a period of N and 2N such that : x(n] <> XK) and x[n] <> XK). Find the relation between Xj (K) and XK). (UPTU 2003, 04, 05, 06) mie aA Solution, DFS x(k) = Hv uae ot Now, x)= D Mel wk aD Z wel wet iy ok yak? Nel weak 92S xin a EN and ayy = Dal wk = eet iw a mo S. at a XO" Tet en