Professional Documents
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History
A 35-year-old woman has a year-long history of intermittent diarrhoea which has never
been bad enough for her to seek medical help in the past. However, she has become much
worse over 1 week with episodes of bloody diarrhoea 10 times a day. She has had some
crampy lower abdominal pain which lasts for 1–2 h and is partially relieved by defaeca-
tion. Over the last 2–3 days she has become weak with the persistent diarrhoea and her
abdomen has become more painful and bloated over the last 24 h.
She has no relevant previous medical history. Up to 1 year ago, her bowels were regular.
There is no disturbance of micturition or menstruation. In her family history, she thinks one
of her maternal aunts may have had bowel problems. She has two children aged 3 and 8
years. They are both well. She travelled to Spain on holiday 6 months ago but has not trav-
elled elsewhere.
She smokes 10 cigarettes a day and drinks rarely. She took 2 days of amoxicillin after the
Examination
Her blood pressure is 108/66 mmHg. Her pulse rate is 110/min, respiratory rate 18/min. Her
abdomen is rather distended and tender generally, particularly in the left iliac fossa. Faint
bowel sounds are audible. The abdominal X-ray shows a dilated colon with no faeces.
INVESTIGATIONS
ANSWER 63
Bloody diarrhoea 10 times a day suggests a serious active colitis. In the absence of any
recent foreign travel it is most likely that this is an acute episode of ulcerative colitis on top
of chronic involvement. The dilated colon suggests a diagnosis of toxic megacolon which
can rupture with potentially fatal consequences. Investigations such as sigmoidoscopy and
colonoscopy may be dangerous in this acute situation, and should be deferred until there has
been reasonable improvement. The blood results show a microcytic anaemia suggesting
chronic blood loss, low potassium from diarrhoea (explaining in part her weakness) and
raised urea, but a normal creatinine, from loss of water and electrolytes.
If the history was just the acute symptoms, then infective causes of diarrhoea would be
higher in the differential diagnosis. Nevertheless, stool should be examined for ova, para-
sites and culture. Inflammatory bowel disorders have a familial incidence but the patient’s
aunt has an unknown condition and the relationship is not close enough to be helpful in
diagnosis. Smoking is associated with Crohn’s disease but ulcerative colitis is more com-
mon in non-smokers.
She should be treated immediately with corticosteroids and intravenous fluid replacement,
including potassium. If the colon is increasing in size or is initially larger than 5.5 cm then
a laparotomy should be considered to remove the colon to prevent perforation. If not, the
steroids should be continued until the symptoms resolve, and diagnostic procedures such
as colonoscopy and biopsy can be carried out safely. Sulphasalazine or mesalazine are
used in the chronic maintenance treatment of ulcerative colitis after resolution of the
acute attack.
In this case, the colon steadily enlarged despite fluid replacement and other appropriate
treatment. She required surgery with a total colectomy and ileo-rectal anastomosis. The
histology confirmed ulcerative colitis. The ileorectal anastomosis will be reviewed regu-
before rupture.
• Both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis can cause a similar picture of active colitis.
Una mujer de 35 años tiene un historial de diarrea intermitente de un año que nunca ha sido tan
grave como para buscar ayuda médica en el pasado. Sin embargo, ha empeorado mucho más de
una semana con episodios de diarrea con sangre 10 veces al día. Ha tenido algunos calambres en
la parte inferior del abdomen que duran entre 1 y 2 horas y se alivia parcialmente con la
defecación. Durante los últimos 2-3 días se ha debilitado con la diarrea persistente y su abdomen
se ha vuelto más doloroso e hinchado durante las últimas 24 h. No tiene antecedentes médicos
previos relevantes. Hasta hace 1 año, sus intestinos eran regulares. No hay alteraciones de la
micción ni de la menstruación. En su historial familiar, cree que una de sus tías maternas pudo
haber tenido problemas intestinales. Tiene dos hijos de 3 y 8 años. Ambos están bien. Viajó a
España de vacaciones hace 6 meses, pero no ha viajado a ningún otro lugar. Ella fuma 10 cigarrillos
al día y bebe raramente. Ella tomó 2 días de amoxicilina después de que comenzó la diarrea sin
mejoría o empeoramiento de sus intestinos.
Exámen
Su presión arterial es de 108/66 mmHg. Su pulso es de 110 latidos / min, frecuencia respiratoria de
18 latidos / min. Su abdomen está bastante distendido y doloroso en general, particularmente en
la fosa ilíaca izquierda. Son audibles ruidos intestinales débiles. La radiografía de abdomen
muestra un colon dilatado sin heces.
Investigaciones:
Preguntas:
Respuesta 63
La diarrea con sangre 10 veces al día sugiere una colitis activa grave. En ausencia de viajes
recientes al extranjero, lo más probable es que se trate de un episodio agudo de colitis ulcerosa
además de una afectación crónica. El colon dilatado sugiere un diagnóstico de megacolon tóxico
que puede romperse con consecuencias potencialmente fatales. Las investigaciones como la
sigmoidoscopia y la colonoscopia pueden ser peligrosas en esta situación aguda y deben
posponerse hasta que haya una mejoría razonable. Los resultados de la sangre muestran una
anemia microcítica que sugiere una pérdida crónica de sangre, niveles bajos de potasio debido a la
diarrea (lo que explica en parte su debilidad) y urea elevada, pero una creatinina normal, debido a
la pérdida de agua y electrolitos. Si los antecedentes fueran solo los síntomas agudos, las causas
infecciosas de la diarrea serían más altas en el diagnóstico diferencial. No obstante, se deben
examinar las heces para detectar huevos, parásitos y cultivo. Los trastornos inflamatorios
intestinales tienen una incidencia familiar, pero la tía del paciente tiene una afección desconocida
y la relación no es lo suficientemente estrecha como para ser útil en el diagnóstico. El tabaquismo
está asociado con la enfermedad de Crohn, pero la colitis ulcerosa es más común en los no
fumadores. Debe ser tratada inmediatamente con corticosteroides y reposición de líquidos por vía
intravenosa, incluido potasio. Si el colon está aumentando de tamaño o si inicialmente mide más
de 5,5 cm, se debe considerar una laparotomía para extirpar el colon y prevenir la perforación. De
lo contrario, los esteroides deben continuarse hasta que los síntomas se resuelvan y los
procedimientos de diagnóstico como la colonoscopia y la biopsia se puedan realizar de manera
segura. La sulfasalazina o mesalazina se utilizan en el tratamiento de mantenimiento crónico de la
colitis ulcerosa después de la resolución del ataque agudo. En este caso, el colon se agranda
constantemente a pesar de la reposición de líquidos y otros tratamientos adecuados. Requirió
cirugía con colectomía total y anastomosis íleo-rectal. La histología confirmó colitis ulcerosa. La
anastomosis ileorrectal se revisará periódicamente; existe un mayor riesgo de carcinoma de recto.
Puntos clave:
urinary output and ankle swelling. Four months earlier she had developed headaches which
were generalized, throbbing and not relieved by simple analgesics. She does not smoke or
drink alcohol; she is married with three children aged 8, 6 and 2 years. Her husband works
for a travel firm which requires him to be absent frequently from home.
Two months before admission she consulted her general practitioner (GP) for the headaches;
tension headaches were diagnosed and codeine phosphate prescribed. This gave no relief,
and 3 weeks later she saw her GP again, and the analgesia was changed to a codeine-
Her symptoms continued unchanged until 3 days before admission when the headaches
became worse, her vision became blurred and during the 24 h before admission she noted
The only other relevant medical history is the development of hypertension during the last
trimester of her third pregnancy which was treated with rest and an antihypertensive.
Delivery was spontaneous at term, and the antihypertensive drug was discontinued post-
partum. The patient had not attended any postnatal clinics and her blood pressure had not
Examination
She is conscious and seems well, but pale and clinically anaemic. There is slight ankle
oedema. The blood pressure is 190/140mmHg, and the jugular venous pressure is not raised.
Otherwise her chest, heart and abdomen are normal. In the CNS, examination of the fundi
shows papilloedema, retinal haemorrhages and exudates in both eyes. Visual acuity is
reduced.
INVESTIGATIONS
Haemoglobin 10.8 g/dL 11.7–15.7 g/dL
Questions
• What is the diagnosis?
ANSWER 64
This woman has accelerated hypertension, defined by the retinal papilloedema (grade IV
retinopathy), and renal failure. At this stage it is not clear whether the renal failure is chronic,
ment in chronic hypertension, and can be a feature of either primary (essential) or sec-
ondary hypertension. In this case it may have been superimposed on hypertension after
the birth of her third baby, but the information is not available.
Management
• lower the blood pressure at a gradual rate over 24 h. Rapid reduction to normal
figures can be extremely dangerous as the sudden change can precipitate arterial
thrombosis and infarction in the brain, heart and kidneys and occasionally other
organs. The details of the treatment will vary; either oral or intravenous
observe closely for the development of pulmonary oedema. Should that develop
then dialysis will be urgently required as she will not respond to diuretics owing to
The important question with regard to the renal failure is whether this is developing in kid-
neys chronically damaged by hypertension or some other undiagnosed renal disease, and
how much of it is reversible. Renal ultrasound, which is swift and non-invasive, will give
an accurate assessment of kidney size. In this case they were reduced at 8 cm, and end-
stage renal failure followed. The impaired visual acuity recovered completely. It is possible
that a window of opportunity to treat her hypertension at an earlier stage was lost when
she presented with the headaches but her blood pressure was not measured; accelerated
Accelerated hypertension was previously called malignant hypertension because before the
development of effective antihypertensive drugs its mortality approached 100 per cent. This
is no longer the case, and, furthermore, it gives patients the unfortunate and false impres-
sion that they have a form of cancer. The term should therefore no longer be used.
KEY POINTS
• Intrapartum hypertension must be followed up as it may indicate underlying renal dis-
• Patients with headache must always have their blood pressure checked.
Historia:
Una mujer de 32 años ingresa en el hospital con una historia de 3 días de visión deficiente,
disminución del gasto urinario e hinchazón del tobillo. Cuatro meses antes había desarrollado
dolores de cabeza generalizados, punzantes y que no se aliviaban con analgésicos simples. No
fuma ni bebe alcohol; está casada y tiene tres hijos de 8, 6 y 2 años. Su esposo trabaja para una
empresa de viajes que requiere que se ausente con frecuencia de casa. Dos meses antes de la
admisión consultó a su médico de cabecera por los dolores de cabeza; se diagnosticaron cefaleas
tensionales y se prescribió fosfato de codeína. Esto no le proporcionó alivio y, 3 semanas después,
volvió a ver a su médico de cabecera, y la analgesia se cambió a un analgésico compuesto que
contenía codeína. Sus síntomas continuaron sin cambios hasta 3 días antes del ingreso cuando los
dolores de cabeza empeoraron, su visión se volvió borrosa y durante las 24 h previas al ingreso
notó oliguria e hinchazón de tobillos. Ella se presentó en el departamento de emergencias. El
único otro historial médico relevante es el desarrollo de hipertensión durante el último trimestre
de su tercer embarazo que fue tratado con reposo y un antihipertensivo. El parto fue espontáneo
a término y el fármaco antihipertensivo se suspendió en el posparto. La paciente no había acudido
a ninguna consulta postnatal y no se le había medido la tensión arterial en las consultas por dolor
de cabeza.
Exámen:
Está consciente y parece estar bien, pero pálida y clínicamente anémica. Hay un ligero edema de
tobillo. La presión arterial es de 190/140 mmHg y la presión venosa yugular no se eleva. De lo
contrario, su pecho, corazón y abdomen son normales. En el SNC, el examen del fondo de ojo
muestra papiledema, hemorragias retinianas y exudados en ambos ojos. Se reduce la agudeza
visual.
Investigación:
Preguntas:
¿Cuál es el diagnóstico?
¿Qué es la gestión inmediata?
Respuestas 64:
This woman has accelerated hypertension, defined by the retinal papilloedema (grade IV
retinopathy), and renal failure. At this stage it is not clear whether the renal failure is chronic,
acute, or a mixture of acute on chronic.
ment in chronic hypertension, and can be a feature of either primary (essential) or sec-
ondary hypertension. In this case it may have been superimposed on hypertension after
the birth of her third baby, but the information is not available.
Gestión:
Puntos clave: