XZIKWF
Qbeppimk @foo fmh
 
Ogisurg Ae`pogx

ABF^XGZ 6

IMXZEHWAXIEM

Qbeppimk `foo is f `ehgrm, abigcoy Mertb F`griafm, tgr` cer f cer` ec sbeppimk
 prgaimat er sbeppimk
sbepp imk agmtgr, im wbiab emg er `erg juiohimks cer` f ae`pogx
ec sbeps
sbeps  rg
rgpr
prgs
gsgm
gmti
timk
mk `gra
`grabf
bfmh
mhis
isgr
grss wi
witb
tb imtg
imtgra
raem
emmg
mgat
atim
imk
k wfolwfys 
wfolwfys tbft gm
gmffjog
jog
auste`grs te wfol cre` umit te umit. Qbeppimk frafhg is f spgaicia typg ec sbeppimk
 prgaimat wbiab is usufooy histimkuisbgh im Gmkoisb cer `foo sbeppimk jy tbg cfat tbft
aemmgatimk wfolwfys frg met ewmgh jy f simkog preprigter fmh frg im epgm fir.

  6.6 Jfalkreumh fmh Mfturg ec tbg ^redgat

Xbg stuhy ec tbis prepesgh "Qbeppimk @foo" is te pre`etg f stfmhfrh ogisurg `foo
te faae``ehftg tbg teurist visitimk tbg pofag. Qprgfh tbg pepuofrity ec Ijf Tf`jfogs.
Wsimk
Wsimk hiccg
hiccgrg
rgmt
mt mgw tr
trgmh
gmh im
immev
mevft
ftie
iem
m fm
fmh
h ar
argft
gftiv
ivgg hgsik
hgsikm
m is tbg lgy
lgy ce
cerr `flim
`flimk
k f
sikmiciafmt
sikmiciafmt ogisurg `foo. Xbis predgat wioo bgop te jeest tbg gaeme`ia
gaeme`ia krewtb ec Tf`jfogs
Tf`jfogs
fmh bgop te previhg
previhg dejs cer tbg pgepog
pgepog ec Tf`jfogs.
Tf`jfogs. F pofag
pofag tbft is rgfhy te joee`
joee` te
tbgir cuoo petgmtifo, it aemtgmhs f`emk tbg `est ae`pgtitivg `umiaipfoitigs
`umiaipfoitigs im ^bioippimgs,
^bioippimgs,
fmh is pusbimk cerwfrh tewfrhs f prekrgssivg aity.

Sisi
sittimk f `foo is fhvfm
vfmtfkg
fkgeus
eus jga
gaffusg tbg sbeps
eps frg beusg
eusgh
h im f
ae`po
ae`pogx.
gx. Kreag
Kreagri
rigs,
gs, aoetbg
aoetbgs,
s, sbegs
sbegs,, rgfhim
rgfhimk
k `ftg
`ftgrif
rifo,
o, ceeh
ceeh aeurts
aeurts,, aimg`
aimg`fs,
fs, fmh
gmtgrtfim`gmt frg fvfiofjog im emg pofag. Yeu afm spgmh f wbeog hfy ft tbg `foo, sbep,
himg, wftab f `evig er pofy
pofy kf`gs. Xbgy frg krgft `ggtimk pofags cer crigmhs te aftab up
evgr aeccgg er f `gfo im tbg ceeh aeurt. Cf`ioigs frrivg cer tbgir wggloy sbeppimk,
aeoogatimk duml fmh lggp tbg lihs gmtgrtfimgh ft tbg `foo.

6
 

  6.: Ejdgativgs
Ejdgativgs ec
ec tbg Qtuhy

Xbis stuhy fi`gh te rgsgfrab fmh fmfoyzgs hftf ec tbg sitg im erhgr te lmew tbg
 prejog` fmh cimh wfys te seovg tbg prejog` jy usimk fpprepriftg seoutiems. Xe umhgrtflg
rgsgfrab fmh erkfmizg aemvgmtiems, sg`imfrs fmh gvgmts fmh stuhy, rgpert fmh rgsgfrab
gaeme`ia, `frlgtimk fmh pre`etiemfo aemhitiems fccgatimk tbg sbeppimk agmtgr imhustry.

Xe argftg f rgseurag jfml jy ae`pioimk hftf fmh imcer`ftiem cre` survgys, pgriehiafos,
rgcgrgmag tgxts fmh ae`putgr hftf jfsgh em `foo-jfsgh sbeppimk fmh rgtfioimk fativitigs.
Xbg fi` ec tbg rgsgfrab is te jgae`g emg ec tbg `est iaemia pofags im Tf`jfogs wbiab
wioo bgop te i`prevg teuris` fmh sgrvg fs tbg jfsia ceumhftiem ec tbg aeumtry. Xe imargfsg
fmh strgmktbgm tbg rgtfio sfog fmh prepgrty vfougs te gmaeurfkg privftg imvgst`gmt jy
argftimk f stfjog gmvirem`gmt cer rgtfio jusimgss.

  6.1 Qikmiciafmag
Qikmiciafmag ec tbg
tbg ^redgat
^redgat

Xbis weuoh hgsarijg, imtgrprgt

imtgrprgt fmh rgcogat em tbg hgvgoep`gmt ec tehfy’s aemagpts
ec sbeppimk `foos. It rgquirgs `erg ec ae`pfmigs tehfy te jg visijog fmh tbg si`iofrity ec 
tbg sbeppimk `foos fmh its stergs frg met histimkuisbgh cre` gfab etbgr.

Xbis rgsgfrab wioo bgop tbg rgsgfrabgr te umhgrstfmh `erg fjeut tbg Qbeppimk
@foos fmh te jgae`g `erg cf`ioifr witb heimk tbis prepesfo im `y cuturg werls   fmh it
wioo fose fssist tbg mgxt stuhgmts wbe wioo bfvg tbg sf`g limh ec prepesfo. It wioo imargfsg
tbg gaeme`ia krewtb fmh dej eppertumitigs. I`previmk tbg aurrgmt stftus ec Ijf, Tf`jfogs

imte its `fxi`u` petgmtifo stftg. Xbis predgat ae`pre`isgs `erg immevftiem fmh mgw
trgmh hgsikms gmfjog te kfim `erg teurist fmh gmtbusifst tbreukb its hgsikm. Xe hgsikm f
 juiohimk tbft `imi`izgs bfr`cuo
b fr`cuo gccgats em bu`fm bgfotb fmh tbg gmvirem`gmt.

:
 

  6.8 Qtftg`gmt ec tbg ^rejog`

Emgg ec tb
Em tbgg `fim
`fim hi
hisf
sfhv
hvfm
fmtf
tfkg
kgss ec tbg
tbg `foo
`fooss is hr
hrfw
fwjf
jfal
als.
s. Xbgs
Xbgsgg imao
imaouh
uhgg
evgrarewhimk, gspgaifooy em wgglgmhs fmh beoihfys. Qe`gti`gs it sgg`s tbft gvgryemg
bfs tbg sf`g ihgf fmh ke te tbg `foo. Xbg aerrihers fmh arewhgh stergs `flg sbeppimk
vgry hicciauot, pgepog ectgm gmh up cerkgttimk tbg itg`s tbgy mggh te juy.

Eohgr pgepog witb `ejioity prejog`s `fy bfvg hicciauoty pfssimk tbreukb tbg
sbeppimk agmtgr, hug te tbg jrgfhtb ec tbg pofag. ^frlimk
^frlimk afm fose jg f prejog` wbgm tbg
`foo is vgry jusy.

Xbg sitg wioo jg oeaftgh ft Ijf Tf`jfogs, witb f aemtimueusoy krewimk mu`jgr ec 
ae``graifo gstfjoisb`gmts, jfmls, fmh cimfmaifo imstitutiems im Ijf, it aemtgmhs f`emk tbg
`est
`est ae
ae`p
`pgt
gtiti
itivg
vg `umi
`umiai
aipfo
pfoit
itigs
igs im ^bio
^bioip
ippim
pimgs,
gs, fmh is pusbi
pusbimk
mk cerwf
cerwfrh
rh tewfr
tewfrhs
hs f
 prekrgssivg aity. Xbg `foo ec Eoemkfpe
Eoem kfpe aity
a ity is vgry cfr fwfy cer pgepog
p gepog im Tf`jfogs fmh
tbgy tflg six beurs dust te kgt im tbg `foo. Xbg ae``em prejog` cer sbeppimk `foos tbft

tbgrg is fm gqufo suppoy ec sterg aemagpts im tbg hiccgrgmt sbeppimk `foos fmh tbgy
imargfsg.

  6.7 ^redgat
^redgat Qaepg fmh Oi`itftiems
Oi`itftiems

Xbg rgsgfrab wioo jg afrrigh eut im Ijf Tf`jfogs, wbgrg tbg pofmts, trggs, hiccgrgmt
wftgr jehigs fmh sagmia vigws frg oeaftgh. Xbis stuhy wioo eccgr f jfsis cer cuturg
qufmtitftivg stuhigs fmh previhg usgcuo hftf te ogisurg `foo epgrfters te cimh eut `erg

fjeut tbg `etivftiems ec tbgir aemsu`grs, petgmtifo auste`grs fmh teurist. Xbg i`pertfmt
 peimt ec tbis rgsgfrab is te previhg fmh fmfoyzg
fmfoy zg tbg prejog`s cfaimk em tbg @foo. Xe bfvg
frabitgaturfo pofm fmh hgsikm te `flg tbg gaeme`y `ehgrmizg.   Xbis stuhy wioo previhg
aftgr te f hg`ekrfpbia oeelimk cer fm fativg fttrfatiem witb fm ghkg. Juiohimk up tbg
gmtirg
gmtirg tgrrit
tgrritery
ery witb
witb tbimlim
tbimlimk
k fjeut
fjeut tbg mfturfo
mfturfo vfrifjo
vfrifjogs.
gs. Cre` gxtgrier
gxtgrier fmh imtgrie
imtgrier,
r,
vgbiauo
vgbiauofr
fr fmh pghgstr
pghgstrifm,
ifm, airauof
airauoftiem
tiem,, ofmhsafp
ofmhsafpimk,
imk, fmh foo fspg
fspgats
ats aemagrm
aemagrmgh
gh te tbg
struaturg, sitg, cumatiem, usgr fmh its viaimity.

Xbis prepesfo is oi`itgh te rgcgrgmags fjeut mgw trgmhs immevftiem. It wioo met

imaouhg tbg cimfmaifo issugs, gmtgrtfim`gmt `fabimg rihgs fmh ae``graifo stergs.

1
 

  6.3 Hgcimitiem
Hgcimitiem ec Xgr`s

Frafhg ‑ f aevgrgh pfssfkgwfy, f rew ec frabgs suppertgh jy aeou`ms. F pofag wbgrg

 pgepog pfy te pofy vihge
vih ge kf`gs, pimjfoo `fabimgs, fmh gta.

Fmabers- te fttfab er cix cir`oy

Imtgrfativg - imcougmaimk er bfvimk fm gccgat em gfab etbgr.

Jeutiqugs  - f s`foo sterg tbft sgoos styoisb aoetbimk, dgwgory, er etbgr usufooy ouxury
keehs.

Ae`pogx- aemsistimk ec `fmy hiccgrgmt fmh aemmgatgh pfrts.

Gogvfter -  f typg
typg ec vgrtiafo
vgrtiafo trfmspertftiem 
trfmspertftiem  tbft `evgs pgepog er keehs jgtwggm coeers ec 
f juiohimk, vgssgo,
vgssgo, er etbgr struaturg.

Gsafofter- f poftcer` er afkg cer afrryimk pgepog fmh tbimks up fmh hewm im f juiohimk, it
fttfabgs jy afjogs te f `fabimg tbft `evgs it.

Ogisurg- usg ec crgg ti`g cer gmdey`gmt.

@foo-f ofrkg juiohimk er sgrigs ec aemmgatgh juiohimks aemtfimimk f vfrigty ec rgtfio stergs

fmh typiafooy fose rgstfurfmts.

^ofzf- f pofzf, pghgstrifm pofzf, er pofag is fm epgm urjfm pujoia spfag, suab fs f aity
squfrg.

Qbeppimk @foo- is f juiohimk er sgt ec juiohimks tbft aemtfim f vfrigty ec stergs, witb
imtgraemmgatimk wfolwfys gmfjoimk visiters te gfsioy wfol cre` sterg te sterg.

Qtfoos- f s`foo gmaoesgh spfag, witb f jeetb, tfjog, er aeumtgr ft wbiab keehs frg seoh.

8
 

XZIKWF
Qbeppimk @foo fmh
 
Ogisurg Ae`pogx

ABF^XGZ :

AFQG QXWHIGQ

  :.6 Oeafo Afsg Qtuhigs

  :.6.6 Q@ @foo
@foo ec Fsif

  Kgmgrfo Hgsariptiem

  Xbg @foo ec Fsif is emg ec tbg ofrkgst sbeppimk `foos im Fsif, jgfuticuooy
jgfuticuooy
situftgh ft @fmiof Jfy. Xbg ae`pogx sprgfhimk evgr fm frgf ec fo`est 8>>’>>> `:
beusgs `erg tbfm 7>> sbeps, jfml jrfmabgs, fm I@FR aimg`f, aoimias, f aburab, f
`usgu` ec saigmag fmh fm iag riml. Xbg `foo is visitgh hfioy jy `erg tbfm :>>’>>>
visiters< em pgfl hfys tbg mu`jgr rgfabgs tbg emg `iooiem visiters `frl.

  Frabitgaturfo
Frabitgaturfo Fmfoysis

^redgat Mf`g4 @foo ec Fsif, Qbeppimk Agmtgr 

Jfy Jeuogvfrh, ^fsfy Aity
Oeaftiem4 @fmiof, ^bioippimgs
Frabitgat4 Zejgrt Agrgk Erk. fmh Frquitgatemiaf
@fim Aemtrfater4 @emeoitb Aemstr. Hgv. Aerp. fmh Bio`fras Aemstruatiem Ae.
Sfmhgx Fppoiafter4 Gsiaer Oth.
Aemstruatiem ^grieh4 :>>3
7
 

Cfafhg
Cikurg 6. Q@ @foo ec Fsif C fafhg Cikurg :. Kreumh Coeer ^ofm ec @EF

Cikurg 1. Qgaemh Coeer ^ofm ec @EF Cikurg 8. Q@ @foo ec Fsif Fgrifo Sigw 

Cikurg 7. Xbg Koejg ec @foo ec Fsif Cikurg 3. Xbg @EF Gyg

3
 

  Zgvigw

 Gmvirem`gmt fmh @iare-Aoi`ftg. Xbgg ce

Xb ceumh
umhft
ftie
iem
m sofj
sofj fmh foo jgoew
jgoew kreumh
kreumh wfoo
wfooss
(pfrlimk cfaioity) fs wgoo fs tbg petfjog wftgr, cirgwftgr tfmls fmh oict pits wgrg trgftgh
witb
witb f SFMHGR
SFMHGR QW^GZ.
QW^GZ. Xgabmia
Xgabmiafo
fo Imcer`f
Imcer`ftiem
tiem,, ^rehuat
^rehuat usgh4
usgh4 SFMHGR
SFMHGR QW^GZ 
QW^GZ 
[BIXG, Frgf trgftgh4 2>’>>> `: fmh [BIXG Em tbg sofjs, SFMHGR QW^GZ [BIXG
wfs fppoigh jy tbg hry sprimlog `gtbeh. F`emk vfrieus sukkgstiems suj`ittgh jy f
vfrigty ec suppoigrs, Sfmhgx’s prepesfo cuooy `gt tbg spgaicigh rgquirg`gmts. F afrgcuo
aest gvfouftiem rgvgfogh tbft tbg SFMHGR QW^GZ [BIXG wftgrpreecimk preecgh te jg
tbg `est aest gccgativg seoutiem.

Wsgr Jgbfvier fmh Zgquirg`gmts. Q@ @foo ec Fsif, emg ec tbg ofrkgst sbeppimk
sbeppimk `foos im
Fsif, is oeaftgh witbim tbg ae`pogx. It bfs jgae`g emg ec tbg `fder fttrfatiems cer `fmy
visiters
visiters witb its mgfroy 2>> rgtfio
rgtfio fmh ceeh eutogts
eutogts afusimk
afusimk fvgrfkg hfioy ceet trfccia
trfccia ec 
evgr :>>,>>> pgepog. F prg`igr vgmug cer jetb oeafo fmh imtgrmftiemfo gvgmts, tbg Q@R
Aemvgmtiem Agmtgr, is fose situftgh witbim tbg frgf. It eccgrs f 83,38; squfrg `gtgr cfaioity
ihgfo cer imhustry aemvgmtiems, aerperftg fmh seaifo cumatiems, fmh `fmy `erg.

Wtioity fmh Qpfag Gmbfmag`gmt. EmgG-ae` Agmtgr (lmewm fs Q@ Aerperftg Agmtgr)

frgf 6>7,27; squfrg `gtgrs, 6> sterigs EmgG-ae` Agmtgr wfs hgsikmgh jy imtgrmftiemfo
cir` Frquitgatemiaf fmh Frabitgat Cgoix Oi`. Xbg juiohimk itsgoc wioo bfvg f tetfo ec 
;6,918 squfrg `gtgrs fvfiofjog cer ogfsg. Qgvgm coeers wioo jg fooettgh cer ecciag spfag fmh
tbg kreumh coeer cer ae``graifo usg. Xbg Xwe G-ae` Agmtgr is tbg sgaemh pbfsg ec tbg
ceur J^E tewgrs im tbg @foo ec Fsif ae`pogx. It bfs f kress coeer frgf ec 6>;,23: squfrg
`gtgrs fmh aemsists ec : tewgrs - 67 stery ecciag juiohimk witb rgtfio frgfs ft Kreumh fmh
8tb Coeer Ogvgo. Cik 9 Xbg Xbrgg G-Ae` Agmtgr is tbg tbirh sgt ec tewgrs witbim tbg
ae`pogx, aemsistimk : Xewgrs, sgt cer J^E fmh sbippimk ae`pfmigs, it is fose hgsikmgh jy
tbg weroh-rgmewmgh cir` Frquitgatemiaf. Xbg Ceur G-Ae` Agmtgr is tbg ceurtb sgt ec 
tewgrs cer J^E fmh sbippimk ae`pfmigs, aemsistimk 1 tewgrs fose hgsikmgh jy tbg weroh-
rgmewmgh cir` Frquitgatemiaf,
Frquitgatemiaf, fmh mew aurrgmtoy jgimk teppgh up. 7 Ae`pogtgh im :>67,
tbg 67-sterigs J^E juiohimk, si`iofr te tbg Xwe G-Ae` Agmtgr, is fttfabgh ftep f ceur-
stery pehiu`, fkfim mf`gh ^ris` ^ofzf. Xbg Qix G-Ae` agmtgr is tbg Qixtb sgt ec tewgrs,
ae`pesgh ec : tewgrs, fmh stioo umhgr pofmmimk stfkg.

;
 

 Cer` fmh Cumatiem. Zgsihgmtifo Aemhe`imiu`s Q@ @EF bfs 8 rgsihgmtifo aemhe`imiu`

 prepgrtigs cre` Q@HA (Q@ Hgvgoep`gmt Aerperftiem) wbiab imaouhg Qgf Zgsihgmags,
Qbgoo Zgsihgmags, Qberg Zgsihgmags wbiab bfs 1 rgsihgmtifo aemhe`imiu`s (Qberg, Qberg
: & Qberg 1) fmh tbg Q Zgsihgmags. Fm gspofmfhg wfs aemstruatgh ft tbg jfal ec tbg `foo.
Q@ Jy tbg Jfy F`usg`gmt ^frl is fm f`usg`gmt pfrl situftgh foemk @fmiof Jfy tbft
epgmgh te tbg pujoia im :>66. Xbg pfrl aurrgmtoy bfs evgr 6; rihgs imaouhimk tbg @foo ec 

Fsif Gyg (flf Xbg Gyg ec Fsif) f 77-`gtgr (62> ct.) tfoo Cgrris wbggo wbiab epgmgh It bfs
13 fir-aemhitiemgh kemheofs, gfab fjog te afrry up te six pgrsems, kivimk f `fxi`u`
afpfaity ec :63 pfssgmkgrs.

 Berizemtfo fmh Sgrtiafo Airauoftiem. Emg ec tbg `foo's `fim fttrfatiems is tbg cirst gvgr 
I@FR
I@FR Xbgf
Xbgftg
tgrr im tb
tbgg aeumtr
aeumtry,
y, foemk
foemk wi
witb
tb f Hi
Hirga
rgate
ter's
r's Aouj
Aouj Xbgf
Xbgftg
tgrr cer imti
imti`f
`ftg
tg
sarggmimks (1> Of-T-Jey sgfts), f ^rg`igrg Aimg`f, fmh tbg Agmtgr Qtfkg Aimg`f wbiab
afm usg cer oivg `usiafo aemagrts fmh tbgftriafo pgrcer`fmags, fmh f RH 8H Aimg`f. Im
fhhitiem te tbg `foo's spgaifo tbgftgrs, it fose bfs six rgkuofr twe-tigrgh `evig tbgftgrs

si`iofr te tbg emgs ceumh im fo`est gvgry Q@ Qupgr`foo. Xwe mgw hikitfo tbgftgrs wgrg
epgmgh ft tbg mertb sihg ec tbg gmtgrtfim`gmt `foo, cer f tetfo ec gikbt tbgftgrs. Xbg `foo
cgfturgs tbg ^bioippimgs's cirst Eoy`pia-sizgh iag slftimk riml wbiab is oeaftgh em tbg tbirh
ogvgo.

Qitg-^ofmmimk fmh Ofmhsafpg Hgtfioimk. Xbg `foo's 7,>>> pfrlimk spfags frg hivihgh
faress
faress twe six-ster
six-stery
y pfrlimk
pfrlimk juiohim
juiohimks
ks aemvgmig
aemvgmigmto
mtoy
y hgsikmft
hgsikmftgh
gh tbg Mertb
Mertb fmh Qeutb
Qeutb
^frlimk Juiohimks.
Juiohimks. Xbg Qeutb ^frlimk Juiohimk beusgs tbg `foo's ecciaifo Xbg Q@ Qterg,
wbiogg tbg `foo's supgr`frlg
wbio supgr`frlgt,
t, tbg Q@ Bypgr`f
Bypgr`frlgt
rlgt is oeaftgh
oeaftgh ft tbg Mertb ^frlimk
^frlimk

Juiohimk. Qimag its epgmimk im :>>3, visiters te tbg `foo bfvg jggm wgoae`gh jy ofrkg
stggo crf`gh koejg em f reumhfjeut ft tbg seutbgrm tip ec Gpicfmie hg oes Qfmtes Fvgmug.

Qtruaturfo
Qtruat Hgtfios. Xbg `foo is tbg agmtgrpigag predgat ec Q@ ^ri`g ft tbg Q@ Agmtrfo
urfo Hgtfios.
Jusimgss ^frl, wbgrg civg emg-stery juiohimks sgrvg fs tbg ae`pfmy's aerperftg ecciags
(tbg sixtb juiohimk jgimk eaaupigh jy XgogXgab
XgogXgab Beohimks, Ima. fs tbgir cofksbip sitg im tbg
aeumtry). Xbg Q@ @foo ec Fsif's hgsikm tgf` imaouhgs Frquitgatemiaf, hgsikm frabitgat<
Frabitgat Zejgrt Afrfk Emk, Frabitgat ec Zgaerh, KBX Qgrviags, predgat `fmfkgr, fmh
Bi
Bio`
o`fr
fra'
a'ss Aems
Aemstr
trua
uati
tiem
em Aerp
Aerp.. (cer
(cer tb
tbgg Qeut
Qeutb
b ^f
^frl
rlim
imk
k Juio
Juiohi
himk
mk,, @fim
@fim @foo
@foo,, fm
fmh
h

Gmtgrtfim`
Gmtgrtfim`gmt
gmt @foo)
@foo) fmh @emeoit
@emeoitbb Aemstru
Aemstruatie
atiem
m Hgvgoep`
Hgvgoep`gmt
gmt Aerp.
Aerp. (cer tbg Mertb
Mertb
^frlimk Juiohimk), kgmgrfo aemtrfaters.
2
 

 Juiohimk Qgrviags. Q@ @foo ec Fsif Ae`pogx is f 3;-bgatfrg ofmh`frl em tbg wgst ec 
Zexfs Jeuogvfrh
Jeuogvfrh im ^fsfy Aity,
Aity, fose afoogh "Jfy
"Jfy Aity". Xbg hgvgoep`gmt
hgvgoep`gmt is ewmgh jy
tbg ^bio
^bioipp
ippim
imgs'
gs' jikkgs
jikkgstt `foo
`foo ewmgr
ewmgrss fmh hgvgo
hgvgoepg
epgrs
rs,, Q@ ^r
^ri`
i`gg Beoh
Beohimk
imks.
s. Xbis
Xbis
hgvg
hgvgoe
oep`
p`gm
gmtt wfs
wfs gm
gmvi
visi
siem
emgh
gh te jg f pr
pri`
i`gg rg
rgsi
sihg
hgmt
mtif
ifo,
o, rg
rgtf
tfio
io,, ae``
ae``gr
grai
aifo
fo,, fmh
fmh
gmtgrtfim`gmt ae`pogx `flimk it emg ec tbg ofrkgst aemtrijuters te teuris` hgvgoep`gmt
im ^fsfy Aity.

 Hgsikm Hgtfioimk. Q@ @foo ec Fsif Ae`pogx is f arewh-hrfwgr met dust jgafusg ec its
`foo
`foo,, f`us
f`usg`
g`gm
gmtt pf
pfrl
rl,, aema
aemagr
grtt vg
vgmu
mug,
g, fm
fmh
h gvgm
gvgmts
ts pofa
pofagg ju
jutt fose
fose jg
jgaf
afus
usgg ec tbg
tbg
eppertum
eppertumiti
itigs
gs freumh
freumh gfab
gfab aermgr.
aermgr. Xbgrg
Xbgrg frg fose
fose rgsihgmt
rgsihgmtifo
ifo ae``umi
ae``umitig
tigss witbim
witbim tbg
ae`pogx
ae`pogx suab fs tbg Q@ Qbgoo
Qbgoo Zgsihgma
Zgsihgmags
gs fmh Qgf Zgsihgmags
Zgsihgmags eccgrimk
eccgrimk g`poeyg
g`poeyggs
gs
werlimk witbim tbg frgf tbg aemvgmigmag ec oivimk dust f cgw stgps fwfy cre` gvgrytbimk.

Qeaie-Gaeme`ia ^reciog ec Wsgr Kreup. Xbg cirst pbfsg wioo cgfturg tbg mgw Eoy`pia-
sizgh Iag Qlftimk Ziml fmh f Ceeh Bfoo (rgpofaimk tbg eoh Ceeh aeurt) em tbg 1rh Coeer 

foemk witb `erg mgw sbeps fmh rgstfurfmts. Xbg mgw gxpfmsiem wioo jg faae`pfmigh jy
`fder abfmkgs im tbg `foo ofyeut fmh tgmfmt `ix. Cer imstfmag, tbg iag slftimk riml wioo jg
`evgh em tbg 1rh coeer ec tbg `foo. Cik 61 Xbg mgw gxpfmsiem wioo cgfturg f reectep trfal 
fmh ceetjfoo cigoh witb krfmhstfmh, jetfmiafo kfrhgms, fmh pfrls ft tbg `foo's 8tb ogvgo reec 
hgal pous foo-mgw sbeps fmh rgstfurfmts ft tbg `foo's tbirh, fmh ceurtb ogvgos. It wioo jg
 juiot im pbfsgs.

 ^frlimk Hgtfios fmh Qtfmhfrhs. Xbgrg is f :>-sgftgr trf` witbim tbg `foo. Fhdfagmt te tbg
aemvgmtiem agmtgr is tbg @gtreQtfr Cgrry Xgr`imfo cgrry sgrviag te Afvitg Aity. Xbg

tgr`imfo fose sgrvgs fs f pfssgmkgr pert te Q@'s teuris` gstftg, tbg Bf`ioe Aefst, im
 Mfsukju, Jftfmkfs.

  Frabitgaturfo
Frabitgaturfo Qymtbgsis

  Xbg usg ec mgw fmh immevftivg

immevftivg tgabmeoekigs
tgabmeoekigs ec aemstruatiem
aemstruatiem afm jg fhfptgh te
tbg prepesgh
prepesgh Qbeppimk
Qbeppimk @foo fmh Ogisurg
Ogisurg Ae`pogx.
Ae`pogx. Xbg ihgf
ihgf ec tbg @foo
@foo is te f`usg
f`usg
wbiab is f keeh pofag cer f piamia fmh dust te abioo fmh gmdey tbg sgf jrggzg. It is f `ust te

`gmtiem tbft sumsgts bgrg frg stummimk fmh em wgglgmhs.

9
 

  :.6.: Qujia Jfy Bfrjer ^eimt

  Kgmgrfo Hgsariptiem

  Bfrjer ^eimt is f sbeppimk `foo im Qujia Jfy Crggpert Temg im Tf`jfogs,

^bioi
^bioipp
ppimg
imgss ewmgh
ewmgh jy prepgr
prepgrty
ty hg
hgvgo
vgoep`
ep`gm
gmtt cir`
cir` Fyfo
Fyfoff Ofmh,
Ofmh, Ima.,
Ima., f rg
rgfo
fo gstft
gstftgg
sujsihifry ec Fyfof Aerperftiem. It is tbg cirst Fyfof `foo oeaftgh im Qujia Jfy, sgaemh im
Agmtrfo Ouzem fmh tbg ceurtb eutsihg @gtre @fmiof.

  Frabitgatu
Frabitgaturfo
rfo Fmfoysis4

Frabitgats4 Juabfm Kreup

Oeaftiem4 Zizfo Fvgmug, Qujia Jfy Crggpert Temg,
Temg, Eoemkfpe Aity,
Aity, Tf`jfogs

Frgf4 71,;2;.87 squfrg `gtgrs

^redgat Ygfr4 :>61
Coeers4 1
Qbep4 Evgr 1>> sbeps fmh rgstfurfmts
Hgvgoepgr4 Fyfof Ofmh, Ima. 

Cikurg 2. Zgstfurfmt im Bfrjer ^eimt 

6>
 

Cikurg ;. Bfrjer ^eimt Cfafhg

Cikurg 9. Ftriu` ec Bfrjer ^eimt  Cikurg 6>. Xialgt Jeetb ec Bfrjer ^eimt 

Zgvigw

 Gmvirem`gmt fmh @iare-Aoi`ftg. Q ujia's

ujia's aoi`ftg is aofssicigh fs trepiafo aoi`ftg. @est
`emtbs ec tbg ygfr frg `frlgh jy sikmiciafmt rfimcfoo. Xbg sbert hry sgfsem bfs oittog
i`pfa
i`pfat.
t. Xbg
Xbg aoi`
aoi`ftg
ftg bgrg
bgrg is aofss
aofssic
icigh
igh fs F` jy tbg Lóppg
Lóppgm-K
m-Kgi
gikg
kgrr systg
systg`.
`. Xbg
Xbg
tg`pgrfturg bgrg fvgrfkgs :;.3 ¾A. Fjeut 1132 `` ec prgaipitftiem cfoos fmmufooy.

Wsgr Jgbfvier Zgquirg`gmts. Bfrjer ^eimt is f oicgstyog bfvgm cer jetb oeafos fmh
Jgbfvier fmh Zgquirg`gmts.
teurists wbe rgkuofroy coeal te Qujia cer f wgglgmh gsafpg er beoihfy. It eccgrs f wgfotb
ec rgtfio abeiags oeafo fmh cergikm jrfmhs, fativg oicgstyog stergs, cirst im Qujia aemagpts
fmh bfmh-pialgh be`gkrewm cfveritgs. It usgs `ehgrm hgsikms te previhg `fxi`u`
fgstbgtia te tbg usgrs.

Wtioity fmh Qpfag Gmbfmag`gmt. Wtioitigs frg aemvgmigmtoy faagssgh cre` coeer frgfs,
gogvfters, gsafofters, stergs, cirg gxits, cumatiem ree`, rgstree` fmh rgkistrftiem frgfs te
 prgvgmt imaemvgmigmag
imaemvgmig mag te foo.

 Cer` fmh Cumatiem. Xbg frabitgaturg preciog `i`ias tbg rgpgtitiem ec wfvgs fmh sfiojefts
kivimk it f sgmsg ec pofag im tbis cer`gr WQ Mfvfo jfsg.
66
 

 Berizemtfo fmh Sgrtiafo Airauoftiem. It previhgs gogvfters fmh gsafofters te gfsg tbg usgrs
cre` kgttimk cre` coeer te coeer fmh previhgh g`grkgmay gxit stfirafsg cer tbg g`grkgmay
g`grkgmay
 purpesgs cer tbg sgmsg
sgm sg ec hfmkgr.

Qitg-^ofmmimk fmh Ofmhsafpg Hgtfioimk. Xbg @foo is oeaftgh faress tbg rivgr (f ceet

 jrihkg gssgmtifooy aemmgats tbg twe oeaftiems)

oea ftiems) cre` its sikmiciafmt
sikmicia fmt `frlgt ae`pgtitiem, Q@
Aity Eoemkfpe, ewmgh jy Q@ ^ri`g Beohimks wbiab wioo jgae`g Qujia's mgw Agmtrfo
Jusimgss Histriat. Xbg `foo wfs mf`gh Bfrjer ^eimt jgafusg ec Qujia’s jfysihg oeaftiem.

Qtruaturfo Hgtfios. Xbg struaturfo crf`gwerl is ae`pesgh ec `ftgrifos tbft afm jg usgh
em mgfrjy jehy ec wftgrs. It rgquirgs `erg sustfimfjioity fmh `erg `fssivg strgmktb wbgm
it ae`gs te umgxpgatgh prejog`s.

 Juiohimk Qgrviags. Xbgy bfvg fose jgae`g oicgstyog fmh auoturfo agmtgrs tbft agogjrftg tbg
 jgst im Cioipime frabitgaturg, frtistry, fmh hgsikm.
hgs ikm. Xbreukb
Xbreu kb `foos freumh tbg aeumtry,
ae umtry, tbgy
tb gy
 jrimk tbg keeh oicg te Cioipimes, fhhrgssimk met emoy tbgir jfsia mgghs, jut fose argftimk
vijrfmt
vijrfmt ae``um
ae``umity
ity bujs.
bujs. Xbg ejdgativg
ejdgativg is te aemtimug
aemtimug gmbfmaim
gmbfmaimk
k aemvgmig
aemvgmigmag
mag fmh
faagssijioity cer tbg mgghs ec rgsihgmts, sbeppgrs, ecciag werlgrs, teurists, fmh tbg kgmgrfo
 pujoia.

 Hgsikm Hgtfioimk. It wfs f `ehgrm frabitgaturg imspirgh struaturg jgafusg it aemsihgrgh

mgw fmh immevftivg tgabmeoekigs ec aemstruatiem, pfrtiauofroy tbg usg ec kofss, stggo fmh

rgimceragh aemargtg. Xbg ihgf tbft cer` sbeuoh ceooew cumatiem fm g`jrfag ec `imi`fois`
fmh f rgdgatiem ec ermf`gmt.

Qeaie-
Qeaie-Gae
Gaeme`
me`ia
ia ^recio
^reciogg ec Wsgr
Wsgr Kreup.
Kreup. Qujia Jfy Crggpert 
Crggpert Temg (QJCT),
(QJCT), wbiab is
lmewm
lmewm si`poy
si`poy fs Quji
Qujiaa Jfy
Jfy er Qujia
Qujia is f spgaif
spgaifoo gaeme
gaeme`i
`iaa zemg
zemg ae
aevgr
vgrimk
imk perti
pertiems
ems
ec Eoemkfpe Aity fmh tbg tewms ec Qujia im Tf`jfogs fmh @eremk fmh Bgr`esf im
Jftffm.It is tbg ^bioippimgs' cirst suaagsscuo afsg ec f `ioitfry jfsg aemvgrtgh tbreukb
veoumtggris` imte f tfx fmh huty-crgg zemg, epgrftgh fmh `fmfkgh jy tbg Qujia Jfy
@gtrepeoitfm Futberity er
Futberity er QJ@F.

6:
 

 ^frlimk Hgtfio fmh Qtfmhfrhs. Xetfo mu`jgr ec soets 771 witb 1  pfrlimk frgfs, oeaftgh

ft Bfrjer ^eimt  Qujia
 Qujia Jfy Tf`jfogs.

  Frabitgaturfo
Frabitgaturfo Qymtbgsis

  Xbg utioizftiem
utioizftiem ec gxtgmsivg
gxtgmsivg `gfsurg ec struaturfo
struaturfo stggo, kofss fmh fou`imu`
fou`imu`
aofhhimk te bgop tbg struaturgs oefh te pre`isg sgaurity ec tbg visiters is emg ec tbg
hgvgoep`
hgvgoep`gmt
gmt immevfti
immevftiem
em te kufrfmtg
kufrfmtggg tbft tbg prepesgh
prepesgh Qbeppim
Qbeppimk
k @foo fmh Ogisurg
Ogisurg
Ae`pogx is forikbt cer gvgry emg tbft wioo usg tbg juiohimk.   Xgabmeoeky `evgs gxtrg`goy
quialoy. It sgg`s oilg tbgrg is f mgw immevftiem prehuagh mgfroy gvgry
hfy. Xgabmeoeky bfs abfmkgh tbg wfy jusimgss is hemg fmh bfs gmfjogh `fmy pgepog te
rgfab kefos fmh try mgw tbimks tbft tbgy'vg mgvgr hemg jgcerg. Zgveoutiems im tgabmeoeky,
gmkimggrimk fmh juiohimk `ftgrifos, fmh cre` f hgsirg te jrgfl fwfy cre` bisteriafo
frabitgaturfo styogs fmh te imvgmt se`gtbimk tbft wfs purgoy cumatiemfo fmh mgw.

  :.6.1 @frVugg @foo

  Kgmgrfo Hgsariptiem

  @frVugg @foo is f sbeppimk `foo ewmgh

`foo ewmgh fmh epgrftgh jy tbg Mertb Jgfaem
Ae``graifo Aerperftiem, f 6>> % wbeooy ewmgh sujsihifry ec Fyfof Ofmh.
Ofmh. It is oeaftgh
im Jfrfmkfy
Jfrfmkfy ^uoumk-@frfkuo,
^uoumk-@frfkuo, Fmkgogs
Fmkgogs Aity,
Aity, ^bioippimgs.
^bioippimgs . Xbg `foo bfs f ofmh frgf ec 9.1
bgatfrgs fmh f kress-coeer frgf ec 68>,>>> squfrg `gtgrs.

  Frabitgaturfo
Frabitgaturfo Fmfoysis4

@fmfkg`gmt4 Fyfof Ofmh Ae.

Oeaftiem4  ^uoumk @frfkuo, Fmkgogs, ^bioippimgs
Frgf4 68>,>>> squfrg `gtrgs(6,7>>,>>>
`gtrgs(6,7>>,>>> sq ct)
Epgmimk Hftg4 Qgptg`jgr >1, :>>9
Coeers4 1 @foos, 68 Coeers Aemhe
Aemhe J, 2 Coeers F
Ewmgr4 Fyfof
Hgvgoepgr4 Fyfof Ofmh, Ima. 
61
 

Cikurg 66. @frVugg @foo Cfafhg Cikurg 6:. Zgstfurfmts ft tbg jfalsihg ec tbg @foo 
@ foo 

Cikurg 61. @gtre Hgpfrt`gmt Qterg

Cikurg 68. Imtgrier Hgsikm ec @frVugg @foo 

68
 
Cikurg 67. @frVugg Zgsihgmags

  Zgvigw

@iare-Aoi`ftg . Fmkgogs bfs f trepiafo sfvfmmf aoi`ftg tbft

 Gmvirem`gmt fmh @iare-Aoi`ftg. aoi`ftg tbft jerhgrs em
f trepiafo `emseem aoi`ftg
aoi`ftg(Lóppgm aoi`ftg aofssiciaftiem Fw/F`).
aofssiciaftiem Fw/F`). Fmkgogs gxpgrigmags
gxpgrigmags
twe histimat sgfsems4 f hry sgfsem cre` Hgag`jgr tbreukb Fprio, witb f wgt sgfsem cre`
@fy tbreukb Mevg`jgr. Cre` 6971 te 6996, tbg `gfm hfioy oew wfs ;1.3 ¾C fmh tbg
`gfm hfioy bikb wfs 22.6 ¾C, witb Dumg jgimk wfr`gst fmh Dfmufry fmh Cgjrufry jgimk
tbg aeeogst. Xbg fvgrfkg fmmufo rfimcfoo is ;2.19 imabgs. Xypbee
Xypbeems
ms tgmh te fpprefab cre`
tbg gfst hurimk tbg su``gr fmh cfoo.

Wsgr Jgbfvier fmh Zgquirg`gmts. It fooettgh suab f wihg rfmkg ec aermgrs fmh ree`s te
bfvg tbg afpfaity te kivg `est gxtrg`g gxaitg`gmt te tbg aoigmts fmh `g`jgrs, fmh tbft
tbgy afm `evg umrgsgrvghoy witb me issug.

Wtioityy fmh Qpfag Gmbfmag`gm

Wtioit Gmbfmag`gmt 
t . Imtgkrftgh prepgrty `fmfkg`gmt sgrviags imaouhimk
 juiohimk fh`imistrftiem agmtgr fmh sujhivisiem `fimtgmfmag, fmh spgaifo tgabmiafo
sgrviags.

 Cer` fmh Cumatiem. @frVugg @foo is tbg rgtfio ae`pemgmt ec @frVugg, f 71-bgatfrg

imtgkrftg
imtgkrftgh
h ae
ae``
``umi
umity
ty hgvgo
hgvgoepg
epgh
h jy Fyfo
Fyfoff Ofmh
Ofmh tbft
tbft imao
imaouhg
uhgss @frV
@frVugg
ugg ^ofa
^ofag,
g, f
rgsihg
rgsihgmti
mtifo
fo hgvgo
hgvgoep`
ep`gmgmtt oe
oeaft
aftgh
gh f cgw bu
bumhr
mhrgh
gh `gtg
`gtgrs
rs fwfy
fwfy fs wgoo
wgoo fs @frV
@frVugg
ugg
Zgsihgmags,
Zgsihgmags, f twe-tewgr
twe-tewgr aemhe`imiu` rikbt witbim tbg `foo ae`pogx. Xbg `foo ae`pogx
ae`pogx
fose cgfturgs f abfpgo em its tbirh coeer fs wgoo fs fm eutheer pfrl cfaimk @frVugg
Zgsi
sih
hgmag
mags. Im Duo
Duoy :>6:
:>6:,, tbg Hgpf
Hgpfrt
rt`g
`gmt
mt ec Cerg
Cergik
ikm
m Fccf
Fccfir
irss imfuk
imfukurf
urftg
tgh
h its
its
sgaemh pfsspert
sgaemh pfsspert ecciag im
ecciag  im ^f`pfmkf
^f`pfmkf ft
 ft tbg `foo's tbirh ogvgo.

  Frabitgaturfo
Frabitgaturfo Qymtbgsis

  Xbg afsg stuhy @frVugg @foo, Wtioity fmh Qpfag Gmbfmag`gmt `gtbeh afm bgop
 pofmmimk tbg prepesfo Qbeppimk @foo fmh Ogisurg Ae`pogx jgafusg ec its hivgrsg
67
 

 juiohimk tbft ae`poi`gmts fmh werl witb gfab etbgr mgghs fmh tbg fpprefab ec werlimk
witb mgw tgabmeoekigs te prepgroy hgsikmftg tbg frgfs/ rgtfios.

  :.6.8 Krfmh Sgmiag

Sgmiag Afmfo
Afmfo

  Kgmgrfo Hgsariptiem

  Sgmiag Krfmh Afmfo, pepuofroy

pepuofroy lmewm fs Sgmiag ^ifzzf, is f sbeppimk `foo
oeaftgh ft @aLimogy Bioo Kfrhgm Sioofs im Xfku
Xfkuik
ik Aity
Aity im
 im @gtr
@gtre
e @fmi
@fmiof
of im
 im
tbg ^bioippimgs.
^bioippimgs .

  Frabitgaturfo
Frabitgaturfo Fmfoysis

@fmfkg`gmt4 @aLimogy
Oeaftiem4 Xfkuik Aity,
Aity, @gtre @fmiof
Frabers4 :
Epgmimk Hftg4 :>67
Coeers4 1

Cikurg 63. Krfmh Qtfirafsg Cikurg 6;. Krfmh Afmfo Kemheofs

63
 

Cikurg 62. Ceeh Aeurt  Cikurg 69. Fhvgmturg ^frl 

  Zgvigw

 Gmvirem`gmt fmh @iare-Aoi`ftg. Xfkuik bfs f trepiafo aoi`ftg. [bgm ae`pfrgh witb
wimtgr, tbg su``grs bfvg `uab `erg rfimcfoo. Faaerhimk te Lóppgm fmh Kgikgr, tbis
Cikurg :>. Krfmh Sgmiag im Krgftgr Meihf
aoi`ftg is aofssicigh fs Fw. Xbg tg`pgrfturg bgrg fvgrfkgs :;.: ¾A. Im f ygfr, tbg fvgrfkg
rfimcfoo is :>8: ``.

Wsgr Jgbfvier fmh Zgquirg`gmts. F zip oimg rihg is f umiqug fmh gxbiofrftimk gxpgrigmag
gxpgrigmag
hurimk wbiab emg coigs hewm f sgrigs ec uotrf-stremk stggo afjogs, fttfabgh jy f bfrmgss
 

fmh puoogy. Xetfo ogmktb ec tbg rihg is :7> `gtrgs fmh it tflgs 1 `imutgs te ae`pogtg f
rihg. Xbis is cixgh ft tbg bgikbt ec 2> ct imsihg tbg `foo fmh civg pgepog afm tflg tbg rihg ft
tbg sf`g ti`g. Xbg rihg is agrticigh cer sfcgty fmh bfs tbrgg-oimg sfcgty ‑ `gfsurg.

Wtioity fmh Qpfag Gmbfmag`gmt. Hisaevgr f best ec gxpgrigmags witb f krip em gxaitimk
mikbto
mikbtoic
icgg trgmh
trgmhs,
s, im
immev
mevfti
ftivg
vg sikbt
sikbtss fmh seumhs
seumhs,, weroh
weroh-ao
-aofss
fss sbeppi
sbeppimk
mk fm
fmh
h himim
himimk
k
fttrfatiems, fmh stftg-ec-tbg-frt aimg`fs.
 Cer` fmh Cumatiem. Aeumtry’s cirst Sgmgtifm tbg`g jfsgh `gkf teurist hgstimftiem
Sgmiag @foo, oeaftgh ft Krgftgr Meihf im Hgobi ‑MAZ bfs fhhgh twe mgw cgfturgs im its
 pfal ec gmtgrtfim`gmts te fttrfat visiters.

 Berizemtfo fmh Sgrtiafo Airauoftiem. Krfm

Krfmh
h Qtfir
Qtfiraf
afsg
sg is fm i``g
i``gmsg
msg sgqugm
sgqugmag
ag ec 
sghi`gm
sghi`gmtfr
tfry
y real ofygrs tbft
tbft strgtab
strgtab cer its fgstbgti
fgstbgtia.
a. Kemheof
Kemheof is f trfhiti
trfhitiemfo
emfo,, coft-
coft-

 jette`gh Sgmgtifm rewimk jeft, wgoo suitgh te tbg aemhitiems

aemhitie ms ec
e c tbg Sgmgtifm ofkeem
ofk eem tbis
sgrvgs te sbip tbg usgr te fmetbgr pofag.

Qitg-^ofmmi
Qitg-^ mk fmh Ofmhsafpg Hgtfioimk. Xbg Sgmiag @foo Ceumhgr sfih tbg Xrf`peoimg
ofmmimk
^frl is fm imtgrmftiemfo
imtgrmftiemfo aemagpt. ^gepog im tbg WQF ke te tbgsg pfrls te just tbgir strgss.
Bg sf
sfih
ih witb
witb tb
tbgs
gsgg fh
fhhg
hgh
h cgft
cgftur
urgs
gs,, Krfm
Krfmh
h Sgmi
Sgmiag
ag is me
mett dust
dust f @foo
@foo ju
jutt f teur
teuris
istt
hgstimftiem cer foo fkg kreups.

Qtruaturfo Hgtfios. Xbg imcougmag ec Isof`ia frabitgaturg is

frabitgaturg is rgcogatgh im se`g cgfturgs ec 

tbg Sgmgtifm styog, im pfrtiauofr tbg usg ec aeoeur fmh pfttgrm em eutsihg wfoos, fmh
se`gt
se`gti`
i`gs
gs stemg
stemg krioo
kriooss em wi
wimhe
mhews
ws,, fmh pgrbf
pgrbfps
ps purgo
purgoy
y hgaerf
hgaerfti
tivg
vg argmgooftiems em
argmgooftiems  em
reecoimgs.

 Juiohimk Qgrviags. Xbg etbgr mgw cgfturg Xrf`peoimg ^frl fose ofumabgh tehfy is sprgfh
im fm frgf ec 8>,>>>. sqct. Im tbis ^frl, tbgrg is `erg tbfm dust Xrf`peoimgs. Xbg visiter 
afm gmdey fmh histrgss witb Jfslgtjfoo, du`pimk tbg pit, Du`pimk & aoi`jimk, jewoimk
fmh spggh rummimk fmh `fhg cer pgepog ec foo fkg ‑kreups.   Xbgy bfvg fativitigs, cum
kf`gs, fhvgmturg kf`gs fmh rihgs, ;H predgatiem, Beusg ec Hgfh fmh `uotipog
`uotipog fativitigs

cer emg fmh foo.

 

 Hgsikm Hgtfioimk. Xbg Krfmh Afmfo is imspirgh im Sgmgtifm Ketbia frabitgaturg is tbg
oeafo
oeafo vfrif
vfrifmt
mt frabi
frabitg
tgat
aturf
urfoo styog
styog ce
cerr Sgmia
Sgmiagg ec Itfo
Itfoifm
ifm Ketbi
Ketbiaa fr
frabi
abitg
tgatu
aturg,
rg, witb
witb f
aemc
aemcou
ougm
gmag
ag ec im
imco
coug
ugma
mags
gs cre`
cre` oe
oeaf
afoo ju
juio
iohi
himk
mk rg
rgqu
quir
irg`
g`gm
gmts
ts,, se
se`g
`g imco
imcoug
ugma
magg
cre` Jyzfmti
Jyzfmtimg
mg frabitga
frabitgaturg
turg,, fmh se`g
se`g cre` Isof`i
Isof`iaa frabitg
frabitgatur
aturg,
g, rgcogati
rgcogatimk
mk Sgmiag
Sgmiag's
's
trfhimk mgtwerl.

Qeaie-Gaeme`ia ^reciog ec Wsgr Kreup. ^remevg Xfi's rgpert prghiats tbft Xfkuik wioo jg
tbg cfstgst krewimk ecciag histriat im :>62, ft f 6;% krewtb rftg fmh 6> juiohimks cergafst
cergafst
cer ae`pogtiem. Faaerhimk
Faaerhimk te tbg rgpert, ec tbg 26;,>>> squfrg `gtgrs ec fvfiofjog ecciag
spfag im @gtre @fmiof tbis ygfr, fo`est bfoc (8;%) wioo jg im Xfkuik.

Qtfmhfrhs. Xbg pfrlimk `foo afm eaaupy 6>>> soets cer tbg vgbiaogs.
 ^frlimk Hgtfios fmh Qtfmhfrhs.

  Frabitgaturfo
Frabitgaturfo Qymtbgsis

  Its Sgmgtifm
Sgmgtifm Ketbia imspirgh hgsikm frg keeh cer tbg prepesgh Qbeppimk @foo
fmh Ogisurg
Ogisurg Ae`pogx
Ae`pogx jgafusg
jgafusg juiohimk
juiohimkss frg usufooy
usufooy cer`gh
cer`gh witb
witb rgpgftg
rgpgftgh
h `ehuofr 
`ehuofr 
gog`gmts cer`imk `fssgs rgprgsgmtimk spgaicia cumatiemfo zemgs, histimatoy frtiauoftgh fmh
kreupgh tekgtbgr imte f umicigh wbeog. Fmh fose kivimk tbg f`jifmag
f`jifmag ec tbg oeaftiem wioo
rgfooy cit te tbg prepesgh Gxpfmsivg Qbeppimk fmh Ogisurg Ae`pogx jgafusg me emoy it
wioo kivg tbg rgprgsgmtftivgs fm f`fzimk vigw jut fose sbewafsgs tbg jgfuty ec tbg abesgm
oeaftiem.

  :.6.7 Q@ Qgfsihg Aity

Aity Agju

  Kgmgrfo Hgsariptiem

  Q@ Qgfsihg Aity Agju, fose lmewm oeafooy fs Q@ Qgfsihg er dust Qgfsihg, is f

ofr
frk
kg sbepp
eppimk `foo
foo ewmgh
mgh fmh hgvgo
vgoepgh
pgh jy Q@ ^ri`
ri`g Beoh
Beohim
imks
ks im
 im Agju
Aity,, ^bioippimgs tbft
Aity ^bioippimgs  tbft epgmgh em :; Mevg`jgr :>67, gxfatoy :: ygfrs fctgr Q@ Aity
Agju.. wbiab epgmgh im 6991. It is tbg agmtgrpigag ec tbg Q@ Qgfsihg Ae`pogx, f 1>-
Agju
bgatfrg `ixgh-usg hgvgoep`gmt ft
hgvgoep`gmt ft tbg Qeutb Zefh ^repgrtigs.
 

  It is aurrgmtoy
aurrgmtoy tbg tbirh ofrkgst sbeppimk `foo im tbg ^bioippimgs fmh
^bioippimgs  fmh tbg tgmtb im
tbg weroh.
weroh. Xbg `foo bfs f kress ogfsfjog frgf (KOF)
frgf (KOF) ec `erg tbfm 8;>,823 squfrg `gtgrs.
\6P
 Q@ Qgfsihg Aity Agju is Q@ ^ri`g Beohimks' tbirh `foo im @gtre Agju fmh
Agju fmh its 77tb
`foo im tbg ^bioippimgs. Xbg `foo is hgsikmgh jy Frquitgatemiaf,
Frquitgatemiaf , tbg sf`g ae`pfmy wbiab
hgsikmgh Q@ Aity Mertb GHQF,
GHQF, Q@ @foo ec Fsif fmh
Fsif fmh Q@ @gkf`foo.
@gkf`foo.

  Frabitgaturfo
Frabitgaturfo Fmfoysis

Frabitgat4 Frquitgatemiaf-
Frquitgatemiaf - Hgsikm Aemsuotfmt, [S Aesaeoougof & Fsseaiftgs - Frabitgat <
[ew Frabitgats - Imtgrier Hgsikmgr 
Oeaftiem4 Qeutb Zefh ^repgrtigs Jrky.
^repgrtigs Jrky. @f`jfoimk, Agju Aity,
Aity, ^bioippimgs
Frabers4 6:
Xetfo Coeer Frgf4 8;>,823 `: (7,>38,:;> sq ct)
Coeers4 7
Ewmgr4 Bgmry Qy Qr.
Hgvgoepgr4 Q@ ^ri`g Beohimks

Cikurg :6. Q@ Qgfsihg Cfafhg Cikurg ::. Q@ Qgfsihg Aujg

Cikurg :1. Qitg Hgvgoep`gmt ^ofm Cikurg :8. Q@ Qgfsihg Zeec Kfrhgm
 

Cikurg :;. Q@ Qgfsihg Ceeh Aeurt 

  Zgvigw

 Gmvirem`gmt fmh @iare-Aoi`ftg. Agju

Agju Aity
Aity bf
bfss f trepiaf
trepiafoo `emseem
`emseem aoi`ft
aoi`ftgg umhgr 
tbg Lóppgm aoi`ftg
aoi`ftg aofssiciaftiem
aofssiciaftiem.. Xbg aity bfs f ogmktby wgt sgfsem fmh
sgfsem fmh f sbert hry
sgfsem,, witb emoy tbg `emtbs ec @frab fmh Fprio cfooimk imte tbg ofttgr sgfsem. Fvgrfkg
sgfsem
tg`pgrfturgs sbew oittog vfrifmag hurimk tbg ygfr witb fvgrfkg hfioy tg`ps rfmkimk cre`
:; ¾A (26
(26 ¾C
¾C)) te :9 ¾A (2
(28
8 ¾C
¾C).
). Xbg
Xbg aity
aity em fv
fvgr
grfk
fkgs
gs gx
gxpg
pgri
rigm
gmag
agss re
reuk
ukbo
boy
y 6,
6,;>
;>>
>
`iooi`gtrgs (3; im) ec prgaipitftiem fmmufooy.

Wsgr Jgbfvier
Jgbfvier fmh Zgquirg`gmts. It previhgs wihg vfrigty ec spfags tbft wioo kivg tbg
Zgquirg`gmts.
usgrs `fxi`u` gmtgrtfim`gmt witbeut afusimk fmy prejog`.

Wtioity fmh Qpfag Gmbfmag`gmt. Xbg @foo Wsg Zeec Kfrhgm te trfmscer` mgkogatgh urjfm
spfag
spfag,, reec
reec kfrhg
kfrhgms
ms afm previh
previhgg vfoufj
vfoufjog
og gmvir
gmvirem`
em`gm
gmts
ts cer gfti
gftimk
mk fmh seaifo
seaifoiz
izim
imk,
k,
rgofximk fmh rgargftiem.

 Cer` fmh Cumatiem. Xbg Q@ Qgfsihg Aity Agju is f airauofr-sbfpgh rgtfio `foo witb
`uotipog fmabers, imaouhimk f twe-stery Xbg Q@ Qterg, Q@ Qupgr`frlgt, f Agmtgrstfkg

tbgftgr, f Ofrkg
tbgftgr, Ofrkg Qarggm
Qarggm cer`ft
cer`ft aimg`f
aimg`f,, twe Hirgater'
Hirgater'ss Aouj
Aouj aimg`fs
aimg`fs,, fmh 8 rgkuofr 
rgkuofr 
aimg`fs
aimg`fs,, fm 62-ofmg
62-ofmg Q@ Jewoim
Jewoimkk fmh F`usg`g
F`usg`gmtmt Agmtgr,
Agmtgr, fmh fm eoy`pi
eoy`pia-si
a-sizg
zg iag
slftimk riml faress tbg ceeh aeurt.
 

 Berizemtfo fmh Sgrtiafo Airauoftiem. Xbg @foo previhgs Gsafofters fmh Gogvfter te bfvg
tbg afpfaity te `evg ofrkg mu`jgrs ec pgepog.

Qitg
Qitg-^
-^of
ofmm
mmim
imk
k fm
fmh
h Of
Ofmh
mhsaf
safpg
pg Hgtf
Hgtfio
ioimk. Xbg sitg is oeaftgh im tbg Qeutb
imk. Qeutb Zefh
Zefh
^repgrtigs Jrky.
^repgrtigs  Jrky. @f`jfoimk, Agju Aity,
Aity, ^bioippimgs fmh
^bioippimgs  fmh its mgfr te tbg sgf. Xbg juiohimk

bfs f Zeec Kfrhgm cer tbg ofmhsafpimk.

Qtruaturfo Hgtfios. Xbis tewgr is oeaftgh em tbg agmtgr ec tbg `foo, f 67>-`gtgr tfoo
Qgfsihg Xewgr (gquivfogmt
(gquivfogmt te 7>-stergy)
7>-stergy) wioo epgm seem. Xbgrg frg rgstfurfmts fmh aeccgg
sbeps fmh f vigwimk hgal ft tbg tep ec tbg tewgr wbiab previhg pgepog f 13>-hgkrgg vigw
ec Agju Aity fmh
Aity fmh tbg `foo. Xbg tewgr is suppertgh jy aeou`ms ec 67>>`` x 67>>``
hi`gmsiems ec :6 @^F aemargtg uoti`ftg ae`prgssiem strgmktb cre` tbg ceumhftiem up te
tbg tbirh ogvgo.

 Juiohimk Qgrviags. F 63,>>>-sgftgr imheer frgmf mf`gh Qgfsihg Aity Frgmf wfs prepesgh
te jg juiot jut suab pofm wfs oftgr afmagoogh hug te tbg foogkgh fttfals jy tbg Agju Aity
`fyer, Xe`fs Es`göf fkfimst
Es`göf fkfimst tbg predgat.

 Hgsikm Hgtfioimk. Xbg hgsikm fpprefab is te argftg f seaifooy aemmgatgh gxpgrigmag tbft
g`jeh
g`jehigs
igs foo
foo tbg hi
hivgr
vgrsg
sg gog`
gog`gm
gmts
ts tbft
tbft hgcimg
hgcimg its
its pofag
pofag,, ar
argf
gfti
timk
mk pujoi
pujoiaa f`gmi
f`gmity
ty ec 
 pgrgmmifo vfoug te foo ec Agjufme’s rgsihgmts fmh
f mh visiters.

Qeaie-Gaeme`ia ^reciog ec Wsgr Kreup. Xbg aity is f `fder buj cer tbg jusimgss
tbg  jusimgss preagss
eutseuraimk imhustry
eutseuraimk  imhustry ec tbg ^bioippimgs.
^bioippimgs. Im :>61, Agju rfmlgh 2tb werohwihg im tbg "Xep
6>> J^E Hgstimftiems Zgpert" jy koejfo fhvisery cir`, Xbeoems, im :>6:, tbg krewtb im
IX-J^E
IX-J^E rgvgmugs
rgvgmugs im Agju
Agju krgw :3.9 pgragmt ft $828 `iooiem,
`iooiem, wbiog
wbiog mftiemf
mftiemfooy,
ooy, tbg
imhustry krgw 62.: pgragmt ft $61 jiooiem.

 ^frlimk Hgtfios fmh Qtfmhfrhs. Xbg @foo afm previhg 8,113 pfrlimk soets cer foo
vgbiaogs.

  Frabitgaturfo
Frabitgaturfo Qymtbgsis
 

  Xbg argftivg
argftivg fmh tbeukbtcuooy
tbeukbtcuooy hgsikmgh cumatiem spfags tbft gmaeurfkg
gmaeurfkg
imtgrfatiem fmh jrimkimk weroh aofss gmtgrtfim`gmt aoesgr te previmaifo frgfs. Xbg krggm
arghgmtifos fmh aemagpts ec tbg agmtgr wioo jg tbg jfsis cer tbg prepesgh Qbeppimk @foo
fmh Ogisurg Ae`pogx’s
Ae`pogx’s gmvirem`gmtfo systg`. Krggm hgsikm
hgsikm is fm fpprefab te juiohimk
tbft `imi`izgs bfr`cuo gccgats em bu`fm bgfotb fmh tbg gmvirem`gmt. Xe sfcgkufrh fir,
wftgr, fmh gfrtb jy abeesimk gae-crigmhoy juiohimk `ftgrifos fmh aemstruatiem prfatiags.

Xbg hgsikm ec tbg @foos tbft ceausgs em jgfuty fmh sy`jeois`

sy`jeois` ec tbg juiohimk’s
juiohimk’s `ehgrm,
kofss-oimgh imtgrier is rgcogatgh tbreukbeut tbg agmtgr is tbft wbft tbg prepesgh Qbeppimk
@foo fmh Ogisurg Ae`pogx mgghgh te.
  :.: Cergikm
Cergikm Afsg
Afsg Qtuhigs
Qtuhigs

  :.:.6 Luoturjfu @foo

  Kgmgrfo Hgsariptiem

  Xbg predgat stfrtgh fs f ae`pgtitiem cer tbg rghgvgoep`gmt ec tbg ‟Tgmtrfopoftz‐,

tbg `fim squfrg im Lejogmz.
Lejogmz . Xbg prekrf` imaouhgh fpprexi`ftgoy :>,>>> `º ec rgtfio
spfag, `erg spfag cer auoturfo fmh teuris` purpesgs fmh fm urjfm squfrg ec 3.>>> `º.

  Frabitgaturfo
Frabitgaturfo Fmfoysis

Frabitgat44 Jgmtbg` Areuwgo Frabitgats

Frabitgat
Oeaftiem4 KórkgmstrfÕg 68, 73>32 Lejogmz, Kgr`fmy
Lejogmz, Kgr`fmy
Aftgkery4 Qbeppimk Agmtgrs
^redgat Ygfr4 :>61
^betekrfpbs4 Dgms Lirabmgr 
 

Cikurg :2. Luoturjfu @foo Cfafhg Cikurg :9. Luoturjfu @foo Kreumh Coeer ^ofm

  Zgvigw

 Gmvirem`gmt fmh @iare-Aoi`ftg. Kgr`fmy's aoi`ftg is tg`pgrftg fmh `frimg, witb aeoh,
aoeuhy wimtgrs fmh wfr` su``grs fmh im tbg seutb eaafsiemfo wfr` cemt wimh. Xbg
Cikurg 1>. @foo Zgstfurfmt Kreumh Coeer ^ofm Cikurg 16. Qitg Hgvgoep`gmt ^ofm
krgftgr pfrt ec Kgr`fmy oigs im tbg aeeo/tg`pgrftg
aeeo/tg`pgrftg aoi`ftia zemg im wbiab bu`ih wgstgroy
wimhs prghe`imftg.

Wsgr Jgbfvier fmh Zgquirg`gmts. Xbg twe juiohimks fmh tbg squfrg argftg fm urjfm
gmsg`jo
gmsg`jog.
g. Jgafusg
Jgafusg ec tbg prgaisg
prgaisg pesitiem
pesitiemimk
imk ec tbg juiohim
juiohimks
ks fmh tbgir
tbgir eutoimg
eutoimg,, tbg
 pghgstrifm coews, wbiab `flg tbg agmtrfo squfrg f pujoia sgttimk, frg erkfmizgh im fm
gccgativgg fmh oekiafo wfy. Xbg twe juiohimks
gccgativ juiohimks frg ae`pog`gmtgh
ae`pog`gmtgh fmh strgmktbgmgh
strgmktbgmgh im tbgir 
urjfm fmh frabitgaturfo i`pog`gmtftiem jy gfab etbgr’s jfalkreumh.

Wtioity fmh Qpfag Gmbfmag`gmt. Xbg ae`pogtg prekrf` is spoit imte twe veou`gs, witb
tbg Tgmtrfopoftz im jgtwggm. Xbg sgpfrftiem ec cumatiems fooews cer twe futeme`eus fmh
bikboy cumatiemfo juiohimks, wbiab afm hgvgoep oemk-tgr` fmh imhgpgmhgmtoy.
 

 Cer` fmh Cumatiem. Xbg sbeppimk agmtgr is abfrfatgrizgh jy its trfpgzeihfo ofyeut fmh
s`eetb eutoimgs

 Berizemtfo fmh Sgrtiafo Airauoftiem. Xbg frgfs

frgfs imtgrtw
imtgrtwimg
imgh
h witb
witb gsafoft
gsafofters
ers previhg
previhg
erigmtftiem peimts, hivihg tbg juiohimk fmh previhg tbg imtgrier witb mfturfo oikbt.

Qitg-^ofmmimk fmh Ofmhsafpg Hgtfioimk. Xbg imitifo ihgf ec tbg ae`pgtitiem te `flg f
mfturfo evgrkrewm cfëfhg wfs hgvgoepgh curtbgr frtistiafooy fmh fjstrfatoy. Xbg jfsis ec 
tbg struaturg is fm fjstrfat i`fkg ec f vimg ogfc, wbiab is imtgrprgtgh crggoy fs f 1H-sbfpg.

Qtruat
Qtruaturf
urfoo Hgtfio
Hgtfios.
s. Xbgg ve
Xb veou
ou`g
`g bf
bfss f he
heuj
ujog
og cf
cfaf
afhg
hg witb
witb f Qtru
Qtruat
atur
urfo
fo-K
-Kof
ofzi
zimk
mk
aemstruatiem
aemstruatiem ec wbitg siol-sarggmgh
siol-sarggmgh kofss, wbiab gmvgoeps tbg juiohimk oilg f sgaemh slim
fmh eccgrs f crestgh fmh rgcimgh fppgfrfmag. Xbg `etic ec tbg primt previhgs f ciotgrgh
vigw cre` imsihg te eutsihg, fmh fooews f vfkugoy trfmspfrgmt vigw wbgm oeelimk cre`
tbg eutsihg im. Ft tbg hiccgrgmt gmtrfmags, tbg eutgr cfafhg bfs f spfaieus aut fmh tbgrgcerg

eccgrs f hirgat vigw ec tbg oejjy fmh gmtrfmag frgfs.

 Juiohimk Qgrviags. Xbg Luoturjfu wioo sgrvg f `uotituhg ec auoturfo usgrs fmh teurist
cumat
cumatie
iems,
ms, im
imao
aouhi
uhimk
mk f `usgu
`usgu`,
`, tb
tbgg te
teuri
urist
st eccia
ecciagg fmh f oijrf
oijrfry.
ry. Xbg
Xbg `foo
`foo Ceru`
Ceru`
@ittgorbgim prgsgmts itsgoc fs f coft, berizemtfo ofygrgh struaturg. Em rgogvfmt dumatiems
witbim tbg urjfm cfjria, tbg `foo eccgrs spfaieus gmtrfmags fmh imvitgs visiters te ceooew
tbg pghgstrifm coews fmh te ‒koihg’ tbreukb tbg juiohimk.

 Hgsikm Hgtfioimk. Xbg gmtirg cfëfhg is ae`pesgh eut ec emoy emg typg ec gog`gmt, tbft is
 prehuagh im ofrkg qufmtitigs fmh bikb qufoity im fm imhustrifo tbgr`ecer`imk preagss.
Fpprexi`ftgoy
Fpprexi`ftgoy :,9>> ihgmtiafo,
ihgmtiafo, tbrgg-hi`gmsiemfo
tbrgg-hi`gmsiemfo sbfpgh fou`imu`
fou`imu` gog`gmts,
gog`gmts, pfimtgh im
tbrgg hiccgrgmt sbfhgs ec krggm, cer` tbis histimativg cfëfhg.

Qeaie-Gaeme`ia ^reciog ec Wsgr Kreup. Xbg sbeppimk `foo ¸Ceru` @ittgorbgim¸

@ittgorbgim¸ fmh tbg
Luotu
Luoturjf
rjfu
u Lejo
Lejogmz
gmz,, wbiab
wbiab is ae
aemst
mstrua
ruatg
tgh
h mew,
mew, tekgt
tekgtbgr
bgr cer`
cer` tbg hgsikm
hgsikm ce
cerr tbg
rghgvgoep`gmt ec tbg Tgmtrfopoftz, tbg agmtrfo squfrg ec Lejogmz. Xbg Tgmtrfopoftz met
emoy aemmgats tbg vfrieus histriats ec Lejogmz witb gfab etbgr jut fose bfs fm i`pertfmt

cumatiem fs f pujoia trfmspert imtgrabfmkg

imtgrabfmkg fmh pofag wbgrg vfrieus pghgstrifm coews ae`g
tekgtbgr.
 

Qtfmhfrhs. Xbg ^frlimk frgf bfs f :7.>>>sq`.

 ^frlimk Hgtfios fmh Qtfmhfrhs.

  Frabitgaturfo
Frabitgaturfo Qymtbgsis

  Xbis aemagpt afm jg usgh cer tbg prepesgh Qbeppimk @foo fmh Ogisurg Ae`pogx,
im ae`jimftiem witb tbg krgft spfaieusmgss, kivgs f bikb-ogvgo ec f`gmity fmh f pogfsfmt
f`jigmag cer tbg usgr. Faress tbg imtgmsg aeoers ec tbg veih ghkgs, pewgrcuo faagmtuftiems
frg fppoigh tbft argftg f vivih i`fkg. Xbg cer` fmh cumatiem ec tbg agmtgr fmh its fjioity te
 jg fjog te jg cogxijog fmh
fm h fhfpt te tbg wgftbgr fmh aoi`f
aoi`ftg
tg aemhitiems.

  G`grkimk tgabmeoekigs imaouhg f vfrigty ec tgabmeo

G`grkimk tgabmeoekigs tgabmeoekigs
ekigs suab fs ghuaftiemfo
ghuaftiemfo
tgabmeoeky, imcer`ftiem tgabmeoeky, mfmetgabmeoeky, jietgabmeoeky, aekmitivg saigmag,
 psyabe tgabmeoeky,
tgabmeoeky , rejetias, fmh frticiaifo imtgooikgmag.

  :.:.: Qbfeximk AXA @foo

@foo

  Kgmgrfo Hgsariptiem

  Xbg AXA ＂ Abimf Xgxtiog Agmtgr ） is fm ftypiafo prfatiag ec frt-imveovgh

ae``graifofmh bfs ecciaifooy epgmgh ft tbg gmh ec Dumg :>62. Xbg predgat is surreumhgh
 jy gikbt bikb-risg tewgrs fmh twe supgr bikb-risg juiohimks umhgr aemstruatiem. It is f
 jrfmh mgw gmtgrtfim`gmt hgstimftiem imtgkrftimk ae``graifo strggts, sbeppimk `foos,
sgrviag fpfrt`gmts fmh ecciag juiohimks.

  Frabitgaturfo
Frabitgaturfo Fmfoysis

Frabitgats4 FXFB

Oeaftiem4 Abeu Hufm Ou, Lgqife Vu, Qbfeximk Qbi, Tbgdifmk Qbgmk,  Abimf

Ogfh Frabtigats4 Kufmk Ru, Oiofs Hfmhfm [fmk

 

Hgsikm Xgf`4 Cfm Bg, Tbgmqim Yfmk, Tbgm Bg, Sgg [gi

Frgf4 6:>>>.> `:

Cikurg 1:. Qbfeximk AXA @foo Cfafhg Cikurg 11. Kreumh Coeer ^ofm
Cikurg 18. Qgaemh Coeer ^ofm Cikurg 17. Xbirh Coeer ^ofm

Cikurg 13. Qbfeximk AXA @foo Qgaem

  Zgvigw

 Gmvirem`gmt fmh @iare-Aoi`ftg. Xbg wgftbgr im Tbgdifmk cgfturgs f `emseem sgfsem,

tg`pgrftg aoi`ftg, fjumhfmt sumsbimg fmh rfimcfoo, bu`ihity fmh typbeems. Xbg fvgrfkg

fmmufo tg`pgrfturg ec Tbgdifmk ^revimag is fjeut 62 ¾A (38 ¾C), witb fm fvgrfkg Duoy
tg`pgrfturg
tg`pgrfturg ec :;-1> ¾A (26-23 ¾C), fmh fm fvgrfkg Dfmufry
Dfmufry tg`pgrfturg ec :-2¾A (13-83
 

¾C). Xbg fmmufo fvgrfkg rfimcfoo ec tbg previmag is fjeut 6>>>`` te 69>>``, fmh its
fmmufo fvgrfkg sumsbimg ti`g is fjeut 6;6> beurs te :6>> beurs.

Wsgr Jgbfvier fmh Zgquirg`gmts. @faresaepiafooy jfsgh em tbg tbg`g ec wftgr tewm
fmh tgxtiog, tbg evgrfoo `fstgr-pofm is erkfmiafooy erkfmizgh. Xbg hiccgrgmtiftgh hgmsity
ogfhs tbg pgepog coews imte tbg ae``graifo strggt oilg tbg afpioofrigs fmh cfoo imte tbg

sumlgm squfrg fmh tbg sbeppimk agmtgr. @iaresaepiafooy, sgogat sgvgrfo hrf`f mehgs
foemk tbg `fimoy airauoftiem wfs sgogatgh te jg hgoiaftgoy hgsikmgh. Xbgsg cofsb peimts
fose afrry tbg rgquirg`gmts cer imtgkrftiem fmh imtgrfatiem witb tbg frt hispofy.

Wtioity fmh Qpfag Gmbfmag`gmt. Xbg `foo stioo afm bfvg f agmtrfo reog im urjfm fmh
sujurjfm
sujurjfm seaigtigs.
seaigtigs. Xe fveih
fveih jgae`im
jgae`imk
k wbft
wbft emg abigc gxgauti
gxgautivg
vg afoos
afoos f ‟bister
‟bisteriafo
iafo
fmfabrem
fmfabremis`
is` f sixty-yg
sixty-ygfr
fr fjgrrfti
fjgrrftiem
em tbft me oemkgr
oemkgr `ggts
`ggts tbg pujoia’s
pujoia’s mgghs,‐
mgghs,‐ `foo
`foo
epgrf
epgrfte
ters
rs `ust
`ust gxpfmh
gxpfmh tb
tbgi
girr beriz
berizems
ems ec wbft
wbft f `foo
`foo afm
afm jg. Xbgy
Xbgy `ust
`ust gmvisi
gmvisiem
em
tbg`sgovgs me oemkgr fs rgfo gstftg jrelgrs, jut imstgfh fs auste`gr-cfaimk previhgrs ec 

sbeppfjog gmtgrtfim`gmt.

 Cer` fmh Cumatiem. Xbg ofyeut ec tbg imtgrier spfag aemcer`s te tbg sbfpg ec tbg eoivg-
sbfpgh `foo, fmh tbg agmtrfo pfrt ec tbg sbeppimk agmtgr cer`s f krfmh ftriu`.

 Berizemtfo fmh Sgrtiafo Airauoftiem. Xbg sbfhew ec tbg agioimk struaturg is oilg f ofygr ec 
siol sprimlogh im f oikbt-aeoergh ree`. Xwe kreups ec mem-pfrfoogo oemk-spfm jrihkgs
imtgrwgfvg
imtgrwgfvg tbg mertb-seutb
mertb-seutb jusimgss oimgs. Ceur kreups ec gsafofters
gsafofters ogfh auste`grs
auste`grs cre`
tbg jfsg`gmt te tbg aimg`f im tbg bikb frgf.

Qitg-^ofmmimk fmh Ofmhsafpg Hgtfioimk. Xbg tbrgg-stery oeaftiem aemmgats tbg sbeppimk
agmtgr fmh tbg mertb sihg ec tbg sly jrihkg, wbiab is afoogh tbg "gyg ec agogjrftiem"
 jgafusg ec its `erpbeoekiafo
`erpbeoe kiafo jofstimk pesturg.
pes turg.

Qtruat
Qtruaturf
urfoo Hgtfio
Hgtfios.
s. Xbgg sihg
Xb sihg ec tb
tbgg jr
jrihk
ihkgg is aevgrg
aevgrgh
h wi
witb
tb f si`pog
si`pog oikbt
oikbt-ae
-aeoe
oergh
rgh
fou`imu` poftg te bihg tbg oikbt. Xbg airauofr `frjog tgxturg ec tbg agmtrfo bfoo em tbg cirst
coeer is oilg f squft im tbg `ihhog ec tbg bfoo, jut it oeels oilg f stfr.

 Juiohimk Qgrviags. Xbg jgst pujoia vigw ec tbg eutheer agmtrfo pofzf is previhgh im tbg preog
rgofemsbip. It is fose f beoy pofag cer gvgmt-jfsgh frt gvgmts.
 

 Hgsikm Hgtfioimk. Im rgspemsg te tbis spfag, wg umicy tbg hivisiem ec agioimk fmh reec fou`imu`
pfmgos tbreukb tbg pgrspgavg `ftrix, fmh oikbt up tbg gygjrew pfrt tbreukb tbg JFZZIQEO

agioimk. F re`fma teuab ec stfr mgt wfs fppoigh ft tbg jee` ec tbg jrihkg.

Qeai
Qeaie-
e-Ga
Gaem
eme`
e`ia
ia ^r
^rec
ecio
iogg ec Wsgr
Wsgr Kreu
Kreup.
p. Gaem
Gaeme`
e`ia
iafo
fooy
oy,, tbg
tbg aity
aity's
's hr
hriv
ivgm
gm jy

`fmucfaturimk ec tgxtiogs, gogatremias, fmh gmgrky-gcciaigmt oikbtimk. Tbgdifmk bfs tbg cictb
bikbgst pgr
bikbgst  pgr afpitfo KH^ im tbg mftiem,
mftiem , witb tbg aity itsgoc.

 ^frlimk Hgtfios fmh Qtfmhfrhs. Xbg stfmhfrh pfrlimk soets cer tbg `foo, rgae``gmh f
spfag 9 jy 62 cggt, fmh emg 6> jy :> cggt sbeuoh jg f`pog.

Frabitgaturfo
Frabitgaturfo Qymtbgsis

  Xbg usg ec coeftimk veou`gs te prehuag f wfolfjog

wfolfjog ofmhsafpg
ofmhsafpg cer tbg usgrs
hiccusgs tbg jeumhfry ec tbg werl gmvirem`gmt fmh tbg oivimk spfags. It sbews tbg
cogxijioity ec tbg struaturg. Xe previhgs f aemtimueus coew ec gxprgssiem cer tbg predgat
witb spgaifo auoturfo aemtgmt. It sbews f couih, cfsbiemfjog,
cfsbiemfjog, `uti-pgrspgativg
`uti-pgrspgativg spftifo vigw
witb tbg trfdgatery, previhimk f stfkg cer frt fmh gvgmts.
  :.:.1 Fppog Hujfi
Hujfi @foo

  Kgmgrfo Hgsariptiem

  Fppog Hujfi @foo is rgimvgmt

rgimvgmtimk
imk tbg trfhitiemfo
trfhitiemfo imtrevgrtgh ihgf ec `foo-jfsgh
`foo-jfsgh
rgtfio fs f `erg eutwfrh oeelimk
oeelimk gxpgrigmag tbft gmkfkgs witb tbg spgatfaog ec urjfm oicg.
Its hgsikm is f bikboy immevftivg rgspemsg te tbg auoturg fmh aoi`ftg ec tbg G`irftgs, wbiog
fose hg`emstrftimk Fppog’s piemggrimk f`jitiem te argftg imspirftiemfo aivia spfags cer 
foo.

Frabitgaturfo
Frabitgaturfo Fmfoysis

Frabitgats4 Cestgr + ^frtmgrs

Oeaftiem4 Cimfmaifo Agmtrg Zefh ‑ Hewmtewm Hujfi - Hujfi - Wmitgh Frfj G`irftgs
 

Aftgkery4 Qterg
^redgat Ygfr4 :>6;
^betekrfpbs4 Mikgo
^betekrfpbs4  Mikgo Yeumk
Frgf4 :,712`:

Cikurg 1;. Fppog Hujfi @foo Cfafhg Cikurg 12. Kreumh Coeer ^ofm

Cikurg 8>. Fppog Hujfi @foo Gogvfem

Cikurg 19. Qgaemh Coeer ^ofm Cikurg 8>. Fppog Hujfi @foo Gogvfem

  Zgvigw

 Gmvirem`gmt fmh @iare-Aoi`ftg. Hujfi  bfs

Hujfi f trepiafo hgsgrt
hgsgrt aoi`
aoi`ft
ftgg, Lóppgm
aofssiciaftiem   Jwb,
aofssiciaftiem Jwb, jgafusg ec its oeaftiem witbim tbg Mertbgrm hgsgrt jgot. Qu``grs frg
gxtrg`goy bet fmh bu`ih, witb fm fvgrfkg bikb freumh 86 ¾A (6>3 ¾C) fmh evgrmikbt oews
freumh 16 ¾A (22 ¾C). @est hfys frg summy tbreukbeut tbg ygfr. [imtgrs frg wfr` fmh
sbert witb fm fvgrfkg bikb ec :3 ¾A (;9 ¾C) fmh evgrmikbt oews ec 6; ¾A (31 ¾C).

Wsgr Jgbfvier fmh Zgquirg`gmts. Emg ec tbg `est visitgh urjfm agmtrgs im tbg weroh,
fttrfatimk evgr 2> `iooiem visiters gvgry ygfr simag :>68, tbg mgw Fppog Hujfi @foo
eaaupigs tbg `est pivetfo pesitiem im tbg aity, foemksihg tbg iaemia Jurd Lbfoicf fmh
evgroeelimk tbg cf`eus Hujfi Ceumtfims.
 

Wtioity fmh Qpfag Gmbfmag`gmt. Qpfmmim

Qpfmmimk
k evgr twe coeers, it g`jrfags
g`jrfags tbg tbgftrg ec tbg
ceumtfims witb f swggpimk 623-ceet (73.3 `gtrg) wihg fmh 62- ceet (7.7 `gtrg) hggp
tgrrfag, f cirst cer fmy Fppog Qterg witb umpfrfoogogh
umpfrfoogogh vigws ec tbg spgatfauofr sgttimk
sgttimk fmh
tbg imarghijog abergekrfpbgh hispofy.

 Cer` fmh Cumatiem. [itb tbgir `evg`gmt pftb imspirgh jy f cfoaem sprgfhimk its wimks,

tbg ‒Qeofr [imks’ frg im itsgoc f tbgftriafo gxpgrigmag fm imtgkrftgh visiem ec limgtia frt
fmh gmkimggrimk. Xbg wimks bfvg jggm afrgcuooy arfctgh te imspirg hgoikbt, f hgoiaftg
ae`jimftiem ec cer` fmh cumatiem.

 Berizemtfo fmh Sgrtiafo Airauoftiem. Xbg `foo previhgs oicts fmh gsafofters te gfsg tbg
usgr em airauoftimk
airauoftimk tbg wbeog juiohimk. Its ofrkg bfoos fmh bikb agioimks previhg gxagoogmt
fir abfmkg gccgativgmgss fmh bikb imheer fir qufoity te rghuag gmgrky aemsu`ptiem.

Qitg-^ofmmimk fmh Ofmhsafpg Hgtfioimk. Xbg mgw sbfhgh tgrrfag cgfturgs mimg sujstfmtifo

trggs witbim ofrkg pofmtgrs imaerperftimk sgftimk cer visiters te sit, rgofx fmh gmdey tbg
vigw. Xbg pofmtgrs wioo retftg `gabfmiafooy
`gabfmiafooy te gmsurg tbft tbg trggs rgagivg gvgm sumoikbt.
Xbg tgrrfag wioo eccgr tbg ae``umitigs ec Hujfi f mgw vfmtfkg peimt curtbgrimk Fppog’s
ae``it`gmt te tbg ae``umitigs tbgy frg pfrt ec.

Qtruaturfo Hgtfios. @fhg gmtirgoy ec oikbtwgikbt afrjem cijgr, gfab wimk bfs `uotipog
ofygrs ec tujgs cer`imk f hgmsg mgt. Ceooewimk fm im-hgptb stuhy ec sum fmkogs, tbg rehs
bfvg jggm histrijutgh im bikbgr aemagmtrftiem wbgrg tbg seofr rfhiftiem is tbg `est imtgmsg

evgr tbg ygfr.

 Juiohimk Qgrviags. Faagss te tbg sterg is tbreukb cuoo bgikbt, kofzgh pivetimk heers em
 jetb ogvgos, hirgatoy cre` Hujfi @foo.
 Hgsikm Hgtfioimk. Xbg Fvgmug, f spgaifooy hgsikmgh frgf cer faagsserigs hispofy, em tbg
oewgr ogvgo foemk witb Fppog’s sikmfturg hispofy tfjogs sits im tbg `ihst ec f krevg ec 
trggs, argftimk f afo` gmvirem`gmt te gxpgrigmag Fppog’s oftgst prehuats.

Qeaie-Gaeme`ia ^reciog ec Wsgr Kreup. Hujfi bfs abfmkgh hrf`ftiafooy evgr tbg ofst

tbrgg hgafhgs, jgae`imk f `fder jusimgss agmtgr witb f `erg hymf`ia fmh hivgrsicigh
gaeme`y. Hujfi gmdeys f strftgkia oeaftiem fmh sgrvgs fs tbg jikkgst rg-gxpertimk agmtgr 
 

im tbg @ihhog Gfst. Its oew oekistiafo fmh epgrftiemfo aests fmh gxagoogmt imcrfstruaturg,
imtgrmftiemfo eutoeel fmh oijgrfo kevgrm`gmt peoiaigs frg fttrfatimk imvgsters im f jik wfy.
Fativitigs suab fs trfhg, trfmspert, teuris`, imhustry fmh cimfmag bfvg sbewm stgfhy
krew
krewtb
tb fmh
fmh bgop
bgopgh
gh tb
tbgg gaem
gaeme`
e`y
y te fabi
fabigv
gvgg f bikb
bikb hgkr
hgkrgg
gg ec gxpf
gxpfms
msie
iem
m fmh
fmh
hivgrsiciaftiem.

 ^frlimk Hgtfios fmh Qtfmhfrhs. ^frlimk spfags witbim gmaoesgh kfrfkgs sbfoo bfvg fm
imtgrier hi`gmsiem ec ft ogfst tgm cggt wihg fmh twgmty cggt oemk. Xbg `imi`u` sizg ec f
ae`pfat pfrlimk spfag sbfoo jg gikbt cggt wihg fmh sixtggm cggt oemk.

  Frabitgaturfo
Frabitgaturfo Qymtbgsis

  Xbg umiqug pfttgrm fooews aogfr vigws eut cer pgepog stfmhimk em jetb ogvgos ec 
tbg sterg, fmh tbg sumoikbt strgf`imk tbreukb tbg wimks afsts hfppogh sbfhews hggp imte
tbg imtgrier. Its hgsikm is f bikboy immevftivg rgspemsg te tbg auoturg fmh aoi`ftg ec tbg
G`irftgs, wbiog fose hg`emstrftimk Fppog’s piemggrimk f`jitiem te argftg imspirftiemfo
aivia spfags cer foo. Cfaioitigs sbeuoh jg suitfjog cer teurists im tgr`s ec tbg purpesg fmh
cumatiem ec f spgaicia cfaioity.

  :.:.8 Xbfibet
Xbfibet Aity ^ofzf @foo
@foo

  Kgmgrfo Hgsariptiem

  Xbg gxpgrigmag ec gmtgrimk Qpfrl's prepesgh `foo im Cuzbeu is gqufooy hfzzoimk

fs f veou`imeus ftriu` cioogh witb vijrfmt aeoer fmh oikbt krggts tbg visiter. @frae ^eoe
hgsarijgh Cuzbeu fs ‟fm i`pertfmt Agmtrg ec ae``grag im prgaieus stemgs.‐ Qpfrl's
‒prgaieus stemg’ im tbg bgfrt ec Cuzbeu is wfitimk te jg hisaevgrgh.

  Frabitgaturfo
Frabitgaturfo Fmfoysis

Frabitgats4 Qpfrl Frabitgats

 

Oeaftiem4 RiuCgmk Zefh fmh JfmTbemk Zefh, DimFm Histriat, 17>>>>, Cuzbeu, Abimf
Aftgkery4 Qterg
^redgat Ygfr4 :>6:
Qterigs4 7-:> Qterigs
 

Cikurg 86. Xbfibet Aity ^ofzf @foo Cfafhg 86. Kreumh Coeer ^ofm
Cikurg 8:.

Cikurg 81. Qgaemh Coeer ^ofm Cikurg 88. Xbirh Coeer ^ofm

Cikurg 87. Fgrifo ^grspgavg

  Zgvigw

 Gmvirem`gmt fmh @iare-Aoi`ftg. Cuzbeu, jerhgrimk

jerhgrimk tbg Gfst Abimf Qgf, bfs f wfr` fmh
bu`ih suj-trepiafo `emseem aoi`ftg witb fjumhfmt rfimcfoo. Xbg wgftbgr im Cuzbeu is
 

`ioh
`ioh fmh tbg fmmufo fvgrfk
fvgrfkgg tg`pgrftu
tg`pgrfturg
rg is fjeut 69.3 A (3;.:2
(3;.:2 C). [gftbg
[gftbgrr im sprimk is
abfmkgfjog fmh rfimy.

Wsgr Jgbfvier fmh Zgquirg`gmts. Xbg mertb cfafhg jgae`gs f oivimk erkfmis` cuoo ec 
`evg`gmt fmh gmgrky, Xbfibet @foo Cuzbeu is sgt te jgae`g f histimativg rgcogatiem em
tbg cuturg ec aity oicgstyog rgtfio.

Wtioit
Wtioityy fmh Qpfag
Qpfag Gmbfma
Gmbfmag`g
g`gmt.
mt. Xbgg re
Xb reect
ectep
ep ec
eccgr
cgrss f vfrig
vfrigty
ty ec fati
fativi
vitig
tigss suab
suab fs
`imifturg keoc fmh cimg himimk, it is faagssijog jy tbg :8-beur reutg. Xbis reutg is curtbgr 
fmi`ftgh jy its fhdfagmay te tbg pghgstrifm strggt.

 Cer` fmh Cumatiem. Em f rfrg eaafsiem, abippimk fwfy ft f stemg wioo ogfh te tbg
hisaevgry ec f afvgrmeus aerg oimgh witb `imgrfo hgpesits gxpoehimk witb rfhifmt aeoer 
fmh oikbt.

 Berizemtfo fmh Sgrtiafo Airauoftiem. Xbg agmtgr previhgs oicts fmh gsafofters te gfsg tbg
usgr em airauoftimk tbg wbeog agmtgr. It fose previhgs ofrkg bfoowfys fmh epgm spfags te
kivg `fxi`u` sgmsg ec airauoftiem.

Qitg-^ofmmimk fmh Ofmhsafpg Hgtfioimk. Xwe ae`pog`gmtfry

ae`pog`gmtfry pghgstrifm
pghgstrifm reutgs gmgrkizg
tbg hymf`ia sbeppimk gxpgrigmag
gxpgrigmag ft Xbfibet @foo Cuzbeu. F 6:-beur hfy reutg fmh f :8-
beur reutg, rgtfio prekrf`s tbft epgrftg hurimk tbg hfy frg aemseoihftgh imte f 6:-beur 
sbeppimk pehiu`, airauoftiem reutgs fmh tgrrfags frg afrvgh eut ec tbis pehiu` cfaioitftimk
faagss te tbg reectep.

Qtru
Qtruat
atur
urfo
fo Hgtf
Hgtfio
ios.
s. Aeoer
Aeoer sb
sbict
ictim
imk
k fou`i
fou`imu`
mu` pfmgo
pfmgoss ae
ae`j
`jimg
imgh
h wi
witb
tb sikmfk
sikmfkgg fm
fmh
h
fhvgrtisg`gmts
fhvgrtisg`gmts cfëfhg argftg fm gxtgrier fppgfrfmag
fppgfrfmag tbft is aemstfmtoy abfmkimk. Ft mikbt
tbg pgrcerftgh fou`imu` pfmgos fooew oikbt te pfss tbreukb te argftg f ‟stfrry mikbt‐
gccgat.

 Juiohimk Qgrviags. [erlimk em tbg imtgrier fmh cfëfhg hgsikm ec Xbfibet @foo im Cuzbeu,
Cuzbeu,
tbg hgsikm ec tbgir umhuoftimk tgmfmt cfëfhg `i`ias tbg gjj fmh coew ec pghgstrifm trfccia
trfccia
argftimk f hymf`ia sbeppimk gxpgrigmag.  
 

 Hgsikm Hgtfioimk. Xbg hgsikm prepesfo cer tbg Xbfibet Aity ^ofzf @foo bfs f `uoti-
cfagtgh cfëfhg tbft bfs hiccgrgmt cumatiems, im pofm fmh gogvftiem. Hgsikmgh jy Qpfrl 
Frabitgats,, tbis cfafhg `ehgrftgs tbg ghkgs ec tbg juiohimk im pofm te imargfsg sikbt oimgs
Frabitgats
imte tbg pghgstrifm strggt hrfwimk pgepog im, umoilg oimgfr strggts tbft cfio te beoh fmh
afpturg tbg pghgstrifms’ imtgrgst.

Qeaie-
Qeaie-Gae
Gaeme`
me`ia
ia ^recio
^reciogg ec Wsgr
Wsgr Kreup
Kreup.. Cuzbeu,
Cuzbeu, afpitfo
afpitfo ec Cudifm
Cudifm ^revima
^revimag,
g, is fm
imhustrifo agmtgr fmh sgfpert em tbg @im Zivgr. Xbg `imgrfo rgseurags frg fjumhfmt.
F`emk tbg`, tbg rgsgrvg ec Ygof Qtemg is im tbg cirst pofag im Abimf. Xbg rgseurags ec 
cergsts, fquftia prehuats fmh gogatrem frg fjumhfmt tee. Cuzbeu is tbg i`pertfmt imhustrifo
 jfsg im Cudifm ^revimag.

 ^frlimk Hgtfios fmh Qtfmhfrhs. Xbg `imi`u` sizg ec f stfmhfrh

stfmhfrh pfrlimk spfag
spfag sbfoo jg
mimg cggt wihg fmh gikbtggm cggt oemk.

  Frabitgaturfo
Frabitgaturfo Qymtbgsis

  Xbg prepesg Qbeppimk @foo fmh Ogisurg Ae`pogx `ust jgae`g f oivimk
erkfmis` cuoo ec `evg`gmt fmh gmgrky, te jgae`g f histimativg rgcogatiem em tbg cuturg ec 
aity oicgstyog rgtfio.
  :.:.7 Hfgku
Hfgku Aeoer Qqufrg
Qqufrg Qtfhiu`
Qtfhiu` @foo

  Kgmgrfo Hgsariptiem

  Imitiftgh fs f ae`pgtitiem te rgvitfoizg fm umhgrutioizgh pfrlimk oet fhdfagmt te tbg

Hfgku
Hfgku [eroh
[eroh Aup
Aup Qt
Qtfhi
fhiu`
u`,, Dgrhg
Dgrhg wfs
wfs ae``i
ae``issi
ssiemg
emgh
h te hgsikm
hgsikm tbg
tbg predg
predgat
at upem
upem
suj`itt
suj`ittimk
imk tbgir
tbgir aemagpt
aemagpt cer f bikboy
bikboy iaemia,
iaemia, `esfia
`esfia ec surcfags
surcfags fmh erkfmia
erkfmia cer`s
imspirgh jy Hfgku’s ewm tgxtiog imhustry.

  Frabitgaturfo
Frabitgaturfo Fmfoysis

Frabitgats4 Dgrhg
 

Oeaftiem4 Hfgku, Qeutb
Hfgku, Qeutb Lergf
Aftgkery4 Qbeppimk Agmtgrs
Frgf4 7>>>>.> `:
^redgat Ygfr4 :>66

Cikurg 83. Hfgku Aeoer Qqufrg Qtfhiu` @foo 

@ foo  Cikurg 8;. Kreumh Coeer ^ofm

Cikurg 82. Qgaemh Coeer ^ofm Cikurg 89. Hfgku Aeoer Qqufrg Imtgrier Hgsikm
 

  Zgvigw

 Gmvirem`gmt fmh @iare-Aoi`ftg. Hfgku bfs f aeeogr vgrsiem ec f bu`ih sujtrepiafo

aoi`ftg.. Xbg `eumtfims tbft ae`prisg tbg jfsim trfp bet fmh bu`ih fir. Qi`iofroy, im
aoi`ftg
wimtgr, aeoh fir oigs im tbg jfsim. Xbg frgf rgagivgs oittog prgaipitftiem gxagpt hurimk tbg
rfimy sgfsem ec su``gr fmh is summy tbreukbeut `uab ec tbg ygfr. Hftf kftbgrgh simag
6936 imhiaftgs tbft tbg `gfm tg`pgrfturg cer Dfmufry, tbg aeohgst `emtb im Hfgku, is
>.3 ¾A (11 ¾C) fmh tbft cer Fukust, tbg wfr`gst `emtb, is :3.8 ¾A (2> ¾C). Xbg Aity's
oewg
oewgst
st rgae
rgaerh
rh tg`p
tg`pgr
grft
ftur
urgg wfs
wfs √:>.
√:>.:
: ¾A (√
(√8
8 ¾C
¾C),
), fmh
fmh tbg
tbg Ai
Aity
ty's
's bikb
bikbgs
gstt rg
rgae
aerh
rh
tg`pgrfturg wfs 8>.> ¾A (6>8 ¾C).

Wsgr Jgbfvier
Jgbfvier fmh Zgquir
Zgquirg`g
g`gmts
mts.. Hgsikmg
Hgsikmgh
h te jg f bikboy
bikboy rgaekmiz
rgaekmizfjog
fjog ofmh`frl 
ofmh`frl 
hgstimftiem cer Hfgku, Lergf’s ceurtb ofrkgst aity, @esfia Kfrhgms imtrehuags f mgw
`ehgo ec sperts- rgoftgh gmtgrtfim`gmt vgmugs fmh prekrf``imk jy eccgrimk ogisurg,
gxbijits, himimk fmh cf`ioy fativitigs.

Wtioity fmh Qpfag Gmbfmag`gmt. Xbg bikboy fmtiaipftgh gmtgrtfim`gmt zemg is fmabergh
 jy f 6,8>>-sgft cogxijog aemagrt fmh gvgmt vgmug, foemk witb six aimg`fs. Imtgrwevgm
witbim tbg predgat is f wihg sf`pog ec mfturfo gxprgssiems tbft gmbfmag tbg erkfmia fmh
 pfrl-oilg qufoitigs te argftg f krggm efsis cer
ce r visiters.

 Cer` fmh Cumatiem. Xbg hgsikm wfs curtbgr imspirgh jy tbg Hfgku [eroh Aup Qtfhiu`
fs f sy`jeo ec koejfo umity. Xbg surcfag `esfia ec tbg mgw spfag fatimk fs f `gtfpber cer 
tbg imtgrwgfvimk
imtgrwgfvimk ec tbg hivgrsg auoturgs ec tbg weroh wbe wioo visit tbis mgw seaifo rgfo`
fmh agmtrfo buj ec gmtgrtfim`gmt, gxbijits, himimk, fmh sperts fativitigs.

 Berizemtfo fmh Sgrtiafo Airauoftiem. Xbg `fim aemagpt cer tbg cer` fmh cumatiem ec tbg
`foo is cogxijioity fmh fhfptfjioity
fhfptfjioity te `est fhvfmagh tgabmeoeky
tgabmeoeky fmh bfs jggm hgsikmgh te
 previhg umsurpfssgh
umsurp fssgh cfaioitigs fmh sgrviags
sgrv iags

Qitg-^ofmmimk fmh Ofmhsafpg Hgtfioimk. F sgrigs ec ofmhsafpgh pghgstrifm wfolwfys fmh

gogvftgh pfrls argftg f aemtimueus gxtgrier fmh imtgrier reutg oimlimk tbg gmtgrtfim`gmt
fmh rgtfio spfag te tbg surreumhimk sperts ae`pogx, wbiab fose aemtfims f sgaemh stfhiu`
fmh cuturg jfsgjfoo stfhiu`.
 

Qtruaturfo
Qtruat Hgtfios. Xbg agmtgr’s sustfimfjog cgfturgs imaouhg krfy wftgr usg cer pofmt
urfo Hgtfios.
irrikftiem, kgetbgr`fo bgftimk fmh aeeoimk fmh rgayaogh `ftgrifos cer ofmhsafpimk.

 Juiohimk Qgrviags. Xbg agmtgr pigag ec tbg rgtfio fmh gmtgrtfim`gmt ae`pogx is f [ftgr 
Kfrhgm, f ofmhsafpgh sumlgm eutheer aeurtyfrh witb f ofrkg wftgr cgfturg tbft eccgrs f
mgw ae
ae``
``umi
umity
ty kf
kftbg
tbgri
rimk
mk frgf
frgf cer gvgmt
gvgmtss fmh fati
fativit
vity.
y. Xbg
Xbg sbeps
sbeps,, rgstf
rgstfurf
urfmts
mts fm
fmh
h
gmtgrtfim`gmt vgmugs frg frrfmkgh im histriats freumh tbg [ftgr Kfrhgm, witb rfhifo
‒foogys’ fmh kofss aurtfim wfoos previhimk mfturfo oikbt fmh vigws ec tbg kfrhgm spfag cre`
`uotipog oeaftiems witbim tbg umhgrkreumh frgfs.

 Hgsikm Hgtfioimk. Xbg hgsikm wfs curtbgr imspirgh jy tbg Hfgku [eroh Aup Qtfhiu` fs f
sy`jeo ec koejfo umity. Xbg surcfag `esfia ec tbg mgw spfag fatimk fs f `gtfpber
`gtfpber cer tbg
imtgrwgfvimk ec tbg hivgrsg auoturgs ec tbg weroh wbe wioo visit tbis mgw seaifo rgfo` fmh
agmtrfo buj ec gmtgrtfim`gmt, gxbijits, himimk, fmh sperts fativitigs.

Qeaie-Gaeme`ia ^reciog ec Wsgr Kreup. Xbg aity is tbg gaeme`ia fmh imhustrifo aerg ec 
tbg Hfgku-Kygemkjul   rgkiem,
rgkiem, emg ec tbg `fder imhustrifo frgfs im Lergf. It faaeumtgh cer 
fs `uab
`uab fs 98 pgrag
pgragmt
mt ec Lergf
Lergf's
's trfhg
trfhg surpo
surpous
us im :>>3.
:>>3. Xbg
Xbg goga
gogatr
tremi
emias
as imhus
imhustr
trig
igss
im Ku`i fmh
Ku`i fmh tbg stggo imhustrigs im ^ebfmk previhgh
^ebfmk previhgh krgft sgrviags te tbft surpous. [eroh-
ogfhimk
ogfhimk `fmucfa
`fmucfaturi
turimk
mk cfaioit
cfaioitigs
igs cer Fmyafoo (
Fmyafoo (Qf`
Qf`sumk
sumk @ejiog
@ejiog)) fmh ^EQAE's
^EQAE's `fim
`fim
cfaterigss frg oeaftgh mgfr tbg aity. Hfgku fmh its mgikbjeurimk
cfaterig mgikbjeurimk aitigs wgrg hgsikmftgh cer 
tbg Hfgku-Kygemkjul Crgg Gaeme`ia Temg jy
Temg jy tbg agmtrfo kevgrm`gmt im :>>2. It is
spgaifoizgh ae`pfmigs oilg [imitgab sectwfrg ae`pfmy im lmewoghkg-jfsgh sgrviag fmh
`fmucfaturimk imhustrigs.

 ^frlimk Hgtfios fmh Qtfmhfrhs. Xbg pfrlimk cer afrs is 1,77>. It is oeaftgh fpprexi`ftgoy
66 l` er :> `imutgs jy afr cre` Hfgku Firpert.

  Frabitgaturfo
Frabitgaturfo Qymtbgsis

  Xbg prepesgh Qbeppimk @foo fmh Ogisurg Ae`pogx `ust bfvg hgsikmgh fs f sgoc-
sustfimimk gmvirem`gmtfo, auoturfo, fmh frtistia aeoogatiem ec imheer/eutheer ae``umity
 

spfag gxprgssgh tbreukb oivimk kfrhgms, reectep pfrls, wftgr cgfturgs fmh ofmhsafpimk
tbft trfmscer` tbg frgf imte fm urjfm efsis.

XZIKWF
Qbeppimk @foo fmh
 
Ogisurg Ae`pogx

ABF^XGZ 1

ZGQGFZAB @GXBEHEOEKY

1.6 Zgsgfrab @gtbeh

Xbg rgsgfrab
rgsgfrab `gtbeh rgcgrs te tbg teeos tbft emg usg
usgss te he rgsgfra
rgsgfrab.
b. Xbgsg afm
gitbgr jg qufoitftivg er qufmtitftivg er `ixgh. @ust aemtfim f si`pog preagss ec frrivimk ft
hgpgmhfjogg seoutiems
hgpgmhfjo seoutiems te prejog`s
prejog`s tbreukb tbg pofmmgh fmh systg`
systg`ftia
ftia aeoogatiem fmfoysis,
fmh imtgrprgtftiem ec lmewoghkg, cer pre`etimk prekrgss, fmh cer gmfjoimk tbg teurist te
rgoftg. Xe argftg mgw imcer`ftiem fmh gxtgmh tbg ae`prgbgmsiem ec f tbg`g er issug. It
gxpgats te faau`uoftg hftf te gmfjog tbg rgsgfrabgr te aoesg f spgauoftiem te bis rgsgfrab
rgsgfrab
 prejog`. 

Xbg rgsgfrabgr usgh hgsariptivg rgsgfrab `gtbeh te kftbgr imcer`ftiem fmh hftf
rgkfrhimk sbeppimk `foos.  Zgsgfrab stuhy is hgvetgh te cimh situftiems umhgr wbiab
agrtfim pbgme`gmem eaaurs fmh airau`stfmags umhgr, it hegs met eaaur im wbft `ikbt
fppgfr te jg si`iofr.

Xbg rgsgfrabgr usgh tbg hgsariptivg `gtbeh ec rgsgfrab cer tbg stuhy te kgt tbg
rgquirgh frabitgaturfo
frabitgaturfo cfats rgkfrhimk tbg predgat prepesfo. It is mgghgh te jg faaurftg fmh
te `flg surg ofws fmh previsiems frg ceooewgh.
 

 
1.: Qeurags ec Hftf

Qeurags ec imcer`ftiem frg tbg jgkimmimk ec hftf kftbgrimk. It kgmgrfooy hgoivgrs

si`pog er um-fmfoyzgh fmh um-symtbgsizgh imcer`ftiem cre` frabitgats, suppoigrs, ewmgrs,
kevgrm`
kevgrm`gmt,
gmt, werlpofa
werlpofags,
gs, fmh spgaifo
spgaifoists
ists em f kivgm
kivgm sujdgat
sujdgat.. It oilgwi
oilgwisg
sg imaerper
imaerperftgs
ftgs
frtiaogs, rgperts, deurmfos, ae`pesitiems, jeels, `fkfzimgs, fmh `fps.

Xbg rgsgfrabgr usgh hiccgrgmt typgs ec seurags oilg wgj frtiaogs, jeels, `fkfzimgs,
 deurmfos, wbiab frg cir`oy ihgmticigh
ih gmticigh witb rgsgfrab.

 Xbg rgsgfrabgr usgh tbis imcer`ftiem cer tbg `est pfrt fs f rgsuot ec its aemtgxtufo
imvgstikftiem faagssijioity. Xbgrg wgrg fppoigh te fssg`jog cer tbg `est pfrt hgsikm hftf
witb rgspgat te bis tbg`g ec rgsgfrab. Xbg imcer`ftiem kftbgrgh wfs afutieusoy hivihgh
fmh ae`jimgh gvfouftimk its agmtrfoity fmh i`pertfmag te tbg stuhy.

1.1 @gtbehs ec Hftf Aeoogatiem

Zgsgfrab `gtbehs frg tbg `gfms er pbioesepby ec usgh imcer`ftiem faau`uoftgh

im tbg imspgatiem. It imtgmhs te fssg`jog hftf te gmfjog tbg rgsgfrabgr te cimisb up f tbgery
te bis rgsgfrab.

Xbgg stuh
Xb stuhy
y rgqu
rgquir
irgh
gh te fp
fppo
poy
y f cgw
cgw strf
strftg
tgki
kigs
gs imao
imaouh
uhim
imk
k rg
rgfh
fhim
imk
k ec je
jeel
els,
s,
`fkfz
`fkfzim
imgs,
gs, de
deurm
urmfos
fos,, fmh hi
hiccg
ccgrg
rgmt
mt gx
gxgra
graisg
isgs,
s, cer gxf`p
gxf`pog
og,, evgrv
evgrvigw
igw,, imtgr
imtgrvig
vigws
ws,,
 jfalkreumh rgsgfrabgs,
rgs gfrabgs, fmh pgragptiem tbreukb sitg fppgfrfmag.
fppgfrfma g.

Xbg `gtbeh usgh wgrg hemg te bgop jfalimk fmh bgop tbg rgsgfrabgr’s
rgsgfrabgr’s spgauoftiem
er fmswgrs cer bis gxpoerftiem issug. Xbg evgrvigw wfs fppoigh te kgt tbg puosg ec tbg
evgrfoo pepuoftiem witb rgspgat te tbg fttfimfjioity, ae``em sgmsg, fmh cgfsijioity ec tbg
umhgrtf
umhgrtflimk
limk prepesfo
prepesfo.. Zgsuoti
Zgsuotimk,
mk, aemtgxt
aemtgxtufo
ufo imvgsti
imvgstikfti
kftiems
ems wgrg
wgrg ogh te fssg`jo
fssg`jogg hftf
fjeut gxistimk umhgrtflimks fmh its struaturfo ae`pemgmts. Qitg visitftiem wgrg hemg jy
tbg rgsgfrabgr te faau`uoftg imcer`ftiem witb rgspgat tewfrh tbg sitg te ae`jimg f
`gtbeheoeky em tbg `est preciaigmt `gtbeh te gxgautg tbg struaturg preaghurg.
 

1.8 Zgsgfrab ^frfhik`

 Oijrfry fmh Imtgrmgt Zgsgfrab em @foo hgsikm

IM^WX
kuihgoimgs, i`pertfmag, imtgrmftiemfo stfmhfrhs fmh trgmhs.
 Cigoh rgsgfrab em @foo cfaioitigs
 Hgsariptivg rgsgfrab em tgabmeoekigs fppoiafjog te tbg
 prepesfo

^ZEAGQQ
Aeoogatiem fmh rgvigw ec kftbgrgh hftf


 Qitg sgogatiem fmh fmfoysis

 Fmfoysis ec imitifo frabitgaturfo seoutiem
 Erkfmizftiem ec kftbgrgh hftf

EWX^WXCimfo hgsikm seoutiem witb rgkfrhs te



gmvirem`gmtfo cgfturgs
 Frabitgaturfo seoutiem te sitg prejog`.
 Cimfo prekrf``imk ec spfags fmh cumatiemfo
erkfmizftiem.
 Hgvgoep`gmt ec aemagpts sfmh sabg`gs em
fgstbgtias fmh prekrf``imk.
 Cikurg 7>. Zgsgfrab ^frfhik`

 
XZIKWF
Qbeppimk @foo fmh
Ogisurg Ae`pogx

ABF^XGZ 8

^ZGQGMXFXIEM,, FMFOYQIQ
^ZGQGMXFXIEM
FMH IMXGZ^ZFXFXIEM EC HFXF

  8.6 Xbg ^redgat

^redgat preciog is hgcimgh te `fimtfim hgcfuot vfougs fmh aemtreo pfrf`gtgrs oilg
 pofmmimk `gtbehs cer aests. Xbg imcer`ftiem gmtgrgh im predgat preciog is aepigh
te predgat im predgat hgcimitiem er fose im tbg predgat gog`gmts.

  8.6.6 ^redgat ^reciog

Xbis predgat is bikboy rgae``gmhgh fmh tbg `foo is koejfooy ae`pgtitivg f`emk
etbgr oeafo fmh urjfm `foos, eccgrimk vfrieus jrfmhs, prehuats er sgrviags ft emg pofag.

Xbg prepesgh sitg is im Ijf Tf`jfogs, jfsgh em :>67 agmsus, bfs f pepuoftiem ec 
7>,7>3 pgepog. Fs tbg afpitfo ec tbg previmag, it is sgaemh ofrkgst previmaifo afpitfo im
tgr`s ec ofmh frgf im Agmtrfo Ouzem Zgkiem
Ouzem Zgkiem fctgr Xfrofa Aity.
Aity. Ijf, Tf`jfog
Tf`jfogss bfs krgft
 petgmtifo imvgsters fs tbis is mew jgae`imk fm urjfm hgvgoep`gmt tbis wioo jg krgft te
oeaftg jusimgss te fttrfat tbg mgikbjerbeeh previmaifos. Xbis aeuoh `fimoy cgfturg te

`ehgrmizftiem fmh `fssivg imcrfstruaturg hgvgoep`gmts aurrgmtoy tflimk pofag dust oilg
Q@ Qlyrfmab. Im tbg prepesgh agmtgr, tbgrg wioo jg f oet ec cfaioitigs tbft wioo fttrfat tbg
aemsu`grs im Qbeppimk @foo, it wioo bfvg imtgrfativg pfrl, sagmia vigws, fativity frgf,
 

trfmspertftiem tgr`imfos fmh etbgr fpprepriftg cfaioitigs ec tbg `foo. Xbis predgat ewmgh jy
 privftg ae`pfmy fmh wioo cumhgh jy privftg imvgsters.
imv gsters.

  8.6.: Qikmiciafmag
Qikmiciafmag ec tbg ^redgat
^redgat

Xbg gaeme`ia fativity is ft its `est hymf`ia fmh prehuativg wbgm pewgrgh jy tbg
 jette`-up argftivity, immevftiem fmh imkgmuity ec oeafo gmtrgprgmgurs, fmh tbg spgmhimk
 pewgr ec fm gmkfkgh ae``umity. Xbis predgat wioo kivg dej eppertumitigs, fmh bgop tbg
gmvirem`gmt ec tbg Ijf Tf`jfogs te jeest tbgir `umiaipfoity te koejfoizgh gmvirem`gmt.
Xbgrg wioo jg f aemsuotftiem jgtwggm stflgbeohgr, ewmgrs fmh hgsikmgrs. Kftbgr se`g
 jfsia imcer`ftiem’s fjeut tbgir cfaioitigs, imvgsters, fmh etbgr fpprepriftg mgghs cer tbg
`foo.

8.6.1 Dusticiaftiem ec tbg ^redgat

Xbg prepemgmt prepesgh f predgat Qbeppimk @foo fmh Ogisurg Ae`pogx witb its
kefo wbiab is sgrviag, sgrvg te lggp pgepog bfppy fmh jrimkimk
jrimkimk tbg `ehgrmizftiem
`ehgrmizftiem ec aity te
 previmag.. Xbg `foo sbeppgrs prgcgrrgh tbg foo-im-emg aemvgmigmag tbgsg sbeppimk agmtgrs
 previmag
eccgrgh. Mfturfooy
Mfturfooy sbeppgrs prgcgr tbg sbeppimk `foos jgafusg tbgy eccgrgh `erg abeiags.
Cer f jik sbeppimk `foo epgrfter, sbeppimk `foos bfh fose gveovgh imte trfmspert bujs
tbft previhg ‟f aemstfmt strgf` ec pgepog‐ wbe sbep, gft er dust aeeo ecc.

Qbeppimk `foos frg f kfukg ec gaeme`ia hgvgoep`gmt, fmh f`emk tbg jikkgst
g`poe
g`poeygr
ygrs,
s, previ
previhim
himk
k bumhrg
bumhrghs
hs ec dejs,
dejs, se`g
se`g pgepog
pgepog mgfrjy
mgfrjy Ij
Ijff Tf`j
Tf`jfo
fogs
gs frg ft f
aressrefhs, se aemsu`grs, gvgm cre` etbgr frgfs, ectgm hrep jy te juy er sgoo se`gtbimk
im Ijf Tf`jfo
Tf`jfogs.
gs. Jusimgss
Jusimgssgs,
gs, oilg
oilg sbeppimk
sbeppimk `foos, cimh tbis
tbis pofag
pofag fttrfat
fttrfativg.
ivg. Emg keeh
tbimk rgsuotgh cre` tbg sbeppimk `foo imvfsiem is tbg i`prevg`gmt ec tbg cfaioitigs fmh
`fmfkg`gmt ec tbg oeafo’s pujoia `frlgt fmh tbis afm jg f mgw cgfturg cer Ijfmifms te
gxpgrigmag gmtgrtfim`gmt fmh ogisurg. Xbgrg is si`iofr @foos im Ijf Tf`jfogs jut tbgir 
`foos
`foos frg ofal
ofal ec cfaioit
cfaioitigs
igs fmh tgabmeo
tgabmeoekia
ekiafo
fo immevfti
immevftiems.
ems. Xbgir @foos
@foos frg met vgry
 pogfsurimk fmh sftiscyimk cer tbg rgfsem tbft se`g ec tbg pgepog ec Tf`jfogs frg stioo
visitimk Eoemkfpe Aity dust te gxpgrigmag f sagmia vigw, gmtgrtfim`gmt fmh eutheer 
fativitigs.
fativitigs. Xbg prepesgh frgf is oeaftgh im fm frgf aftgkerizgh
aftgkerizgh fs AJH, bewgvgr,
bewgvgr, tbg frgf
 

is fose mgfr te se`g be`gewmgrs. Xbis aeuoh jg mgketiftgh jy tbg ae`pfmy, se tbft tbg
frgf weuoh jg kivgm te tbg ae`pfmy witb prepgr ae``umiaftiem fmh pfpgrs.

8.: Xbg Wsgr

  8.:.6 Hg`ekrfpbia Hftf

Xbg prepesgh sitg is im Ijf Tf`jfogs, jfsgh em :>67 agmsus, bfs f pepuoftiem ec 
7>,7>3 pgepog. Fs tbg afpitfo ec tbg previmag, it is sgaemh ofrkgst previmaifo afpitfo im
tgr`s ec ofmh frgf im Agmtrfo Ouzem Zgkiem
Ouzem Zgkiem fctgr Xfrofa Aity.
Aity.

  8.:.: Wsgr ^reciog

Wsgr preciog is f visufo hispofy ec pgrsemfo hftf fsseaiftgh witb f spgaicia usgr, er 
f auste`izgh hgsltep gmvirem`gmt. F preciog afm jg usgh te sterg tbg hgsariptiem ec tbg
abfrfatgristias ec f pgrsem.

8.:.:.6 Qbeppimk @foo

6. Auste`gr-
Auste`gr- fm imhivihufo
imhivihufo wbe pfys
pfys se`g f`eumt ec `emgy er tbg tbimk
tbimk rgquirgh
rgquirgh te
aemsu`g keehs fmh sgrviags prehuagh.
:. Fh`im Qtfcc- fssistfmts cioo f vfrigty ec reogs im ecciag sgttimks.
1. G`poeygg-  Fm g`poeygg jfrtgrs bis er bgr slioos, lmewoghkg, gxpgrigmag, fmh
aemtrijutiem im gxabfmkg cer ae`pgmsftiem cre` fm g`poeygr .
8. Zgtfiogr- f pgrsem er jusimgss tbft sgoos keehs te tbg pujoia im rgoftivgoy s`foo
qufmtitigs cer usg er aemsu`ptiem rftbgr tbfm cer rgsfog.
7. Ao
Aogf
gfmi
mimk
mk @fimt
@fimtgm
gmfm
fmag
ag--  F dfm
dfmiter
iter,, aust
austehif
ehifm,
m, pert
pertgr,
gr, aogfmgr
aogfmgr er afrg
afrgtfl
tflgr
gr is f
 pgrsem wbe aogfms fmh `fimtfims juiohimks.
3. Qg
Qgau
auri
rity
ty Kuf
Kufrh
rh--  f pgrsem g`poeygh te pretgat f juiohimk fkfimst imtruhgrs er 

hf`fkg.
;. Hgoivgrgr- f
Hgoivgrgr-  f pgrsem g`poeygh jy f rgtfio sterg te hgoivgr s`foo erhgrs te auste`grs
em afoo.
 

  8.:.:.: Imtgrfativg ^frl 

6. Auste`gr- f pgrsem wbe `flgs f purabfsg.

:. Zihg Xgabmiaifm- 
Xgabmiaifm-  f werlgr im f cigoh ec tgabmeoeky wbe is preciaigmt im tbg
rgogvfmt
rgogvfmt slioo fmh tgab
tgabmiqu
miqug,
g, wit
witb
b f rgo
rgofti
ftivgoy
vgoy prfa
prfatia
tiafo
fo umhg
umhgrst
rstfmhi
fmhimk
mk ec tbg
tbgergtiafo primaipogs.
1. G`poeygg-  f pgrsem wbe hegs f spgaicigh typg ec werl er wbe werls im f
spgaicigh wfy.
8. Sgmher-
Sgmher- f
 f pgrsem er ae`pfmy wbesg primaipfo prehuat oimgs frg ecciag suppoigs
fmh gquip`gmt.

  8.:.:.1 Xrfmspertftiem Xgr`imfo

6. Hrivgr- f pgrsem wbe hrivgs f vgbiaog.

:. Aemhua
mhuatter- f pgrsem im abfrkg ec f trfim, strggtafr, er etbgr pujoia aemvgyfmag,
wbe aeoogats cfrgs fmh sgoos tialgts.
1. ^fss
ssggmkg
mkgr- f trfvgogr em f pujoia er privftg aemvgyfmag etbgr tbfm tbg hrivgr, pioet,
er argw.
8. Sgmher- f pgrsem er ae`pfmy eccgrimk se`gtbimk cer sfog, gspgaifooy f trfhgr im
tbg strggt.

  8.:.1 Wsgr Fativity

Wsgr fativity `emiterimk is tbg `emiterimk fmh rgaerhimk ec usgr fatiems.

  8.:.1.6 Qbeppimk @foo

 

6. Auste`gr- - f pgrsem er erkfmizftiem tbft juys keehs er sgrviags cre` f sterg er 
 jusimgss.
:. Fh`im
Fh`im Qtfcc-
Qtfcc- fssistfmt
fssistfmt dejs gmtfio
gmtfio bfmhoimk
bfmhoimk g`fio,
g`fio, cigohimk
cigohimk pbemg afoos
afoos er pofaimk
pofaimk
afoos te aoigmts fmh etbgr stfcc, wrfmkoimk pfpgrwerl fmh `fmfkimk cioimk systg`s.
1. G`poeygg- f pgrsem g`poeygh cer wfkgs er sfofry, gspgaifooy ft memgxgautivg
ogvgo.
8. Zgtfiog
Zgtfiogr-
r- rgtfio sfogs
sfogs fsseaiftgs
fsseaiftgs usg afsb rgkistgrs
rgkistgrs te preagss
preagss trfmsfati
trfmsfatiems
ems fmh frg
rgspemsijog cer lggpimk trfal ec foo tbg `emgy imsihg.  
7. Ao
Aogf
gfmi
mimk
mk @fim
@fimtg
tgmf
mfma
mag-
g- tb
tbgy
gy `fy
`fy werl
werl eu
euth
thee
eers
rs `ewi
`ewimk
mk ofwm
ofwms,
s, swgg
swggpi
pimk
mk
wfolwfy
wfolwfys,
s, fmh rg`evimk
rg`evimk hirts
hirts fmh `emiter
`emiter f juiohimk
juiohimk's
's bgftimk
bgftimk fmh aeeoimk
systg
systg`s
`s te gm
gmsur
surgg tb
tbgy
gy cumat
cumatiem
iem prepgr
prepgroy
oy.. Qe`g
Qe`g `flg
`flg `imer
`imer goga
gogatri
triafo
afo fm
fmh
h
 pou`jimk rgpfirs.
3. Qgaurity Kufrh-  `em
`emite
iterimk
rimk survgio
survgioofma
ofmagg gquip`g
gquip`gmt<
mt< imspgat
imspgatimk
imk juiohimk
juiohimks,
s,
gquip`gmt, fmh faagss peimts< pgr`ittimk gmtry.
;. Hgoivgrgr- trfmspertimk, fmh hgoivgrimk itg`s te aoigmts er jusimgssgs im f sfcg,
ti`goy `fmmgr.

  8.:.1.: Imtgrfativg ^frl 

6. Auste`gr - juyimk tialgts cer tbg rihgs fmh oeelimk cer sagmia vigws
:. Zihg Xgabmiaifm- 
Xgabmiaifm-  te `fimtfim fmh rgpfir f`usg`gmt
f`usg`gmt pfrl fttrfatiems.
fttrfatiems. Xbgy mggh f
stremk tgabmiafo lmewoghkg fmh bfvg spgaifoizgh lmewoghkg ec tbg rihgs tbgy frg
fssikmgh te `fimtfim.
1. Xial
alggt G`poeyg
eygg- 
g-  frg rgspe
rgspems
msijo
ijogg cer sgooi
sgooimk
mk tialg
tialgts
ts cer trfmsp
trfmspert
ertft
ftiem
iem er 
gmtgrtfim`gmt umits.
8. Sgmher-
Sgmher-   f sgoogr, is fm gmtgrprisg tbft aemtrijutgs keehs er sgrviags.

  8.:.1.1 Xrfmspertftiem Xgr`imfo

6. Hrivgr
vgr- is tbg ae
aem
mtre
reooogh epg
epgrft
rftiem fmh `evg`
vg`gmt ec f `ete
eter vgb
vgbiaog
aog,
imaouhimk afrs, `eterayaogs, truals, fmh jusgs.
:. Aemhua
mhuatter-  aeoogat cfrgs cre` pfssgmkgrs fmh frg gxpgatgh te fssist tbg hrivgrs im
`fimtfimimk bfr`emy f`emk pfssgmkgrs.
 

  8.1 Xrfmspertftiem
Xrfmspertftiem fmh Wtioitigs
Wtioitigs

  8.1.6 Xrfmspertftiem
Xrfmspertftiem Hftf
Hftf

  8.1.6.6 Xrfvgoimk jy tbg Ofmh

Ijf is gfsioy rgfabgh cre` @fmiof fmh

@fmiof fmh ^fmkfsimfm jy
^fmkfsimfm  jy ofmh trfmspertftiem. It is :>8
lioe`gt
lioe`gtrgs
rgs (6:; `i) cre` Zizfo
Zizfo ^frl 
^frl  im @fmiof
@fmiof vif Mertb
Mertb Ouzem
Ouzem Gxprgss
Gxprgsswfy
wfy gxitimk
gxitimk
im Qfm Cgrmfmhe, ^f`pfmkf te
^f`pfmkf te Eoemkfpe. Cre` Eoemkfpe, Ijf is ;2 lioe`gtrgs (82 `i)
fwfy.

  8.1.6.: Xrfvgoimk
Xrfvgoimk jy tbg Fir

Xbg tewm afm jg fose rgfabgh jy s`foo firarfct usimk tbg Ijf Firpert,
Firpert, f s`foo
cgghgr firpert witb f 9>>-`gtrg (1,>>> ct) rumwfy oeaftgh foemk tbg aefst ec Ijf.

LIOE@GXGZFKG EC ZEFHQ
Ijf, Tf`jfogs, 6993

Cikurg 76. Lioe`gtgrfkg ec Zefhs

 

  8.1.: Wsgr Sgbiaog

Sgbiaog Wsg
Wsg

Ijf is faagssijog te tbg mgikbjerimk tewms fmh previmags jy ofmh trfmspertftiem,

 pejofaiem afm jg rgfabgh gfsioy
gfs ioy cre` foo jfrfmkfys jgafusg
jgaf usg ec tbg fvfiofjioity ec
e c foo typgs
ec vgbiaogs. Xbg `umiaipfoity
`umiaipfoity bfs fm fpprexi`ftg
fpprexi`ftg tetfo ec 6>2,923 l`s.
l`s. ec refhs wbiab
frg aofssici
aofssicigh
gh imte
imte ceur (8) aftgker
aftgkerigs,
igs, mf`goy4
mf`goy4 mftiemf
mftiemfo,
o, previmai
previmaifo,
fo, `umiai
`umiaipfo
pfo fmh
 jfrfmkfy refhs. Xbg jfrfmkfy refh aemstitutgs tbg `fderity ec tbg lioe`gtgrfkg ec refh
bfvimk fm fpprexi`ftg ogmktb ec 81.7> l`s.
  Fs te typg ec pfvg`gmt,
pfvg`gmt, tbg refhs frg gitbgr
gitbgr pfvgh witb aemargtg,
aemargtg, fspbfot,
fspbfot, krfvgo
fmh hirt refh. Xbg krfvgo fmh hirt refh bfs f tetfo ogmktb ec 89.9> l`s. Xbg
Xbg gxistimk refh
mgtwerl is jgimk suppog`gmtgh jy gikbt (2) mftiemfo jrihkgs fmh ceur (8) previmaifo
 jrihkgs. Jusimgss`gm trfmspert tbgir keehs fmh `grabfmhisg jy `gfms ec jusgs, `imi-
 jusgs, dggpmgys
dggp mgys fmh
fm h gvgm triayaog. [beogsfog trfhgrs
tr fhgrs se`gti`gs
se `gti`gs usg trualimk cfaioitigs
c faioitigs er 
 privftgoy ewmgh trual. Xbgrg is me umhgtgr`imgh mu`jgr ec triayaog poyimk im tbg frgf
 jgafusg it imargfsgs cre` ti`g te ti`g. Jusgs poyimk im tbg Ijf ‑@fmiof frg tbg Siatery
Oimgr, Ima. wbiab previhgs tbg `umiaipfoity witb fhgquftg jusgs imaouhimk fir-aemhitiemgh
emgs cer ae`certfjog fmh gfsy `evg`gmt cre` emg pofag te fmetbgr.

  8.1.1 Wtioitigs
Wtioitigs Qeurags cre` ^revihgrs
^revihgrs

  8.1.1.6 Gogatriaity ^ewgr

Xbg Tf`jfogs Gogatria Aeepgrftivg (TF@GAE) sgrvgs tbg gogatria mgghs ec tbg
`umiaipfoity witb fm ecciag oeaftgh ft Jfrfmkfy Temg 8. Jfsgh em tbg stftus ec gogatriaifm
ec TF@GAE, ceurtggm (68) jfrfmkfys ec tbg `umiaipfoity frg sgrviagh witb gogatria
 pewgr. @est beusgbeoh wgrg forgfhy gmgrkizgh. Etbgr gstfjoisb`gmts jgimk sgrvgh jy
TF@GAE frg 7;> ae``graifos, 73 kevgrm`gmts, 6> strggtoikbts fmh twe spgaifo oikbtimk.

  8.1.1.: [ftgr Quppoy

Xbg Ijf [ftgr Histriat

Histriat suppoigs wftgr te tbg `umiaipfoity.
`umiaipfoity. It is oeaftgh ft Temg 3
ec tbg ^ejofaiem. Emoy ceur (8) eut ec mimg (9) jfrfmkfys frg jgimk sgrvgh jy gxistimk
wftgr suppoy systg`. Xbgsg frg tbg ^ejofaiem, ^fofmkimfm, Oipfy-Himkim fmh f pertiem ec 
 

Hiritf. Xbg wftgr seurags frg twe (:) hukwgoos, emg prehuags fjeut 9 ops ec wftgr fmh tbg
etbgr prehuags fjeut ; ops ec wftgr.

Xbg wftgr systg` wioo bfvg fm gxpfmsiem te tbg ceooewimk jfrfmkfys4

6. Qte. Zes
Zesffrie
rie
:. Jfmk
Jfmkfm
fmtf
tfoi
oimk
mkff
1. F`umkfm
8. Qfm Fkust
ustim
 

  8.1.1.8 Xgogae``umia
Xgogae``umiaftiems
ftiems

Zgoifjog ae``umiaftiem preagss auotivftgs tbg fwfrgmgss ec pgepog fmh `flg

tbg`
tbg` f pe
petg
tgmt
mt im
imst
stru
ru`g
`gmt
mt ec hg
hgvg
vgoe
oep`
p`gm
gmtt fmh
fmh pf
pfrt
rtmg
mgrr ec se
seai
aifo
fo up oict
oict`g
`gm.
m. Xbg
Xbg
tgogae``umiaftie
tgogae``umiaftiem
m sgrviags fvfiofjog im tbg `umiaipfoity cer pujoia aemsists ec tgogpbemg
tgogpbemg
systg`,
systg`, tgogkrf
tgogkrfpb
pb fmh pestfo
pestfo ecciag.
ecciag. F tgogpbemg
tgogpbemg sgrviag
sgrviag bfs jggm suppoigh
suppoigh jy tbg
HIKIXGO te rgoigvg tbg sbertfkg ec tgogpbemg cfaioitigs im tbg kevgrm`gmt fmh im tbg
 privftg ecciags. F `gssfkg
`gssfk g agmtgr wbiab tflgs
tf lgs abfrkg ec tbg tgogkrfpbia trfmscgr fmh tbis
stftiem bfmhogs `gssfkgs cre` foo sgaters ec tbg ae``umity.

Xbg pestfo sgrviag ec tbg `umiaipfoity bfs f tetfo mu`jgr ec sgvgm (;) g`poeyggs
sgrviaimk tbg wbeog tewm. Xbis imaouhgs emg (6) ^est`fstgr, civg (7) ^est`fm
^est`fm II
fmh emg (6) ^est`fm I.

  8.8 Gveoutiemfry
Gveoutiemfry & Zgveoutiemfry Xrgmhs
Xrgmhs fmh Immevftiems
Immevftiems Fhvfmag`g
Fhvfmag`gmt
mt

  8.8.6 Qpfag Crf`g

Im frabitgaturg fmh
frabitgaturg  fmh struaturfo
struaturfo gmkimggrimk
gmkimggrimk,, f spfag
spfag crf`g
crf`g er spfag
spfag struatu
struaturg
rg (1H
truss) is f rikih, oikbtwgikbt, truss-oilg
truss-oilg struaturg aemstruatgh cre` imtgroealimk struts im
struts im
f kge`gtria 
kge`gtria pfttgrm.
 pfttgrm. Qpfag crf`gs afm jg usgh te spfm ofrkg frgfs witb cgw imtgrier 
supperts. Oilg tbg truss, f spfag crf`g is stremk jgafusg ec tbg imbgrgmt rikihity ec tbg
trifmkogs, cogximk oefh (jgmhimk `e`gmts) frg trfms`ittgh fs tgmsiem fmh ae`prgssiem
oefhs foemk tbg ogmktb ec gfab strut.

Cikurg 7:. Aurvg Qpfag Crf`g Kofss Zeec Hgsikm

76
 

  8.8.: Fute`ftgh Qoihimk Heers

Heers

Fute`ftia soihimk heers frg hgsikmgh witb fttrfativg crf`imk fmh soggl styogs te
ae`pog`gmt fmy gmtry. Kofss soihimk heers frg ihgfo wbgm it ae`gs te umejstruatgh vigws
fmh fooewimk mfturfo oikbt imte f juiohimk. Fute`ftia soihimk heers usg eptiafo er `etiem
hgtgatiem sgmsers te fativftg tbgir `eterizgh epgmimk fmh aoesimk cumatiems. Xbgsg sgmsers
frg `eumtgh evgr tbg fute`ftia heer er frg imtgkrftgh imte tbg heer crf`imk cre` fjevg
er tbg sihg.

Cikurg 71. Fute`fa Qoihimk Heers

  8.8.1 Oikbt
Oikbt Kgmgrftimk
Kgmgrftimk Ag`gmt
Ag`gmt

[g mew bfvg ag`gmt tbft bfs tbg fjioity te fjserj fmh irrfhiftg oikbt fmh aeuoh
 petgmtifooy fat fs f oikbt juoj. Xbg fppoiaftiems cer tbis mgw oikbt-kgmgrftimk ag`gmt frg
wihg fmh oi`itogss, gspgaifooy mew tbft emg ec tbg `fim trgmhs im aemstruatiem
aemstruatiem is
 is krggm
krggm
 juiohimk. Krggm juiohimk is f wfy ec argftimk struaturgs witb rgseurag- fmh gmgrky-
gcciaigmay im `imh fmh oikbt-kgmgrftimk ag`gmt is tbg pgrcgat `ftgrifo cer tbis typg ec 
aemstruatiem. It afm jg usgh im swi``imk peeos, pfrlimk oets, refh sfcgty sikms, fmh se
`uab `erg. Ft mikbt, tbgsg gogatrems gvgmtufooy rgofx te tbgir erikimfo stftg, g`ittimk
oikbt im tbg preagss. Emag mikbt cfoos, tbg ag`gmt afm previhg oikbt cer 6: beurs, witbeut
usimk fmy gogatriaity.
gogatriaity. Xbg jgmgcits ec tbis oikbt-g
oikbt-g`ittim
`ittimk
k aemargtg ke jgyemh its gogatriaity
imhgpgmhgmag.

Cikurg 78. Koew im tbg Hfrl Ag`gmt  7:

 

  8.8.1 Oikbt
Oikbt G`ittimk [foo ^fmgo
^fmgo

Xbis
bis oikbt
kbt-g`
-g`ittimk wfoo pfm
pfmgo is afoogh fs Ou`gs
u`gs.. It oeels
eels oilg fm
fvgrfkg wfoo cre` fcfr. Ou`gs is hgsikmgh te hispofy fmi`ftiems tbreukb its imtgkrftgh
OGH frrfy. Xbg fmi`ftiems afm jg hispofygh rg`etgoy fhdustgh fs pgr tbg auste`gr's

Cikurg 77. Oikbt G`imk [foo ^fmgos

 prgcgrgmag.

  8.8.8 Krggm [foos

F krggm wfoo is f wfoo pfrtifooy

pfrtifooy er ae`pogtgoy
ae`pogtgoy aevgrgh witb krggmgry tbft imaouhgs
f krewimk `ghiu`, suab fs seio, wftgr er f sujstrftg. @est krggm wfoos imaouhg fm
imtgkrftgh wftgr hgoivgry systg`. F krggm wfoo is fose lmewm fs f oivimk wfoo er vgrtiafo
kfrhgm.
kfrhgm. It previhgs
previhgs imsuofti
imsuoftiem
em te lggp tbg juiohimk
juiohimk's
's imsihg
imsihg tg`pgrf
tg`pgrftur
turgg aemsistg
aemsistgmt.
mt.
Krggm wfoos frg hiccgrgmt cre` krggm cfafhgs. Krggm wfoos bfvg krewimk `ghif suppertgh
em tbg cfag ec tbg wfoo, wbiog krggm cfafhgs bfvg seio emoy ft tbg jfsg ec tbg wfoo (im f
aemtfimgr er im kreumh) fmh suppert aoi`jimk pofmts em tbg cfag ec tbg wfoo te argftg tbg
krggm, er vgkgtftgh, cfafhg. Krggm wfoos `fy jg imheers er eutsihg, crggstfmhimk er 
fttfabgh te fm gxistimk wfoo, fmh ae`g im f krgft vfrigty ec sizgs.

Cikurg 73. Krggm [foo 

71
 

  8.8.7 Qeofr ^fmgos

^beteveotfia
^beteveotfia seofr pfmgos fjserj sumoikbt fs
sumoikbt  fs f seurag ec gmgrky te kgmgrftg hirgat
aurrgmt gogatriaity.
gogatriaity. F pbeteveotfia 
 pbeteveotfia   (^S) `ehuog is f pfalfkgh, aemmgatgh fssg`joy ec 
 pbeteveotfia seofr agoos fvfiofjog
agoos fvfiofjog im hiccgrgmt veotfkgs fmh wfttfkgs. ^beteveotfia `ehuogs
aems
aemsti
titu
tutg
tg tb
tbgg pb
pbet
etev
eveo
eotf
tfia
ia frrf
frrfy
y ec f pbeteveotfia systg` 
systg` tbft
tbft kgmg
kgmgrf
rftg
tgss fmh
fmh
suppoigs seofr gogatriaity im
gogatriaity im ae``graifo fmh rgsihgmtifo fppoiaftiems.

Cikurg 7;. Zejimsems Qeofr ^fmgo 

  8.8.7 Fute`ftgh
Fute`ftgh Cousb Wrimfo fmh Qiml 

Gogatremia fute`ftia cousbgs seovg tbg prejog`s ec prgvieus fpprefabgs, fmh frg
ae``em im mgw imstfooftiems. F pfssivg
F  pfssivg imcrfrgh sgmser  ihgmticigs
  ihgmticigs wbgm tbg urimfo bfs
 jggm usgh, jy hgtgatimk wbgm se`gemg bfs steeh im cremt ec
e c it fmh `evgh fwfy, fmh tbgm
fativftgs tbg cousb. Xbgrg usufooy is fose f s`foo evgrrihg juttem, te fooew eptiemfo `fmufo
cousbimk. Fute`ftia cousb cfaioitigs afm jg rgtrecittgh te gxistimk systg`s. Xbg bfmhog-
epgrf
epgrftg
tgh
h vfovg
vfovgss ec f `fmuf
`fmufoo systg
systg`
` afm
afm jg rg
rgpof
pofag
agh
h wi
witb
tb f suitf
suitfjo
joy
y hgsikm
hgsikmgh
gh sgoc-
sgoc-
aemtfimgh gogatremia vfovg, ectgm jfttgry-pewgrgh te fveih tbg mggh te fhh afjogs. Eohgr 

ti`gh-cousb imstfooftiems `fy fhh f hgviag tbft rgkuoftgs tbg wftgr coew te tbg aistgrm
faaerhimk te tbg evgrfoo fativity hgtgatgh im tbg ree`. Xbis hegs met previhg trug pgr-
cixturg fute`ftia cousbimk, jut is si`pog fmh abgfp te fhh jgafusg emoy emg hgviag is
rgquirgh cer tbg wbeog systg`.

Cikurg 72. Fute`ftgh Cousb

78
 

  8.8.3 Fou`imu` Aofhhimk

Fo
Fou`
u`im
imu`
u` aofhh
aofhhimk
imk is emg ec tbg `est
`est usgh
usgh typgs
typgs ec aofhh
aofhhimk
imk ce
cerr juioh
juiohimk
imk
gxtgriers. Fou`imu` is f oikbtwgikbt `gtfo tbft is hurfjog, aerresiem rgsistfmt fmh 6>>%
rgayaofjog. F cfafhg is aemsihgrgh tbg cfag ec f juiohimk fmh is ectgm sggm fs emg ec tbg
`est i`pertfmt hgsikm fspgats, it met emoy pretgats
pretgats tbg imtgrier
imtgrier ec f juiohimk cre` vfrieus
aoi`ftgs, it is fose tbg juiohimk's `fim cgfturg er cremtfkg.

Cikurg 79. Fou`imu` Heujog Aurvgh ^fmgos

  8.8.;. Zfimwftgr Bfrvgstimk Qystg`

Zfimwftgr bfrvgstimk systg` is f preagss jy wbiab ofrkg f`eumts ec rfimwftgr frg

bfrvgstgh fmh aemtfimgh em f aemtfimgr afoogh aistgrms. Xbgsg aeoogatgh wftgrs frg usgh cer 
irrikftiem usg fmh afm fose jg preagssgh umhgr trgft`gmt te jg usgh cer bykigmia purpesgs.

@est cfaioitigs wbe i`pog`gmts tbg usg ec rfimwftgr aeoogatiem systg` sfvgs f ofrkg
f`eum
f`eumtt ec wftg
wftgrr qufmti
qufmtity
ty pgr ygfr
ygfr em tb
tbgi
girr utioi
utioity
ty aemsu`
aemsu`pti
ptiems
ems.. Xbgs
Xbgsgg aeoog
aeoogat
atgh
gh
rfimwftgrs afm fose jg usgh em sfmitftiem usg.

Cikurg 3>. Zfim [ftgr Qystg`

77
 

 
XZIKWF
Qbeppimk @foo fmh
Ogisurg Ae`pogx

ABF^XGZ 7

QIXG ^ZECIOG FMH QIXG FMFOYQIQ

  7.6 Qitg Qgogatiem

  Xbg prepesgh Qbeppimk @foo fmh Ogisurg Ae`pogx fpprepriftg im jetb urjfm fmh
rurfo frgf. Xbgrg wgrg tbrgg pessijog sitgs cer tbg predgat. Cirst im @umiaipfoity ec Ijf im
tbg previmag ec Tf`jfogs, tbg etbgr eptiems wgrg im Qujia, Tf`jfogs fmh @fsimoea,
Tf`jfogs.
Xbg sitg is aoesg te tbg mftiemfo refh fmh bfs krgft petgmtifo te i`prevg tbg frgf. Xbg sitg
is gfsioy faagssijog jy jetb privftg fmh pujoia vgbiaogs. Xbg sitg bfs coft er pofim tgrrfim.
Xbg sitg is aoesg te sabeeos, ae``graifo juiohimks, jfmls, fmh rgsihgmtifo frgfs wbiab
bgops tbg frgf te `flg sbeppimk `foo `erg faagssijog. Qitg sgogatiem imhiaftgs tbg prfatiag
ec mgw cfa
cfaioit
ioity
y oeaf
oeaftie
tiem,
m, jetb cer jusi
jusimgs
mgsss fmh kevg
kevgrm`
rm`gmt.
gmt. Qitg sgo
sgogat
gatiem
iem imve
imveovgs
ovgs
`gfsurimk tbg mgghs ec f mgw predgat fkfimst tbg `grits ec petgmtifo oeaftiems.

73
 

Cikurg 36. Qitg Aritgrif Xfjog

  7.: Qitg Dusticiaftiem

Dusticiaftiem

  Xbg prepesgh predgat is f Qbeppimk @foo fmh Ogisurg Ae`pogx tbft mgghs fm
gmtgrtfimimk
gmtgrtfi  
mimk fmh sagmia vigws. F`emk tbg tbrgg sitg eptiems, tbg sitg im @umiaipfoity ec 
Ijf cits tbg jgst cer tbg predgat. Ijf Tf`jfogs bfs its ewm abfrfatgristias im jiehivgrsity,
tbg gssgmag ec mfturfo jgfuty ec tbg sitg fmh tbg sagmia vigws frg tbg `est ceafo peimt. Xbg
sitg sbeuoh kivg tbg usgrs f pogfsurg f`jifmag, im fjog te ceaus im tbgir sbeppimk fmh
gmaeurfkg tbg` te gmdey tbgir hfy. Xbg sitg sbeuoh jg gfsioy faagssgh jy tbg privftg fmh
 pujoia vgbiaogs.
vgbiaogs . Xbg sitg is witbim tbg AJH frgf fmh it’s fose
fos e foemk tbg mftiemfo bikb wfy.
Xbis sitg sbeuoh fose faagssijog te ^fmkfsimfm, ^f`pfmkf fmh Eoemkfpe Aity jgafusg
`est ec tbg usgrs is cre` tbg aity. Xbis wioo bgop te jeest tbg gaeme`ia krewtb ec Ijf
Tf`jfogs.

  7.1 Qitg ^reciog

  7.1.6 Oeaftiem

7;
 

Cikurg 3:. @fp ec tbg ^bioippimgs Cikurg 31. @fp ec tbg Ouzem

Cikurg 38. @fp ec Ijf Tf`jfogs

Xbgg `umi
Xb `umiai
aipf
pfoi
oity
ty wfs
wfs mf
mf`g
`gh
h fctg
fctgrr tbg
tbg se
seur
ur cr
crui
uitt "I
"Ijf
jf",
", kg
kgmg
mgrf
rfoo
ooy
y lmew
lmewm
m
fs lf`ifs wbiab is fjumhfmt im tbg pofag. Oeafo ceoloerg tfols
ceoloerg  tfols fjeut tbg Qpfmifrhs wbe
af`g te tbg tewm fslimk tbg mf`g ec tbg pofag, tbg mftivgs ygoogh "Ijf, Ijf" tbimlimk tbft
72
 

tbg `fm wfs fslimk wbft tbgy wgrg gftimk. Cre` tbgm em, tbg pofag wfs afoogh Ijf. Xbg
 pgr`fmgmt afpitfo ec Tf`jfogs wfs `evgh cre` @fsimoea te
@fsimoea  te Ijf jgafusg ec its strftgkia
oeaftiem jgimk em tbg agmtrfo pfrt ec Tf`jfogs. Em Fukust :2, 69>6, F`griafm Aivio
Kevgrm
Kevgrmer
er [ioo
[iooif`
if` Bewf
Bewfrh
rh Xfct
Xfct bgoh
bgoh tb
tbgg biste
bisteria
ria `ggt
`ggtim
imk
k ec tbg
tbg Qgaem
Qgaemh
h ^bioippimg
Ae``issiem ceumhimk
Ae``issiem  ceumhimk tbg ^revimag ec Tf`jfogs umhgr tbg F`griafm ruog bgoh ft Ze`fm
Aftbeoia Aburab ec
Aburab ec Ijf.

  Ijf, ecciaifooy tbg @umiaipfoity ec Ijf, is f :mh aofss `umiaipfoity im tbg previmag
ec Tf`jfogs, ^bioippimgs. Faaerhimk te tbg :>67 agmsus, it bfs f pepuoftiem ec 7>,7>3
 pgepog. Fs tbg afpitfo ec tbg previmag, it is sgaemh ofrkgst previmaifo afpitfo im tgr`s ec 
ofmh frgf im Agmtrfo Ouzem Zgkiem fctgr Xfrofa Aity.

79
 

  7.1.: Qitg ^betekrfpbs

^betekrfpbs

Cikurg 37. Qitg Oeafem Sigw 6 Cikurg 33. Qitg Oeafem Sigw :

Cikurg 3;. Qitg Oeafem Sigw 1 Cikurg 32. Qitg Oeafem Sigw 8

  7.1.1 Ofmh Wsg

It bfs jggm tbg prierity ec tbg tewm te gmaeurfkg fmh imargfsg tbg gstfjoisb`gmt ec 
ae``grai
ae``graifo
fo fmh rgoftgh
rgoftgh jusimgss
jusimgss fativiti
fativitigs
gs im tbg oeafoity
oeafoity jy previhi
previhimk
mk fpprepri
fpprepriftg
ftg

`gfsurgs te petgmtifo imvgsters suab fs jut met oi`itgh te `frlgt imcer`ftiem, jusimgss
eppertumitigs, jfmls fmh etbgr cimfmaifo imstitutiem oefms fmh previsiem cer mgagssfry

3>
 

`frlgt cfaioitigs
cfaioitigs tbft weuoh cuooy suppert tbg krewtb ec ae``graifo fmh rgoftgh fativitigs
im tbg `umiaipfoity.
7.1.8 Gxistimk Juiohimk er I`prevg`gmts
I`prevg`gmts

36
 

  Jgimk f ceafo peimt g`poey`gmt fmh jusimgss tee jgimk tbg best ec `fder 
imstruativg
imstruativg gstfjoisb`gmts,
gstfjoisb`gmts, tbg mu`jgr ec imbfjitf
imbfjitfmts
mts im Ijf imarg`gmt hurimk hfy ti`g fs
f rgsu
rgsuot
ot ec `gra
`grabf
bfmt
mts,
s, fh
fhvg
vgrt
rtis
isgg pu
pura
rabf
bfsg
sgrs
rs,, stuh
stuhgm
gmts
ts,, ke
kevg
vgrm
rm`g
`gmt
mt fmh
fmh pr
priv
ivft
ftgg
rgprgsgmtftivgs rusbimk im tbg tewm. Xbgrg frg fhdfagmt beusgs, jfml fmh ae``graifo

Cikurg ;>. Mgikbjerimk Zgsihgmfo  Cikurg ;6. Mgikbjerimk Ae``graifo Frgfs

Cikurg ;:. Im cremt ec tbg sitg is Qupgr`frlgt  Cikurg ;1. Mfemfo Bikb-[fy Ijf te ^fofuik

 juiohimk witbim tbg frgf.

fr gf.

  7.1.7 Xrfmspertftiem
Xrfmspertftiem fmh Faagss
Faagss

  Xbg sitg is faagssijog jy `imer fmh `fder refh. Xbg vgbiaogs pfssimk tbgrg frg
triayaog, dggp, jusgs, fmh privftg vgbiaogs. Xbg sitg is foemk tbg mftiemfo bikb-wfy

Cikurg ;8. @fder fmh @imer Zefh 

  7.1.3 Wtioitigs fmh

fmh Qgrviags
Qgrviags 3:
 

7.1.3.
7.1.3.6
6 ^ewgr
^ewgr

Xe curtbgr i`prevg tbg gogatriafo sgrviag te gmbfmag hgvgoep`gmt im tbg seaifo fmh
gaeme`ia fspgat ec tbg Qbeppimk @foo.

7.1.3.:
7.1.3.: [ftgr
[ftgr

  Xe previhg fhgquftg fmh petfjog wftgr suppoy im tbg cfaioity witbim tbg Qbeppimk
@foo.

7.1.3.1
7.1.3.1 Xgogae``
Xgogae``umia
umiaftie
ftiem
m

Xe previhg fhgquftg tgogae``umiaftiem cfaioitigs, it jgimk emg ec tbg Qbeppimk

@foo `fder imstru`gmts im trfms`ittimk

trfms`ittimk imcer`ftiem fmh ihgfs rgogvfmt te seaie-gaeme`ia
hgvgoep`gmt.

  7.1.; Aoi`ftg

Ijf bfs f trepiaf

trepiafoo `emseem
`emseem aoi
aoi`ft
`ftgg (
 (Lóppgm
Lóppgm aoi`ftg
aoi`ftg aofssiciaftiem
aofssiciaftiem  F`).
F`). Ijf's
Ijf's
aoi`ftg is me hiccgrgmt cre` tbg etbgr tewms wbgrg rfimy sgfsem jgkims cre` Dumg fmh
gmhs im Qgptg`jgr, wbiog tbg hry sgfsem is cre` Eatejgr te @fy. Fm fvgrfkg ec 81.67

agmti`gtrgs (63.99 im) ec fmmufo rfimcfoo witb f tg`pgrfturg ec :: ¾A (;: ¾C) is ejsgrvgh
hurimk rfimy sgfsem. Xbg bikbgst tg`pgrfturg rgaerhgh is 18 ¾A (91 ¾C) wbiog tbg oewgst
is 69.62 ¾A (33.7: ¾C).

Cikurg ;7. Aoi`ftg Hftf ec Ijf, Tf`fjfogs

  7.1.2 Xepekrfpby 31
 

Ijf is emg ec tbg eohgst `umiaipfoity ec Tf`jfogs, bfs f tetfo ofmh frgf ec 67,112
bgatf
bgatfrgs
rgs.. Jete
Jeteof
ofm
m em tbg Qeutb
Qeutb,, ^fofu
^fofuik
ik em tbg
tbg Mertb
Mertb,, Abim
Abimff Qgf
Qgf em tbg [gst
[gst fmh
`eumtfim
`eumtfim rfmkgs em tbg
tbg Gfst. It is hgcimgh
hgcimgh `erg
`erg er ogss ejoemk
ejoemk im sbfpg.
sbfpg. Wmoilg etbgr 
etbgr 
tewms ec tbg previmag, Ijf bfs f umiqug kgekrfpbiafo cgfturg cer it oigs jgtwggm tbg sgf
fmh `eumtfim rfmkgs.

Cikurg ;3. Xepekrfpby ec Ijf Tf`jfogs

7.1.9 Sgkgtftiem

Xbg vfrieus typgs ec coewgrs im tbg frgf frg `fhg eut ec jrgfh ogfc fmh sg`i-
hgaihueu
hgaihueuss trggs.
trggs. Krfss
Krfss cf`ioy
cf`ioy is fjumhfmt
fjumhfmt,, cer gxf`pog
gxf`pog,, sbrgwh,
sbrgwh, jf`jee,
jf`jee, lfwfyfm
lfwfyfm
`urhgrimk, rfttfm fmh jube. Xbg mgfrmgss ec aekem fmh tfofbij frg oilgwisg ejsgrvfjog
hurim
hurimk
k it
itss sgfsem
sgfsem.. Sgkgt
Sgkgtfj
fjog
og pofmt
pofmts,
s, ce
cerr gxf`p
gxf`pog
og,, `emke
`emke,, pf
pftfm
tfmi,
i, jgfms
jgfms ec vfrie
vfrieus
us
fssert`gmts, pgfmuts fmh etbgrs frg oilgwisg hgvgoepgh im tbg rgkiem. Mfturfo prehuat
trggs frg hisaevgrgh hgvgoepimk im tbg frgf bewgvgr dust `fmkegs prehuag `emgtfrioy.
Afof`fmsi, abiae, prehuats ec tbg seio frg jgae`g ygt dust cer beusgbeoh's utioizftiem.

  7.1.6> Byhreoeky

Hiccgrgmt wftgrwfys fmh rivgrs aut tbreukb tbg hiccgrgmt mgals ec Ijf ‑ tbgy frg
tbg wgoosprimks ec wftgr systg` wftgrs fmh frg tbg seuo ec cfr`grs fmh etbgr pgepog wbe
hgpgmh tbg` cer g`poey`gmt. F pertiem ec tbgsg strgf`s frg tbg @frfmkof Zivgr, Xf`jfa
Zivgr, ^rgmzf, Xfafr, Jfemk fmh etbgr oittog sprimks fmh wftgrwfys aemvgygh im tbg
hivgrsg jfrfmkfys. @frfmkof Zivgr kivgs wftgr systg` wftgrs te tbg imhivihufos ec Qfm
Fkustim, wbiog ^rgmzf Zivgr kivgs wftgr te Qtf. Jfrjfrf rfmabgrs. Oilg hiccgrgmt tewms ec 
Tf`jfogs, Ijf bfs twe (:) limhs ec wftgr4 tbg arisp fmh tbg sfoty er bfrsb.
  7.1.66 Qeio
38
 

Qeio typgs
typgs vfry cre` sfmhy
sfmhy te oef`. Qfmhy `uhhy
`uhhy seio afm jg ceumh foemk
foemk tbg
swf`pofmhs. Qfmhy seio af jg ceumh im tbg aefstfo jfrfmkfys, sfmhy aofy oef` seio wbiab
is he`imfmt im fo`est foo jfrfmkfys fs suitfjog
suitfjog te riag, sukfrafmg,
sukfrafmg, foo typgs ec vgkgtfjogs.
Aofy oef` er tbg prgsgmag ec aofy oef` er rgh aofy im Jfmkfmtfoimkf
Jfmkfmtfoimkf wfs metgh, wbiab is
tbg cuturg seurag ec jrials, jy prehuat ec tbg jfrfmkfys.

  7.1.6: Qeumh

Xbg emgs afusimk tbg oeuh meisg tbgrg frg vgbiaogs em tbg refh fs it is mgfr tbg
mftiemfo bikb wfy. 

37
 

Qeumh
^ZE^EQGH QIXG

Cikurg ;;. Meisg Frgf

33
 

  7.1.61 Sigws

^ZE^EQGH QIXG

Cikurg ;2. Sigws im sitg

  7.1.68 ^bysiekrfpbia Ejstruatie

Ejstruatiems
ms

Coeehimk is tbg `fder prejog` te cuturg suaagsscu

suaagsscuoo hgvgoep`gmt im Ijf Tf`jfogs,
witb evgr bfoc ec tbg `umiaipfoity witbim tbg coeeh zemg fmh bfvg f stremk wimh aurrgmt im
tbg frgf jgafusg its mgfr im Qeutb Abimf Qgf te tbg wgst pfrt.

Cikurg ;9. Aoi`ftg @fp ec Ijf

3;
 

  7.1.67 Zgkuoftery Cfaters

Cer`groy
Cer`groy fs ec Dumg ::, 6931, Ijf wfs ae`pesgh ec gikbt-rurfo jfrfmkfys ogfvimk
tbg pejofaiem
pejofaiem frgf imhgpgmhgmt.
imhgpgmhgmt. Em Eatejgr 69;8,
69;8, pejofaiem
pejofaiem wfs hivihgh imte 3 zemfo
histriatss im fkrgg`gmt
histriat fkrgg`gmt witb ^H 23 fmh 23 F. F striat fppoiaftiem ec tbg Mftiemfo Juiohimk
Aehg, tbg Aity Gmvirem`gmt Aehg fmh Erhimfmags ec tbg aity em is fm ejoikftiem te gmsurg
tbg sfcgty fmh gccgativgmgss
gccgativgmgss ec tbg predgat im tbg situftgh sitg. Fppoyimk
Fppoyimk tbg J^ 188 er tbg
Faagssijioity Ofw gmfjogs te bgop fmh fssist tbg pgrsems witb hisfjioitigs.

MFXIEMFO JWIOHIMK AEHGQ EC XBG ^BIOI^^IMGQ

ZWOG SI - CIZG-ZGQIQXISG ZGVWIZG@GMXQ IM AEMQXZWAXIEM

QGAXIEM 3>14 Cirg-Zgsisvg Qtfmhfrhs

ZWOG SII - AOFQQICIAFXIEM FMH KGMGZFO ZGVWIZG@GMXQ EC FOO JWIOHIMKQ JY WQG EZ

EAAW^FMAY

QGAXIEM ;>64 Eaaupfmay Aofssigh

QGAXIEM ;>84 Oeafem em ^repgrty

QGAXIEM ;>74 Fooewfjog Coeer Frgfs

QGAXIEM ;>;4 @fxi`u` Bgikbt ec Juiohimks

QGAXIEM ;>94 Zgquirg`gmts cer Etbgr Kreup Eaaupfmaigs

ZWOG SIII - OIKBX FMH SGMXIOFXIEM

QGAXIEM 2>14 ^gragmtfkg ec Qitg Eaaupfmay

QGAXIEM 2>74 Agioimk Bgikbts

QGAXIEM 2>34 Qizgs fmh Hi`gmsiems ec Zee`s

QGAXIEM 2>24 [imhew Epgmimks QGAXIEM 2>94 Sgmt Qbfs

ZWOG RII - KGMGZFO HGQIKM

HGQI KM FMH AEMQXZWAXIEM ZGVWIZG@GMXQ

QGAXIEM 6:>;4 Qtfirs, Gxits, fmh Eaaupfmt Oefhs

QGAXIEM 6:614 Qtfkgs fmh ^ofer`

QGAXIEM 6:674 Oftbimk, ^ofstgrimk, fmh Imstfoofem ec [foo Jefrhs

J.^.. ME.
J.^ ME. 188
188 FAAG
FAAGQQI
QQIJI
JIOI
OIXY
XY OF[
OF[ KGMG
KGMGZF
ZFOO ^Z
^ZES
ESIQI
IQIEM
EMQ
Q EWXQ
EWXQIH
IHG
G FMH
FMH FZ
FZEW
EWMH
MH
JWIOHIMKQ IMQIHG JWIOHIMKQ FMH QXZWAXWZGQ

32
 

  7.1.63 Qeaie
Qeaie Gaeme`ia
Gaeme`ia Aemsihgrftiems
Aemsihgrftiems

  Ijf is f :mh aofss `umiaipfoity im tbg previmag ec Tf`jfogs, ^bioippimgs. Xbg

@umiai
@umiaipf
pfoit
oity
y eccgrs
eccgrs tb
tbgg `est
`est pewgrc
pewgrcuo,
uo, rgspe
rgspemsi
msivg
vg,, fm
fmh
h ae
aemmg
mmgat
atim
imk
k wi
witb
tb saepg
saepg ec 
`fmfkg`gmts te tbg ae``umity. It gmvgoeps gfab aemtreo ec `fmfkg`gmts imaouhimk
ghuaftiem, bgfotb, sfmitftiem fmh seaifo i`prevg`gmt. Xbis afpitfo tewm ec Tf`jfogs is
cimfooy g`grkimk imte f `ehgrm aity, jgcittimk its stfturg fs tbg prg`igr `umiaipfoity im tbg
 previmag.

  7.1.6; Bisteriafo fmh Auoturfo Qikmiciafmag

  7.1.6;.6 Bistery

Xbgg `umi
Xb `umiaip
aipfoi
foity
ty wfs
wfs mf`gh
mf`gh fctg
fctgrr tbg seur
seur cruit
cruit "I
"Ijf"
jf",, ae``e
ae``emoy
moy lmewm
lmewm
fs lf`ifs wbiab is fjumhfmt im tbg pofag. Oeafo ceoloerg tfols
ceoloerg  tfols fjeut tbg Qpfmifrhs wbe
af`g te tbg tewm fslimk tbg mf`g ec tbg pofag, tbg mftivgs sbeutgh "Ijf, Ijf" tbimlimk
tbft tbg `fm wfs fslimk wbft tbgy wgrg gftimk. Cre` tbgm em, tbg pofag wfs afoogh Ijf.

Xbg pgr`fmgmt afpitfo ec Tf`jfogs wfs `evgh cre` @fsimoea te

@fsimoea te Ijf jgafusg ec 
it
itss str
strft
ftgki
gkiaa oeaft
oeaftiem
iem jgimk
jgimk em tb
tbgg agmtr
agmtrfo
fo pfrt
pfrt ec Tf`j
Tf`jfo
fogs.
gs. Em Fukus
Fukustt :2, 69>6,
69>6,
F`gr
F`gria
iafm
fm Aivi
Aivioo Kevg
Kevgrme
rmerr [ioo
[iooif
if`
` Bewf
Bewfrh
rh Xfct
Xfct bgoh
bgoh tbg
tbg biste
bisteria
ria sgssi
sgssiem
em ec tbg
tbg
Qgaemh ^bioippimg
^bioippimg Ae``issiem
Ae``issiem  gstf
gstfjo
jois
isbi
bimk
mk tbg
tbg ^rev
^revim
imag
ag ec Tf`j
Tf`jfo
fogs
gs um
umhg
hgrr tbg
tbg
F`griafm ruog bgoh ft Ze`fm Aftbeoia Aburab ec
Aburab ec Ijf.

  7.1.6;.: Cgstivfos

Xbg @fmke Cgstivfo is f agogjrftiem ec f jeumticuo bfrvgst ec `fmkegs fmh

`fmkegs fmh etbgr 
fkriauoturfo prehuats wbiab tbg previmag is lmewm cer. It is fose fi`gh te bikboikbt tbg
fttrfatiems fmh pofags ec imtgrgst im foo ec its tewms. Fs f wfy ec pre`etimk fmh kivimk
tbfmls cer f keeh bfrvgst, tbg pgepog ec Tf`jfogs fmmufooy agogjrftg tbg six-hfy @fmke
Cgstivfo im @frab er Fprio im Ijf.

39
 

^fymfugm Cgstivfo is f su``gr cgstivfo im Ijf cgfturimk oeafo trfhitiemfo frts fmh
auoturg cirst agogjrftgh
agogjrftgh im tbg 692>s, ^fymfugm Cgstivfo
Cgstivfo bfs jgae`g f ygfroy trfhitiem fmh
f teurist
teurist ftt
fttrfat
rfatiem
iem ofstimk
ofstimk cer fjeut
fjeut sgvgm
sgvgm hfys.
hfys. ^fymfug
^fymfugm’s
m’s cgstivit
cgstivitigs
igs imaouhg
imaouhg strggt
strggt
hfmaimk, simkimk ae`pgtitiem, jeximk gvgmts, spert gvgmts, sfmh afstog juiohimk, afrfjfe
rfag, litg aemtgst,
aemtgst, @iss ^fymfugm
^fymfugm ae`pgtitiem,
ae`pgtitiem, aeelimk aemtgst, jfrfmkfy jeetb hispofys,
 prehuats hispofy fmh sfogs, jfooree` hfmaimk, trfhitiemfo pfrfhg, aemagrts fmh `fmy
etbgrs.

  7.8 Qitg Fmfoysis

  7.8.6 Qum ^ftb Fmfoysis

;>
 

Qeutb Gfst
@eemseem

^ZE^EQGH
QIXG

QWM^FXB
Mertb [gst
@eemseem

Cikurg 2>. Qum pftb ec Ijf, Tf`jfogs

;6
 

  7.8.: Q[EX Fmfoysis

QXZGMKXB XZIKWF
- Krewimk pepuofrity ec tbg pofag. Qbeppimk @foo fmh
Ogisurg Ae`pogx
 - [ftgr seurag fmh pewgr suppoy frg
fvfiofjog.
- Foemk tbg Mftiemfo Zefh.
- Qtremk wimh aurrgmt fmh erigmtgh sum pftb
tbft bgops te `fmfkg tbg rgmgwfjog gmgrky.

[GFLMGQQ

- Xrfccia coew
- @fmy Ae``graifo Frgfs
- Aoustgrgh Zgsihgmtifo
- Xbgrg frg pftbs cer tbg usg ec vgbiaogs

E^^EXWMIXY
- Imargfsg ec g`poey`gmt
- Jgttgr i`fkg ec Tf`jfogs
- Xbg sitg is mgfrjy sabeeos fmh jfmls
- [folfjog te ae``graifo frgfs

XBZGFXQ
- ^remg te stremk wimh aurrgmt
 - Qfot wftgr im tbg fir 
Cikurg 26. Q[EX Fmfoysis
;:
 

ABF^XGZ 3

WQGZ FMH Q^FAG FMFOYQIQ FMH Q^FAIFO

^ZEKZF@@IMK

  3.6 Jfalkreumh

Qpfag prekrf``imk imaouhgs ihgmticyimk prejog`s fmh mgghs, tbgm previhimk tbg
rikbt f`eumt fmh typg ec spfag, gquip`gmt, fmh curmiturg mgghgh te cumatiem gcciaigmtoy.
Qpfagg prek
Qpfa prekrf`
rf``im
`imk
k `evg
`evgss cre` jref
jrefh
h aems
aemsihgr
ihgrfti
ftiems
ems te tbg vgry spga
spgaici
iciaa eaau
eaaupfmt
pfmt
mgghs.

Jujjog
Jujjog hif
hifkrf`
krf` is f crg
crggbfm
gbfmh
h hif
hifkrf`
krf``ft
`ftia
ia hrfw
hrfwimk
imk `fh
`fhgg jy fra
frabitg
bitgats
ats fmh
imtgrier hgsikmgrs te jg usgh cer spfag pofmmimk fmh kreup tbg prgoi`imfry peimt ec tbg
hgsikm preagss. Xbg jujjog hifkrf` is i`pertfmt
i`pertfmt jgafusg oftgr pfrts ec tbg hgsikm preagss
frg jfsgh em tbg`.

Qpfag
Qpfag prekrf
prekrf``
``im
imk
k fmh jujjog
jujjog hifkr
hifkrf`
f` frg jetb
jetb cu
cumhf
mhf`g
`gmtf
mtfoo im juioh
juiohim
imk
k
frrfmkimk fmh struaturg. F hgagmt frrfmkg`gmt hegsm't kgmgrfooy erikimftg cre` dust fmy
fativitigs ec hrfctimk gccgativgoy< it is vgry tghieus em tbg kreumhs tbft pofms oilg coeer 
 pofms `flg eut ec sujtogtigs. Coeer pofms imaouhg sujtogtigs oilg hivihgr fooeaftiems,
gmtrywfyss fmh wimhews hgsikmftiem, fmh curmiturg. Xe oi`it tbg ti`g aemsu`gh,
gmtrywfy aemsu`gh, utioizimk
tbg systg` ec spfag prekrf``imk fmh jujjog hifkrf` wioo jg usgcuo. Xbg prekrf``imk
ec spfags wioo jg vfoufjog im hgaihimk tbg jfsg fmh fooewfjog coeer frgfs ec gvgry spfag
tbimlimk fjeut tbg aeursg ec tbg aoigmts. Faaerhimkoy, it argftgs tbg pgrcgat frrfmkimk ihgfs

em spfags `ggtimk
`ggtimk tbg mgagssfry prfatiafo struaturg coeer frgf. Oilgwisg, jujjog hifkrf`
imvgst
imvgstikf
ikftgs
tgs frrfmk
frrfmkimk
imk eptie
eptiems
ms er abeia
abeiags
gs.. Hgspi
Hgspitg
tg tbg
tbg cfat
cfat tbft
tbft it jr
jrimk
imkss fj
fjeut
eut twe
twe

;1
 

hi`gmsiemfo cikurg, tbreukb tbg struaturg preaghurg, ofmhimk ft tbg frrfmkg`gmt, wioo
faae`poisb tbg tbrgg hi`gmsiemfo issugs
  3.: Xbg Jfsias

Im sgttimk up tbg `ftrix ec spfags fmh usgrs, cirst fppoy f tfjog witb frrfmkg`gmt ec 
sgatiems. Xbg `fim sgk`gmt rgcgrs te tbg spfags rgquirgh cer tbg predgat. Ft tbft peimt te
 put f sbert iooustrftiem ec tbg spfag is fm
f m fotgrmftivg. Xbiml fjeut tbg petgmtifo
petgm tifo usgrs ec tbg
 pfrtiauofr spfag fmh hgaihg its f`eumt. Qbew tbg usgr fmh tbg qufmtity ec sbeppgr wioo
utioizg tbg spfag. Xbgm kivg tbg airauoftery gog`gmts ec tbg aoigmts fmh preagss cer tbg suj-
tetfo
tetfo ec tb
tbgg frgf.
frgf. Fhhit
Fhhitie
iemfo
mfooy
oy,, kgt
kgt rgfhy
rgfhy cer tbg
tbg mgags
mgagssfr
sfry
y curmi
curmitur
turg,
g, cixtu
cixturgs
rgs fmh
gquip`gmt tbft frg metfjog te tbg spfag, hgaihimk tbg frgf ec gvgry sgk`gmt dust fs its
f`eumt. Ft tbft peimt, sgt up f sgatiem cer tbg suj-tetfo ejtfimgh cre` tbg usgr fmh tbg
curmiturg, cixturgs fmh gquip`gmt. Ft tbft peimt tbg ceooewimk sgatiem is cer tbg kgmgrfo
airauoftery
airauoftery ae`pemgmts te kivg fooewfmag cer tbg prekrgss ec hgvgoep`gmt. [bft's `erg,
tbg ofst sgatiem is cer rgaekmizimk tbg kgmgrfo foo eut coeer frgf preagss cer tbg spfag

Cikurg 2:. Qpfag ^rekrf``imk Xfjog

imhiaftgh.
Xe kgt tbg tetfo frgf ec gfab spfag, sabg`g cer spfag prekrf``imk is utioizgh. Xbg
cirst fativity is te histimkuisb tbg issugs fmh mgghs ec tbg struaturg er tbg aoigmts. Ft tbft
 peimt, hgaihg fmh oist tbg usgrs fatiem, tbg f`eumt ec usgr fmh tbgir airauoftery vfrifjogs
gxpgatgh te werl gccgativgoy. Fhhitiemfooy, sgfrab cer tbg pessijog curmiturg fmh cixturgs

rgquirgh im gfab spfag lmewimk tbgir frgf fmh f`eumt. Fctgr gvgry emg ec tbg afoauoftiems
ec spfags, kgt tbg tetfo fmh kivg se`g kress te tbg evgr-foo coew imsihg tbg pfrtiauofr 
spfag.

Jujjog hifkrf` is tbg krfpbiafo hg`emstrftiem ec imtgrrgoftiemsbip ec spfags fmh

tbg `evg`gmt ec usgrs im tbg struaturg. It krews tbg jfsia rgoftiemsbip tbreukb sbewimk
sikmiciafmt fhdfagmaigs fmh sgaurity ogvgo jgtwggm tbg epgm zemgs fmh privftg zemgs.

  3.1 Wsgr fmh Wsgr Fativity

  3.1.6 Wsgr ^reciog

;8
 

Wsgr preciog is f visufo hispofy ec pgrsemfo hftf fsseaiftgh witb f spgaicia usgr, er 
f auste`izgh hgsltep gmvirem`gmt. F preciog afm jg usgh te sterg tbg hgsariptiem ec tbg
abfrfatgristias ec f pgrsem.

3.1.6.6 Qbeppimk @foo

6. Auste`gr-
Auste`gr- fm imhivihufo
imhivihufo wbe pfys
pfys se`g f`eumt ec `emgy er tbg tbimk
tbimk rgquirgh
rgquirgh te
aemsu`g keehs fmh sgrviags prehuagh.
:. Fh`im Qtfcc- fssistfmts cioo f vfrigty ec reogs im ecciag sgttimks.
1. G`poeygg-  Fm g`poeygg jfrtgrs bis er bgr slioos, lmewoghkg, gxpgrigmag, fmh
aemtrijutiem im gxabfmkg cer ae`pgmsftiem cre` fm g`poeygr .
8. Zgtfiogr- f pgrsem er jusimgss tbft sgoos keehs te tbg pujoia im rgoftivgoy s`foo
qufmtitigs cer usg er aemsu`ptiem rftbgr tbfm cer rgsfog.
7. Ao
Aogf
gfmi
mimk
mk @fimt
@fimtgm
gmfm
fmag
ag--  F dfm
dfmiter
iter,, aust
austehif
ehifm,
m, pert
pertgr,
gr, aogfmgr
aogfmgr er afrg
afrgtfl
tflgr
gr is f

 pgrsem wbe aogfms fmh `fimtfims juiohimks.

3. Qg
Qgau
auri
rity
ty Kuf
Kufrh
rh--  f pgrsem g`poeygh te pretgat f juiohimk fkfimst imtruhgrs er 
hf`fkg.
;. Hgoivgrgr-
Hgoivgrgr- f
 f pgrsem g`poeygh jy f rgtfio sterg te hgoivgr s`foo erhgrs te auste`grs
em afoo.

3.1.6.: Imtgrfativg ^frl 

6. Auste`gr- f pgrsem wbe `flgs f purabfsg.

:. Zihg Xgabmiaifm- 
Xgabmiaifm-  f werlgr im f cigoh ec tgabmeoeky wbe is preciaigmt im tbg
rgogvfmt
rgogvfmt slioo fmh tgab
tgabmiqu
miqug,
g, wit
witb
b f rgo
rgofti
ftivgoy
vgoy prfa
prfatia
tiafo
fo umhg
umhgrst
rstfmhi
fmhimk
mk ec tbg
tbgergtiafo primaipogs.
1. G`poeygg-  f pgrsem wbe hegs f spgaicigh typg ec werl er wbe werls im f
spgaicigh wfy.
8. Sgmher-
Sgmher- f
 f pgrsem er ae`pfmy wbesg primaipfo prehuat oimgs frg ecciag suppoigs
fmh gquip`gmt.

3.1.6.1 Xrfmspertftiem Xgr`imfo

6. Hrivgr- f pgrsem wbe hrivgs f vgbiaog.

;7
 

:. Aemhua
mhuatter- f pgrsem im abfrkg ec pujoia aemvgyfmag, wbe aeoogats cfrgs fmh sgoos
tialgts.
1. ^fss
ssggmkg
mkgr- f trfvgogr em f pujoia er privftg aemvgyfmag.
8. Sgmher- f pgrsem er ae`pfmy eccgrimk se`gtbimk cer sfog, gspgaifooy f trfhgr im
tbg strggt.
  3.1.: Wsgr Fativity

Wsgr fativity `emiterimk is tbg `emiterimk fmh rgaerhimk ec usgr fatiems.

3.1.:.6 Qbeppimk @foo

ste`gr- - f pgrsem er erkfmizftiem tbft juys keehs er sgrviags cre` f sterg.

6. Auste
:. Fh`im
Fh`im Qtfcc-
Qtfcc- fssistfmt
fssistfmt dejs gmtfio
gmtfio bfmhoimk
bfmhoimk g`fio,
g`fio, cigohimk
cigohimk pbemg afoos
afoos er pofaimk
pofaimk
afoos te aoigmts fmh etbgr stfcc, wrfmkoimk pfpgrwerl fmh `fmfkimk cioimk systg`s.
1. G`poeygg- f pgrsem g`poeygh cer wfkgs er sfofry, gspgaifooy ft memgxgautivg
ogvgo.
8. Zgtfiog
Zgtfiogr-
r- rgtfio sfogs
sfogs fsseaiftgs
fsseaiftgs usg afsb rgkistgrs
rgkistgrs te preagss
preagss trfmsfati
trfmsfatiems
ems fmh frg
rgspemsijog cer lggpimk trfal ec foo tbg `emgy imsihg.  
7. Ao
Aogf
gfmi
mimk
mk @fim
@fimtg
tgmf
mfma
mag-
g- tb
tbgy
gy `fy
`fy werl
werl eu
euth
thee
eers
rs `ewi
`ewimk
mk ofwm
ofwms,
s, swgg
swggpi
pimk
mk
wfolw
wfolwfys
fys,, fmh rg`evi
rg`evimk
mk hi
hirt
rt fmh `emi
`emiter
ter f juioh
juiohimk
imk's
's bgfti
bgftimk
mk fmh aeeoi
aeeoimk
mk
systg
systg`s
`s te gm
gmsur
surgg tb
tbgy
gy cumat
cumatiem
iem prepgr
prepgroy
oy.. Qe`g
Qe`g `flg
`flg `imer
`imer goga
gogatri
triafo
afo fm
fmh
h
 pou`jimk rgpfirs.
3. Qgaurity Kufrh-  `em
`emite
iterimk
rimk survgio
survgioofma
ofmagg gquip`g
gquip`gmt<
mt< imspgat
imspgatimk
imk juiohimk
juiohimks,
s,
gquip`gmt, fmh faagss peimts< pgr`ittimk gmtry.
;. Hgoivgrgr- trfmspertimk, fmh hgoivgrimk itg`s te aoigmts er jusimgssgs.

3.1.:.: Imtgrfativg ^frl 

6. Auste`gr - juyimk tialgts cer tbg rihgs fmh oeelimk cer sagmia vigws
:. Zihg Xgabmiaifm- 
Xgabmiaifm-  te `fimtfim fmh rgpfir f`usg`gmt
f`usg`gmt pfrl fttrfatiems.
fttrfatiems. Xbgy mggh f
stremk tgabmiafo lmewoghkg fmh bfvg spgaifoizgh lmewoghkg ec tbg rihgs tbgy frg
fssikmgh te `fimtfim.
1. Xial
alggt G`poeyg
eygg- 
g-  frg rgspe
rgspems
msijo
ijogg cer sgooi
sgooimk
mk tialg
tialgts
ts cer trfmsp
trfmspert
ertft
ftiem
iem er 
gmtgrtfim`gmt umits.
8. Sgmher-
Sgmher-   f sgoogr, is fm gmtgrprisg tbft aemtrijutgs keehs er sgrviags.
;3
 

3.1.:.1 Xrfmspertftiem Xgr`imfo

6. Hrivgr
vgr- is tbg ae
aem
mtre
reooogh epg
epgrft
rftiem fmh `evg`
vg`gmt ec f `ete
eter vgb
vgbiaog
aog,
imaouhimk afrs, `eterayaogs, truals, fmh jusgs.
mhuatter-  aeoogat cfrgs cre` pfssgmkgrs fmh frg gxpgatgh te fssist tbg hrivgrs im
:. Aemhua
`fimtfimimk bfr`emy f`emk pfssgmkgrs.
  3.8 Qpfags

Xbgg sp
Xb spfa
fags
gs wgrg
wgrg wgoo
wgoo-l
-lme
mewm
wm rgoi
rgoifm
fmtt em imtg
imtgrm
rmgt
gt tbre
tbreuk
ukb
b oeel
oeelim
imk
k se
se`g
`g
 prepertiemfo struaturgs. Xbg spfags kftbgrgh wgrg f sukkgstiem fmh mggh cer tbg
 prepesitiem te fssist
fs sist tbg mgagssitigs ec tbg sbeppgr. Oilgwisg, it kivgs cumhf`gmtfo pofm em
wbft wioo jg sggm imsihg tbg struaturg fmh te kivg imcer`ftiem te tbg usgrs.

Qbeppimk @foo

6. Fh`i
Fh`imi
mistr
strft
ftivg
ivg Ecci
Ecciag
ag
:. Qupgr
pgr @f
@frlgt
lgt
1. Hgpf
Hgpfrt
rt`g
`gmt
mt Qter
Qtergg
8. [frgbeusg
7. Ceeh Aeurt
3. Hgoivgr
vgry Jfy
Jfy
;. Ae``
Ae``gr
grai
aifo
fo Frg
Frgff
2. Gmtg
Gmtgrt
rtfi
fim`
m`gm
gmtt Frg
Frgff
9. Aimg`f
6>. Xialgt
Xialgt Jeetb
Jeetb
66. Abfpg
Abfpgoo
6:. Qt
Qterf
erfkg
kg
61. Xeio
Xeiogt
gtss
68. Fir Bfmhoimk
Bfmhoimk Wmit Zee`
Zee` (FBW)
67. Aemtreo
Aemtreo Zee`
Zee`
63. Gogatri
Gogatriafo
afo Zee`
6;. @gabfmia
@gabfmiafo
fo Zee`
62. Kgmsgt
Kgmsgt Zee`
Zee`
69. @fimtgm
@fimtgmfmag
fmag Zee`
;;
 

:>. Ft
Ftri
riu`
u`
:6. Zgargftiemfo
Zgargftiemfo Frgf
::. ^frli
^frlimk
mk

Imtgrfativg ^frl 
6. Xia
ialg
lgti
timk
mk Jee
Jeetb
tb
:. Qeuv
Qeuvgm
gmir
ir Qte
terg
rg
1. Qtfoos
8. Zgar
Zgargf
gfti
tiem
emfo
fo Frgf
Frgf
7. Zihgs Fr
Frgf
3. Xeiogt
;. Gog
ogat
atri
riaf
afoo Zee`
Zee`
2. @gab
@gabfm
fmia
iafo
fo Zee`
Zee`

Xrfmspertftiem
Xrfmspertftiem Xgr`imfo
6. Xialgtimk fmh Cfrgs
:. Ae``graifo Qterg
1. Hrep-Ecc Jussgs
8. Hrep-Ecc Dggpmgys
7. Hrep-Ecc Xriayaogs
3. Xeiogt

  3.7 Qpfag ^rekrf``imk

;2
 

Cikurg 21. Qpfag ^rekrf``imk Qbeppimk @foo 

Cikurg 28. Qpfag ^rekrf``imk Imtgrfavg ^frl 

;9
 

Cikurg 27. Qpfag ^rekrf``imk Xrfmspertfem Xgr`imfo 

  3.3 Jujjog Hifkrf` 

Cikurg 23. Jujjog Hifkrf` Zgofem ec Qpfags

2>
 

Cikurg 2;. Jujjog Hifkrf` Kreumh Coeer 

Cikurg 22. Jujjog Hifkrf` Qgaemh Coeer 

Cikurg 29. Jujjog Hifkrf` Xbirh Coeer  26

 

XZIKWF
Qbeppimk @foo fmh
Ogisurg Ae`pogx

ABF^XGZ ;

HGQIKM AEMAG^X

2:
 

;.6 Hgsikm ^bioesepby

‟Frabitgaturg
‟Frabitgaturg Zgveoutiemizg Oivgs
Xbreukb Hgsikm ec Mfturfo Ofmhsafpg‐

Qimag tbg predgat prepesfo is oeaftgh im Ijf, Tf`jfogs, tbg rgsgfrabgr’s pbioesepby
is imspirgh witb `fmke fmh wfvgs ec tbg sgf, tbft frg fjumhfmt im tbg frgf. F pofm tbft
tbriooimk
tbriooimk mgw typg ec struaturg. [bgrg tbgy wioo wemhgr wbft is imsihg ec cfaioity
cfaioity jgafusg
ec tbg jgfuticuo
jgfuticuo fppgfrfmag eutsihg. Zgveoutiem hgsikm bfvg tbg fjioity te imcougmag wgoo-
 jgimk, qufoity ec oicg, fmh
fm h stftg ec `imh.

;.: Hgsikm Aemagpt

‟Cer`imk f Ae`pogx Xbreukb Cogxijioity ec Fgstbgtias fmh Cumatiem‐

Xbg hgsikm ec tbg juiohimk jfofmags its fgstbgtias

fgstbgtias fmh cumatiem tbreukb cogxijioity
cogxijioity
ec cer`s te prehuag f struaturg tbft `flgs tbg sbeppgrs cggo tbgir imstimat jy kivimk tbg`
tbg ft`espbgrg ec gmdey`gmt ft tbg sf`g ti`g f pogfsurfjog hgsikm. ^revihg imspirimk,
cumatiemfo,
cumatiemfo, fmh jgfuticuo spfags
spfags te oivg, werl, fmh pofy. Frabitgaturg
Frabitgaturg jrimks us tekgtbgr 
imte spgaifo spfags cer spgaifo `e`gmts fmh `flg se`g `g`erigs.

Xbg Cer` Aemagpt ec tbis predgat is @fmke fmh [fvgs jgafusg, tbis is tbg
fjumhfmt fmh wgoo lmewm im Ijf Tf`jfogs. @fmke fmh [fvg frg si`iofr witb cggoimks ec 
 pogfsurfjog fmh sftiscfatiem, fmh its rgogfsgh wbgm wg gxpgrigmag se`gtbimk mgw,
gxaitimk er abfoogmkimk.

21
 

Cikurg 96. [fvg ec tbg Qgf

;.1 Hgsikm Ejdgativgs

6. Xe hgsikm
hgsikm f sbeppimk
sbeppimk `foo
`foo witb
witb rgspemh te ae`certfjioi
ae`certfjioity
ty witbim
witbim tbg ae``umi
ae``umitigs.
tigs.
:. Xe hgsikm
hgsikm f sbeppimk
sbeppimk `foo
`foo witb f mgw cer`ft
cer`ftiem
iem ec ewm i`fkgr
i`fkgrigs
igs ec stergcre
stergcremts
mts
fmh oikbtimk systg`s.
1. Xe hgsikm
hgsikm f sb
sbep
eppi
pimk
mk tb
tbft
ft wioo
wioo rgspe
rgspemh
mh te mg
mgw
w trgm
trgmhs
hs fmh
fmh imme
immevf
vfti
tiem
em witb
witb
 pogfsurimk fgstbgtias
Cikurg 9>. @fmke fmh spfag tbft `grgoy cumatiem.
cu matiem.
8. Xe hgsikm
hgsikm f sbeppimk
sbeppimk `foo
`foo witb
witb tbg fvfiofjio
fvfiofjioity
ity te aftgrs
aftgrs gvgmts
gvgmts im Tf`jfogs.
Tf`jfogs.
7. Xe hgsi
hgsikm
km f cu
cuma
mati
tiem
emfo
fo spfag
pfag tb
tbft
ft weuo
weuoh
h jg wgoa
wgoae`
e`im
imk,
k, ae`c
ae`cer
ertf
tfjo
jogg fmh
fmh
faagssijog.
3. Xe hgsikm
hgsikm f sbeppimk
sbeppimk `foo
`foo aemsihgrimk
aemsihgrimk previsiem
previsiem cer tbg ofw fmh aehgs cer
cer ^[H.
^[H.

;. Xe hgs
hgsikm
ikm fm iaem
iaemia
ia jui
juioh
ohimk
imk..

;.8 Hgsikm Aemsihgrftiem

Aemsihgrftiem

6. Qust
Qustfi
fimf
mfji
jioi
oity
ty
:. Airauo
uofftiem
1. Mftur
Mfturfo
fo Oikbt
Oikbtim
imk
k fmh Sgmti
Sgmtiof
ofti
tiem
em
28
 

8. Qgaurity
7. Xrfms
rfmspe
pert
rtft
ftie
iem
m
3. ^.
^.[.
[.H
H faags
faagssi
siji
jioi
oity
ty
;. Xgab
Xgabmeo
meoeki
ekiaf
afoo Immevf
Immevfti
tiem
emss
2. Ofw
Ofw Aehg
Aehgss fmh
fmh ^revi
^revisi
siems
ems

;.7 Frabitgaturfo Qtyog

‟Jiepbioia Frabitgaturg‐
Frabitgaturg‐

Jie
Jiepbio
pbioia
ia hgsi
hgsikm
km is fm fppr
fpprefab
efab te fra
frabitg
bitgatur
aturgg tbft sggl
sgglss te aemm
aemmgat
gat juio
juiohimk
himk
eaaupfmts `erg aoesgoy te mfturg. Jiepbioia hgsikmgh juiohimks imaerperftg tbimks oilg
mfturfo oikbtimk fmh vgmtioftiem, mfturfo ofmhsafpg cgfturgs fmh etbgr gog`gmts cer argftimk
f `er
`ergg preh
prehuati
uativg
vg fmh bgf
bgfotby
otby juiot gmvi
gmvirem`
rem`gmt
gmt cer pgep
pgepog.
og. Qpf
Qpfags
ags wit
witb
b gog
gog`gm
`gmts
ts
ec jiepbioia hgsikm frg `erg fttrfativg fmh bfvg jggm ceumh te imargfsg usg ec tbg spfag.
Xbg jgmgcits ec jiepbioif te tbg imhivihufo werlgr fmh tbg erkfmizftiem, afm rghuag strgss,
i`prevg aekmitivg cumatiem, fmh gmbfmag `eeh fmh argftivity.

 
XZIKWF
Qbeppimk @foo fmh
Ogisurg Ae`pogx

27
 

ABF^XGZ 2

JWIOHIMK FMH GMSIZEM@GMXFO QYQXG@

2.6 Juiohimk Qystg`

 2.6.6 Qtruaturfo Qystg`

Q^FAG CZF@G

F spfag
spfag crf
crf`g
`g er spfag
spfag struat
struatur
urgg is f tr
truss
uss-o
-oilg
ilg,, oikbt
oikbtwg
wgik
ikbt
bt rikih
rikih strua
struatur
turgg
aemstruatgh cre` imtgroealimk struts im f kge`gtria pfttgrm. Qpfag crf`gs afm jg usgh te
spfm ofrkg frgfs witb cgw imtgrier supperts. Oilg tbg truss, f spfag crf`g is stremk jgafusg
ec tbg imbgrgmt rikihity ec tbg trifmkog< cogximk oefhs (jgmhimk `e`gmts) frg trfms`ittgh fs
tgmsiem fmh ae`prgssiem
ae`prgssiem oefhs foemk tbg ogmktb ec gfab strut. Xbg qufoity ec reecs ec tbis
systg` is gxtrg`goy keeh fmh tbg abfmags ec hgcogatiem is fo`est mio.

Xbg imstfooftiem ec tbg struaturg afm jg hemg witb tbg bgop ec f `ejiog safcceoh im
 pofags wbgrg f arfmg afmmet jg usgh. Qimag oikbt wgikbt tujg gog`gmts & spbgriafo jfoos
cer`imk tbg spfag crf`g systg`, it afm jg oictgh jy bu`fm gccert. Xbg spfag crf`gs afm
aress
aress of
ofrkg
rkg spfms
spfms im jetb
jetb hi
hirg
rgati
atiems
ems umoil
umoilgg tbg aemvgm
aemvgmti
tiemf
emfoo emgs.
emgs. Xbis
Xbis kivgs
kivgs krgft
krgft
vgrsftioity fmh crgghe` te tbg hgsikmgr im tbg sgogatiem ec tbg struaturfo systg`.

Qt
Qtrua
ruatu
turfo
rfo gccia
gcciaig
igmay
may,, ri
riki
kihit
hity,
y, rghua
rghuagh
gh hgco
hgcogat
gatiem
iems,
s, imtgk
imtgkrft
rftie
iem
m ec sgrvi
sgrviag
ags,
s,
rgsio
rgsioigm
igmag
ag,, gfsg
gfsg & spggh
spggh ec `fmuc
`fmucfa
fatur
turimk
imk fmh imstfo
imstfoof
ofti
tiem
em frg se`g
se`g ec tbg jikkgs
jikkgstt
fhvfmtfkg ec 1H Qpfag Crf`g Qtruaturgs.

23
 

Cikurg 9:. Qpfag Crf`imk

ZGIMCEZAGH AEMAZGXG

Zgimceragh Aemargtg is f ae`pesitg `ftgrifo im wbiab aemargtg's rgoftivgoy oew

tgmsiog strgmktb fmh huatioity frg aeumtgrfatgh jy tbg imaousiem ec rgimcerag`gmt bfvimk
bikbgr tgmsiog strgmktb er huatioity. Xbg rgimcerag`gmt is usufooy, tbeukb met mgagssfrioy,
stggo rgimceraimk jfrs (rgjfr) fmh is usufooy g`jghhgh pfssivgoy im tbg aemargtg jgcerg tbg
aemargtg sgts. Zgimceraimk sabg`gs frg kgmgrfooy hgsikmgh te rgsist tgmsiog strgssgs im
 pfrtiauofr rgkiems
rgkie ms ec tbg aemargtg
aemarg tg tbft `ikbt afusg
afus g umfaagptfjog arfalimk fmh/er struaturfo
s truaturfo
cfiourg. @ehgrm rgimceragh aemargtg afm aemtfim vfrigh rgimceraimk `ftgrifos `fhg ec 
stggo, peoy`grs er fotgrmftg ae`pesitg `ftgrifo im aemdumatiem witb rgjfr er met.

2;
 

Zgimceragh aemargtg `fy fose jg pgr`fmgmtoy strgssgh (aemargtg im ae`prgssiem,

rgimcerag`gmt im tgmsiem), se fs te i`prevg tbg jgbfvier ec tbg cimfo struaturg umhgr 
werlimk oefhs. Im tbg Wmitgh Qtftgs, tbg `est ae``em `gtbehs ec heimk tbis frg lmewm
fs prg-tgmsiemimk fmh pest-tgmsiemimk. 

Cikurg 91. Zgimceragh Aemargtg F Cikurg 98. Zgimceragh Aemargtg J

2.6.: @gabfmiafo Qystg`

FWXE@FXGH QOIHIMK HEEZQ

 Fute`ftia soihimk heers frg hgsikmgh witb fttrfativg crf`imk fmh soggl styogs te
ae`pog`gmt fmy gmtry. Kofss soihimk heers frg ihgfo wbgm it ae`gs te umejstruatgh vigws
fmh fooewimk mfturfo oikbt imte f juiohimk. Fute`ftia soihimk heers usg eptiafo er `etiem
hgtgatiem sgmsers te fativftg tbgir `eterizgh epgmimk fmh aoesimk cumatiems. Xbgsg sgmsers
frg `eumtgh evgr tbg fute`ftia heer er frg imtgkrftgh imte tbg heer crf`imk cre` fjevg
er tbg sihg.

Cikurg 97. Fute`ftgh Qoihimk Heer 

FWXE@FXGH COWQB WZIMFO FMH QIML

Gogatremia fute`ftia cousbgs seovg tbg prejog`s ec prgvieus fpprefabgs, fmh frg
ae``em im mgw imstfooftiems. F pfssivg imcrfrgh sgmser ihgmticigs wbgm tbg urimfo bfs
22
 

 jggm usgh, jy hgtgatimk wbgm se`gemg bfs steeh im cremt ec

e c it fmh `evgh fwfy, fmh tbgm
fativftgs tbg cousb. Xbgrg usufooy is fose f s`foo evgrrihg juttem, te fooew eptiemfo `fmufo
cousbimk. Fute`ftia cousb cfaioitigs afm jg rgtrecittgh te gxistimk systg`s. Xbg bfmhog
epgrf
epgrftg
tgh
h vfovg
vfovgss ec f `fmuf
`fmufoo systg
systg`
` afm
afm jg rg
rgpof
pofag
agh
h wi
witb
tb f suitf
suitfjo
joy
y hgsikm
hgsikmgh
gh sgoc-
sgoc-
aemtfimgh gogatremia vfovg, ectgm jfttgry-pewgrgh te fveih tbg mggh te fhh afjogs. Eohgr 
ti`gh-cousb imstfooftiems `fy fhh f hgviag tbft rgkuoftgs tbg wftgr coew te tbg aistgrm
faaerhimk te tbg evgrfoo fativity hgtgatgh im tbg ree`. Xbis hegs met previhg trug pgr-
cixturg fute`ftia cousbimk, jut is si`pog fmh abgfp te fhh jgafusg emoy emg hgviag is
rgquirgh cer tbg wbeog systg`.
FIZ AEMHIXIEMIMK QYQXG@

Fir aemhitiemgrs ectgm usg f cfm te histrijutg tbg aemhitiemgh fir te fm eaaupigh
spfag suab fs f juiohimk er f afr te i`prevg tbgr`fo ae`cert fmh imheer fir qufoity.
Gogatria rgcrikgrfmt-jfsgh FA umits rfmkg cre` s`foo umits tbft afm aeeo f s`foo jghree`,
wbiab afm jg afrrigh jy f simkog fhuot, te `fssivg umits imstfoogh em tbg reec ec ecciag
tewgrs tbft afm aeeo fm gmtirg juiohimk. Xbg aeeoimk is typiafooy fabigvgh tbreukb f
rgcrikgrftiem ayaog, jut se`gti`gs gvfperftiem er crgg aeeoimk is usgh. Fir aemhitiemimk
systg`s afm fose jg `fhg jfsgh em hgsiaafmts (abg`iafos wbiab rg`evg `eisturg cre`
Cik. 2.94 Zfimwftgr Bfrvgstimk Qystg` Kgmgrfo Ofyeut ;9 tbg fir) fmh sujtgrrfmgeus
 pipgs tbft afm histrijutg
histrij utg tbg bgftgh rgcrikgrfmt
rgcrikgr fmt te tbg kreumh cer aeeoimk.
aee oimk.
Qpoit-systg` fir aemhitiemgrs ae`g im twe cer`s4 `imi-spoit fmh agmtrfo systg`s. Im
 jetb typgs, tbg imsihg-gmvirem`gmt (gvfperftivg) bgft gxabfmkgr is sgpfrftgh jy se`g
histfmag cre` tbg eutsihg-gmvirem`gmt (aemhgmsimk umit) bgft gxabfmkgr. Agmtrfo (huatgh)
fir aemhitiemimk eccgrs wbeog-beusg er ofrkg-ae``graifo-spfag aeeoimk, fmh ectgm eccgrs
`ehgrftgg `uoti-zemg
`ehgrft `uoti-zemg tg`pgrfturg
tg`pgrfturg aemtreo afpfjioity
afpfjioity jy tbg fhhitiem ec fir-oeuvgr-aemtre
fir-oeuvgr-aemtreoo
 jexgs.

29
 

Im agmtrfo fir aemhitiemimk, tbg imsihg bgft-gxabfmkgr is typiafooy pofagh imsihg tbg agmtrfo
curmfag/FA umit ec tbg ceragh fir bgftimk systg` wbiab is tbgm usgh im tbg su``gr te
histri
histrijut
jutgg ab
abio
ioog
ogh
h fir
fir tb
tbreu
reukbe
kbeut
ut f rgsih
rgsihgma
gmagg er ae
ae``
``gra
graifo
ifo ju
juio
iohim
himk.
k. Agmtr
Agmtrfo
fo fir 
fir 
aemhitiemimk is usgh cer aeeoimk jik juiohimks, beusgs, ecciags, gmtirg betgos, ky`s, `evig
tbgftgrs, cfaterigs gta. Ic tbg wbeog juiohimk is te jg fir aemhitiemgh, BSFA gmkimggrs cimh
tbft puttimk imhivihufo umits im gfab ec tbg ree`s is vgry gxpgmsivg `flimk tbis f jgttgr 
eptiem. F agmtrfo fir aemhitiemimk
aemhitiemimk systg` is ae`prisgh ec f bukg ae`prgsser tbft bfs tbg
afpfaity te prehuag bumhrghs ec tems ec fir aemhitiemimk. Aeeoimk jik bfoos, `foos, bukg
spfags, kfoogrigs gta is usufooy emoy cgfsijog witb agmtrfo aemhitiemimk

Cikurg 9;. Qpoit Xypg Fir-aemhiemimk Cikurg 92. Agmtrfoizgh Fir-aemhiemimk

2.6.1 Gogatriafo Qystg`

TF@JFOGQ GOGAXZIA AEE^GZFXISG (TF@GAE)

Xbg Tf`jfogs Gogatria Aeepgrftivg (TF@GAE) sgrvgs tbg gogatria mgghs ec tbg
`umiaipfoity witb fm ecciag oeaftgh ft Jfrfmkfy Temg 8. Jfsgh em tbg stftus ec gogatriaifm
ec TF@GAE, ceurtggm (68) jfrfmkfys ec tbg `umiaipfoity frg sgrviagh witb gogatria
 pewgr. @est beusgbeoh wgrg forgfhy gmgrkizgh. Etbgr gstfjoisb`gmts jgimk sgrvgh jy
TF@GAE frg 7;> ae``graifos, 73 kevgrm`gmts, 6> strggtoikbts fmh twe spgaifo oikbtimk.

QEOFZ ^FMGO

9>
 

^beteveotfia
^beteveotfia seofr pfmgos fjserj sumoikbt fs
sumoikbt  fs f seurag ec gmgrky te kgmgrftg hirgat
aurrgmt gogatriaity.
gogatriaity. F pbeteveotfia 
 pbeteveotfia   (^S) `ehuog is f pfalfkgh, aemmgatgh fssg`joy ec 
 pbeteveotfia seofr agoos fvfiofjog
agoos fvfiofjog im hiccgrgmt veotfkgs fmh wfttfkgs. ^beteveotfia `ehuogs
aems
aemsti
titu
tutg
tg tb
tbgg pb
pbet
etev
eveo
eotf
tfia
ia frrf
frrfy
y ec f pbeteveotfia systg` 
systg` tbft
tbft kgmg
kgmgrf
rftg
tgss fmh
fmh
suppoigs seofr gogatriaity
gogatriaity im
 im ae``graifo fmh rgsihgmtifo fppoiaftiems. Xbg `est ae``em
fppoiaftiem ec seofr gmgrky aeoogatiem eutsihg fkriauoturg is seofr wftgr bgftimk systg`s.
bgftimk systg`s.

Cikurg 99. Qeofr ^fmgo 

  GOGAXZIA KGMGZFXEZ 

F Kgmgrfter is f hgviag tbft aemvgrts `etivg pewgr (`gabfmiafo gmgrky) imte

gogatriafo pewgr cer usg im fm gxtgrmfo airauit. Qeurags ec `gabfmiafo gmgrky imaouhg
stgf` turjimgs, kfs turjimgs, wftgr turjimgs, imtgrmfo ae`justiem gmkimgs fmh gvgm bfmh
arfmls. Xbg cirst gogatre`fkmgtia kgmgrfter, tbg Cfrfhfy hisl, wfs imvgmtgh im 6216 jy
Jritisb saigmtist @iabfgo Cfrfhfy. Kgmgrfters previhg mgfroy foo tbg pewgr cer gogatria
 pewgr krihs.

96
 

Xbg rgvgrsg aemvgrsiem ec gogatriafo gmgrky imte `gabfmiafo gmgrky is hemg jy fm

gogatria `eter, fmh `eters fmh kgmgrfters bfvg `fmy si`iofritigs. @fmy `eters afm jg
`gabfmi
`gabfmiafoo
afooy
y hrivgm
hrivgm te kgmgrft
kgmgrftgg gogatria
gogatriaity
ity fmh crgqugmt
crgqugmtoy
oy `flg
`flg faagptf
faagptfjog
jog `fmufo
`fmufo
kgmgrfters.  

Cikurg 6>>. Ae``graifo Qtfmh jy Kgmgrfter  Cikurg 6>6. G`grkgmay ^ewgr Kgmgrfter 

2.6.8 Gogatremia Qystg`

  OIKBX G@@IXIMK
G@@IXIMK [FOO ^FMGO
 9:

Xbis oikbt-g`ittimk wfoo pfmgo is afoogh fs Ou`gs. It oeels oilg fm fvgrfkg wfoo
cre` fcfr. Ou`gs is hgsikmgh te hispofy fmi`ftiems tbreukb its imtgkrftgh OGH frrfy. Xbg
fmi`ftiems afm jg hispofygh rg`etgoy fhdustgh fs pgr tbg auste`gr's prgcgrgmag.

Cikurg 6>:. Oikbt G`imk [foo ^fmgo F Cikurg 6>1. Oikbt G`imk [foo ^fmgo J

  QGAWZIXY AF@GZFQ
 91

Xbg Qgaurity systg` tbft tbg predgat wioo sgaurity af`grfs er AAXS cer tbg :8/;
`emiterimk ec tbg cfaioity. Eohgr AAXS systg`s usgh s`foo, oew-rgseoutiem jofal fmh
wbitg `emiters witb me imtgrfativg afpfjioitigs. @ehgrm AAXS hispofys afm jg aeoer,
bikb-rgseoutiem hispofys fmh afm imaouhg tbg fjioity te zee` im em fm i`fkg er trfal 
se`gtbimk (er se`gemg) f`emk tbgir cgfturgs. Xfol AAXS fooews fm evgrsggr te spgfl te
 pgepog witbim rfmkg ec tbg af`grf's fsseaiftgh spgflgrs. AAXS is ae``emoy usgh cer f
vfrigty ec purpesgs, imaouhimk4 @fimtfimimk pgri`gtgr
pgri`gtgr sgaurity im `ghiu`- te bikb-sgaurg
bikb-sgaurg
frgfss fmh imstfoo
frgf imstfooftie
ftiems,
ms, ejsgrvim
ejsgrvimk
k jgbfvier
jgbfvier ec imafrag
imafragrftg
rftgh
h im`ftg
im`ftgss fmh petgmtif
petgmtifooy
ooy
hfmkgreus pftigmts im `ghiafo cfaioitigs, Xrfccia `emiterimk, evgrsggimk oeaftiems tbft
weuoh
weuoh jg bfzfrhe
bfzfrheus
us te f bu`fm,
bu`fm, cer gxf`pog
gxf`pog,, bikboy
bikboy rfhiefat
rfhiefativg
ivg er texia
texia imhustri
imhustrifo
fo
gmvirem`gmts, Juiohimk fmh kreumhs sgaurity.

Cikurg 6>8. Qgaurity Af`grf F Cikurg 6>7. Qgaurity Af`grf J

  Q@ELG HGXGAXEZ FMH Q^ZIMLOGZ 

Q^ZIMLOGZ 

Cirg
Cirg spri
sprimlo
mlogrs
grs fmh s`el
s`elgg fofr
fofr`
` syst
systg`s
g`s frg hgsi
hgsikmgh
kmgh te fati
fativftg
vftg faae
faaerhim
rhimk
k te
hiccgr
hiccgrgmt
gmt ae
aemhi
mhiti
tiems
ems.. Qp
Qprim
rimlo
logr
gr bg
bgfhs
fhs frg imh
imhiv
ivihu
ihufoo
fooy
y bgftt
bgf fativ
fativft
ftgh,
gh, usu
usufo
fooy
oy ft
637¾C. Q`elg fofr`s, wbgm fativftgh, kivg emoy fm fuhijog wfrmimk seumh< tbgy he met
afusg cirg sprimlogrs te coew wftgr. Wsg cer g`grkgmay purpesgs.

Cikurg 6>3. Q`elg Hgtgater fmh Qprimlogr 

2.6.7 Qfmitfry Qystg`

 98

QEOIH [FQXG @FMFKG@GMX QYQXG@

Xbg Qbeppimk @foo wioo bfvg its ewm Qeoih [fstg `fmfkg`gmt cfaioi
cfaioity
ty wbgrg tbg
aeoogatgh wfstg wioo jg tg`perfrioy pofagh fmh wioo jg im preagss ec sgpfrftiem ec wfstg te
rgayaofjog `ftgrifos. Foo sgpfrftgh wfstg wioo jg aeoogatgh jy tbg oeafo wfstg aeoogatiem ec 
tbg tewm. Xbgrg wioo jg f cfaioity cer tbg preagss ec rgayaoimk. Foo rgayaofjog `ftgrifos
wioo jg im tbg preagss ec turmimk it imte precit cer tbg @foo. Xbis rgayaogh `ftgrifo wioo jg
usgh cer tbg usgrs ec tbg gxpgmsgs er jgmgciaifrigs ec tbg @foo.

 2.6.3 Frabitgaturfo Qystg`

  QLYOIKBXQ

Qlyoi
Qlyoikbt
kbtss frg
frg oikbt
oikbt tr
trfms
fms`i
`itt
ttim
imk
k cgmgs
cgmgstrf
trfti
tiem
em (prehu
(prehuats
ats cioo
ciooim
imk
k epgmi
epgmimks
mks im f
 juiohimk gmvgoepg wbiab fose imaouhgs wimhews, heers, gta.) cer`imk foo, er f pertiem
per tiem ec,
tbg reec ec f juiohimk spfag. Qlyoikbts frg wihgoy usgh im hfyoikbtimk hgsikm im rgsihgmtifo
fmh ae``graifo juiohimks, `fimoy
`fimoy jgafusg tbgy frg tbg `est gccgativg
gccgativg seurag ec hfyoikbt
em f umit frgf jfsis.
Fm fotgrmftivg te f slyoikbt is f reec ofmtgrm. F reec ofmtgrm is f hfyoikbtimk aupeof
tbft sits fjevg f reec, fs eppesgh te f slyoikbt wbiab is cittgh imte f reec's aemstruatiem.
Zeec ofmtgrms sgrvg fs jetb fm frabitgaturfo cgfturg fmh f `gtbeh ec imtrehuaimk mfturfo
oikbt imte f spfag fmh frg typiafooy weehgm er `gtfo struaturgs witb f mu`jgr ec kofzgh
kofss pfmgos.
F cixgh slyoikbt aemsists ec f struaturfo pgri`gtgr crf`g suppertimk kofzimk imcioo
(tbg oikbt-trfms`ittimk pertiem, wbiab is `fhg pri`frioy ec kofss er pofstia). F cixgh
slyoikbt is mem-epgrfjog, `gfmimk tbgrg is me vgmtioftiem. 

Cikurg 6>;. Qly-oikbmk

AWZXFIM [FOO
 97

F aurtfim wfoo systg` is fm eutgr aevgrimk ec f juiohimk im wbiab tbg eutgr wfoos
frg mem-struaturfo, utioizgh te lggp tbg wgftbgr eut fmh tbg eaaupfmts im. Qimag tbg aurtfim
wfoo
wfoo is mem-st
mem-stru
ruat
aturf
urfo,
o, it afm jg `fhg
`fhg ec oikbt
oikbtwg
wgik
ikbt
bt `ftg
`ftgrif
rifos,
os, tbgrgj
tbgrgjy
y rg
rghua
huaimk
imk
aemstruatiem aests. [bgm kofss is usgh fs tbg aurtfim wfoo, fm fhvfmtfkg is tbft mfturfo
oikbt afm pgmgtrftg hggpgr witbim tbg juiohimk. Xbg aurtfim wfoo cfëfhg hegs met afrry fmy
struaturfo oefh cre` tbg juiohimk etbgr tbfm its ewm hgfh oefh wgikbt. Xbg wfoo trfmscgrs
oftgr
oftgrfo
fo wi
wimh
mh oe
oefhs
fhs tbft
tbft frg
frg imaih
imaihgmt
gmt upem
upem it te tbg `fim
`fim juio
juiohim
himk
k strua
struatur
turgg tbreu
tbreukb
kb
aemmgatiems ft coeers er aeou`ms ec tbg juiohimk. F aurtfim wfoo is hgsikmgh te rgsist fir 
fmh wftgr imciotrftiem, fjserj swfy imhuagh jy wimh fmh sgis`ia cerags fatimk em tbg
 juiohimk, witbstfmh
witbstfm h wimh oefhs, fmh suppert its ewm hgfh oefh wgikbt cerags. Aurtfim wfoo
systg`s frg typiafooy hgsikmgh witb gxtruhgh fou`imu` crf`imk `g`jgrs, fotbeukb tbg
cirst aurtfim wfoos wgrg `fhg witb stggo crf`gs. Xbg fou`imu` crf`g is typiafooy
typiafooy imcioogh
witb kofss, wbiab previhgs fm frabitgaturfooy pogfsimk juiohimk, fs wgoo fs jgmgcits suab fs
hfyoikbtimk. Bewgvgr, tbg gccgats ec oikbt em visufo ae`cert fs wgoo fs seofr bgft kfim im f
 juiohimk frg `erg hicciauot te aemtreo wbgm usimk ofrkg f`eumts ec kofss imcioo. Etbgr 
ae``em imcioos imaouhg4 stemg vgmggr, `gtfo pfmgos, oeuvrgs, fmh epgrfjog wimhews er 

Cikurg 6>2. Aurtfim [foo 

vgmts.
  XGMQIOG QXZWAXWZG

F tgmsiog struaturg is f aemstruatiem ec gog`gmts afrryimk emoy tgmsiem fmh me

ae`prgssiem er jgmhimk. Xbg tgr` tgmsiog sbeuoh met jg aemcusgh witb tgmsgkrity, wbiab
is f struaturfo cer` witb jetb tgmsiem fmh ae`prgssiem gog`gmts. Xgmsiog struaturgs frg tbg
`est ae``em typg ec tbim-sbgoo struaturgs. @est tgmsiog struaturgs frg suppertgh jy se`g
cer` ec ae`prgssiem er jgmhimk gog`gmts, suab fs `fsts (fs im Xbg E:, cer`groy tbg

@ioogmmiu` He`g), ae`prgssiem rimks er jgf`s.

 93

F tgms
tgmsio
iogg `g`j
`g`jrf
rfmg
mg stru
struat
atur
urgg is `est
`est ec
ectg
tgm
m us
usgh
gh fs f re
reec
ec,, fs tbgy
tbgy afm
afm
gaeme`iafooy fmh fttrfativgoy spfm ofrkg histfmags. Xgmsiog `g`jrfmg struaturgs `fy fose
 jg usgh fs ae`pogtg juiohimks, witb f cgw ae``em fppoiaftiems jgimk sperts cfaioitigs,
wfrgbeusimk
wfrgbeusimk fmh sterfkg juiohimks,
juiohimks, fmh gxbijitiem
gxbijitiem vgmugs. Ae``em `ftgrifos
`ftgrifos cer heujoy
aurvgh cfjria struaturgs frg ^XCG-aeftgh cijgrkofss fmh ^SA-aeftgh peoygstgr. Xbgsg frg
wevgm `ftgrifos witb hiccgrgmt strgmktbs im hiccgrgmt hirgatiems. Xbg wfrp cijgrs (tbesg
cijgrs wbiab frg erikimfooy strfikbt‘gquivfogmt te tbg stfrtimk cijgrs em f oee`) afm afrry
krgftgr oefh tbfm tbg wgct er cioo cijgrs, wbiab frg wevgm jgtwggm tbg wfrp cijgrs. 

Cikurg 6>9. Xgmsiog Qtruaturg

FOW@IMW@ AOFHHIMK

Fo
Fou`
u`im
imu`
u` aofhh
aofhhimk
imk is emg ec tb
tbgg `est
`est usgh
usgh typgs
typgs ec aofhh
aofhhimk
imk cer juioh
juiohimk
imk
gxtgriers. Fou`imu` is f oikbtwgikbt `gtfo tbft is hurfjog, aerresiem rgsistfmt fmh 6>>%
rgayaofjog. F cfafhg is aemsihgrgh tbg cfag ec f juiohimk fmh is ectgm sggm fs emg ec tbg
`est i`pertfmt hgsikm fspgats, it met emoy pretgats
pretgats tbg imtgrier
imtgrier ec f juiohimk cre` vfrieus
aoi`ftgs, it is fose tbg juiohimk's `fim cgfturg er cremtfkg.  

Cikurg 66>. Fou`imu` Aofhhimk

 9;

2.6 Gmvirem`gmtfo Qystg`

  KZGGM [FOO
 92

F krggm wfoo is f wfoo pfrtifooy er ae`pogtgoy aevgrgh witb krggmgry tbft imaouhgs
f krewimk `ghiu`, suab fs seio, wftgr er f sujstrftg. @est krggm wfoos imaouhg fm
imtgkrftgh wftgr hgoivgry systg`. F krggm wfoo is fose lmewm fs f oivimk wfoo er vgrtiafo
kfrhgm. It previhgs imsuoftiem
imsuoftiem te lggp tbg juiohimk's
juiohimk's imsihg tg`pgrfturg
tg`pgrfturg aemsistgmt. Krggm
wfoos frg hiccgrgmt cre` krggm cfafhgs. Krggm wfoos bfvg krewimk `ghif suppertgh em tbg
cfag ec tbg wfoo, wbiog krggm cfafhgs
cfafhgs bfvg seio emoy ft tbg jfsg ec tbg wfoo (im f aemtfimgr 
er im kreumh) fmh suppert aoi`jimk pofmts em tbg cfag ec tbg wfoo te argftg tbg krggm, er 
vgkgtftgh, cfafhg. Krggm wfoos `fy jg imheers er eutsihg, crggstfmhimk er fttfabgh te fm
gxistimk wfoo, fmh ae`g im f krgft vfrigty ec sizgs. 

Cikurg 666. Krggm [foo F Cikurg 66:. Krggm [foo J

OIKBX KGMGZFXIMK AG@GMX

[g mew bfvg ag`gmt tbft bfs tbg fjioity te fjserj fmh irrfhiftg oikbt fmh aeuoh
 petgmtifooy fat fs f oikbt juoj. Xbg fppoiaftiems cer tbis mgw oikbt-kgmgrftimk ag`gmt frg
wihg fmh oi`itogss, gspgaifooy mew tbft emg ec tbg `fim trgmhs im aemstruatiem is krggm

 juiohimk. Krggm juiohimk is f wfy ec argftimk struaturgs witb rgseurag- fmh gmgrky
gcciaigmay im `imh fmh oikbt-kgmgrftimk ag`gmt is tbg pgrcgat `ftgrifo cer tbis typg ec 
aemstruatiem. It afm jg usgh im swi``imk peeos, pfrlimk oets, refh sfcgty sikms, fmh se
`uab `erg. Ft mikbt, tbgsg gogatrems gvgmtufooy rgofx te tbgir erikimfo stftg, g`ittimk oikbt
im tbg preagss. Emag mikbt cfoos, tbg ag`gmt afm previhg oikbt cer 6: beurs, witbeut usimk
fmy gogatria
gogatriaity
ity.. Xbg jgmgcit
jgmgcitss ec tbis
tbis oikbt-g
oikbt-g`it
`ittimk
timk aemargt
aemargtgg ke jgyemh
jgyemh its gogatria
gogatriaity
ity
imhgpgmhgmag.
 99

Cikurg 661. Oikbt Kgmgrfmk Ag`gmt Joug Cikurg 668. Oikbt Kgmgrfmk Ag`gmt Krggm

  ZFIM [FXGZ BFZSGQXIMK

Zfimwftgr bfrvgstimk systg` is f preagss jy wbiab ofrkg f`eumts ec rfimwftgr frg

bfrvgstgh fmh aemtfimgh em f aemtfimgr afoogh aistgrms. Xbgsg aeoogatgh wftgrs frg usgh cer 
irrikftiem usg fmh afm fose jg preagssgh umhgr trgft`gmt te jg usgh cer bykigmia purpesgs.
@est cfaioitigs wbe i`pog`gmts tbg usg ec rfimwftgr aeoogatiem systg` sfvgs f ofrkg
f`eum
f`eumtt ec wftg
wftgrr qufmti
qufmtity
ty pgr ygfr
ygfr em tb
tbgi
girr utioi
utioity
ty aemsu`
aemsu`pti
ptiems
ems.. Xbgs
Xbgsgg aeoog
aeoogat
atgh
gh
rfimwftgrs afm fose jg usgh em sfmitftiem usg.

Cikurg 667. Zfim [ftgr Bfrvgsmk Qystg`

 
 6>>
XZIKWF
Qbeppimk @foo fmh
Ogisurg Ae`pogx
 

ABF^XGZ 9

CIMHIMKQ, AEMAOWQIEM FMH ZGAE@@GMHFXIEM

ZGAE@@GMHFXIEM

9.6 Cimhimks

9.6.6 Xbgrg wgrg tbrgg pessijog sitgs cer tbg predgat. Cirst im @umiaipfoity ec Ijf im
tbg previmag ec Tf`jfogs, tbg etbgr eptiems wgrg im Qujia, Tf`jfogs fmh @fsimoea,

Tf`jfogs.

9.6.
9.6.:
: Jiep
Jiepbi
bioi
oiaa Frab
Frabit
itga
gatu
turg
rg is tb
tbgg ab
abfr
frfa
fatg
tgrr tbft
tbft is us
usgh
gh im tbg
tbg pr
pred
edga
gat.
t.
Jiepbioia hgsikm is fm fpprefab te frabitgaturg tbft sggls te aemmgat juiohimk eaaupfmts
`erg aoesgoy te mfturg.

9.6.1 Xbreukbeut tbg rgsgfrab, tbg prepemgmt ceumh eut tbft tbg aemtrijutimk cfater 
te tbg soew krewtb ec Ijf, Tf`jfogs gaeme`y is tbg oew hgmsity ec its pepuoftiem.

9.6.8 Xbg prepemgmt cimhs eut tbreukb f sgrigs ec rgsgfrab tbft tbgrg frg stioo
 prejog`s aemagrmimk tbg cfaioitigs ec `foos. Xbg Tf`jfogöe pgepog frg stioo keimk te
Eoemkfpe Aity dust te gxpgrigmag tbgir jgfuticuo `foo cfaioitigs gvgm tbeukb tbg trfvgo ti`g
is 1beurs.
 9.: Aemaousiem 6>6

9.:.6 ^rgpfrgh sitg sgogatiem aritgrif frg usgh im abeesimk tbg `est fpprepriftg sitg
cer tbg predgat. F`emk tbg tbrgg sitg eptiems, tbg sitg im @umiaipfoity ec Ijf cits tbg jgst
cer tbg predgat. Xbg sitg is oeaftgh ft AJH frgf wbiab is suitfjog cer tbg predgat. Xbg
faagssijioity
faagssijioity ec tbg sitg is fm fhvfmtfkg jgafusg
jgafusg it is oeaftgh mgfr cre` Mftiemfo Zefh fmh
wfolfjog te tbg ae``graifo frgfs.

9.:.: Aemsihgrimk
Aemsihgrimk tbg predgat’s
predgat’s oeaftiem wbiab is oeaftgh im f prekrgssivg aity tbft
bfs fjumhfmt im mfturfo rgseurags, tbg Jiepbioia Frabitgaturg Qtyog is tbg jgst cer tbg
 predgat, it rgspemhs te imaerperftg tbimks oilg mfturfo oikbtimk fmh vgmtioftiem, mfturfo
ofmhsafpg cgfturgs fmh etbgr gog`gmts cer argftimk f `erg prehuativg fmh bgfotby juiot
gmvir
gmvirem`
em`gmt
gmt cer pgepo
pgepog.
g. Xbgrg
Xbgrg frg vfrie
vfrieus
us sgrvi
sgrviags
ags tbft
tbft afm
afm jg i`pog
i`pog`g
`gmtg
mtgh
h im tbg
tbg
 predgat. It imaouhgs jusimgss, trfmspertftiem tgr`imfos, imtgrfativg pfrl fmh rgargftiemfo
frgf.
frgf. Hgsik
Hgsikmim
mimk
k f cu
cumat
matie
iemfo
mfo spfag
spfag tbft
tbft wi
wioo
oo rgspem
rgspemh
h te mgw
mgw tr
trgmh
gmhss witb
witb pogfs
pogfsuri
urimk
mk
fgstbgtia fmh ft`espbgrg ec gmtgrtfim`gmt.

9.:.1
9.:.1 Xbgrg
Xbgrg wi
wioo
oo jg f oe
oett cu
curtb
rtbgr
gr Xbg
Xbg gaeme`
gaeme`ia
ia krewt
krewtb
b ec Ij
Ijff hgpgmh
hgpgmhss em its
its
 pepuoftiem, fmh visg-vgrsf.
visg-v grsf. [itb f krewimk gaeme`y, tbg krewtb ec Ijf’s pepuoftiem
pe puoftiem wioo
ceooew tbreukb fmh wioo gmaeurfkg usgrs te `evg fmh oivg im Ijf.

9.:.8 Xbg Qbeppimk @foo wioo jg eccgrimk tbft frg aemvgmigmt

aemvgmigmt cer tbg hgvgoep`gmt
hgvgoep`gmt
 preagss fmh hgsikmimk f mgw i`fkg ec stergcremts sikmfkg fmh oikbtimks.   Xe hgsikm f
cumatiemfo spfag tbft weuoh jg wgoae`imk, ae`certfjog fmh faagssijog.

9.1 Zgae``gmhftiem
Zgae``gmhftiem
 6>:

9.1.6
9.1.6 Curt
Curtbgr
bgr sitg
sitg fssgs
fssgss`
s`gmt
gmt fmh survgy
survgy im er
erhgr
hgr te hgtgr
hgtgr`i
`img
mg tbg prgai
prgaisg
sg
tgabmiaf
tgabmiafoo hgtfios
hgtfios rgkfrhimk
rgkfrhimk tbg sitg
sitg fmh te fsagrtf
fsagrtfim
im tbft it wioo
wioo gccgati
gccgativgo
vgoy
y sgrvg
sgrvg its
 purpesg.

9.1.: Xbg Jiepbioia Frabitgaturg Qtyog afm jg fabigvimk tbreukb tbg usg ec pfssivg
hgsik
hgsikm
m gog`
gog`gm
gmts.
ts. ^repg
^repgrr sum er
erigm
igmtf
tfti
tiem,
em, wi
wimh
mh pfttg
pfttgrm
rm fm
fmh
h vgkgt
vgkgtft
ftiem
iem sbeuo
sbeuoh
h jg
aemsihgrgh. Fose tbg usg ec oew tbgr`fo aemhuativg `ftgrifos fmh rgseurags cer tbg
struaturg.

9.1.1 Zuogs fmh rgkuoftiem fjeut tbg `umiaipfoity zemimk, tbft frg rgoftgh te tbg
 predgat sbeuoh jg aemsihgrgh im pofmmimk fmh hgsikmimk ec tbg hgvgoep`gmt im erhgr cer 
tbg juiohimk te cumatiem gcciaigmtoy.

9.1.8 Curtbgr rgsgfrab fmh umhgrstfmhimk witb aemagrmimk te tbg Qbeppimk @foo
aemhitiems frg i`pertfmt te stuhy, te prepgroy `fmfkg tbg pofmmimk ec airauoftiem fmh
erkfmizftiem ec spfags.

9.1.7 Xbg rgsgfrab fose rgae``gmhs te oeaftg tbg Qbeppimk @foo im f AJH frgf.
Im erhgr te prehuag fm gccgativg jusimgss imhustry. Oeaftimk tbg limh ec sbeppimk `foo
mgfr cre` mgikbjerimk previmag
previmag frg `uab bgop cer tbg sbeppgrs im aepimk witb tbgir oivgs
im hfy te hfy jfsis. [folfjog ae``graifo histriats frg f lgy ae`pemgmt ec ae``umitigs
tbft pre`etg fativg oivimk

9.1.3 Xbg rgsgfrab fose rgae``gmhs

rgae``gmhs te oeaftg tbg Qbeppimk @foo mgfr cre` refhs.
Im hg`fmh te yigoh fm gccgativg
gccgativg imhustry. Oeafoizimk
Oeafoizimk tbg limh ec sbeppimk `foo mgfr cre`
mftiemfo refh frg `uab bgop cer tbg sbeppgrs im erhgr te gfsioy faagss jy pujoia fmh
 privftg vgbiaogs.
 6>1

 
XZIKWF
Qbeppimk @foo fmh
Ogisurg Ae`pogx

JIJOIEKZF^BY

F. Jeels

Ae`prgbgm
Ae`prg bgmsiv
sivgg Hgvgoe
Hgvgoep`g
p`gmt
mt ^ofm
^ofm ec Ijf Tf`fjfogs, HGSGO
Tf`fjfogs HGSGOE^@
E^@GMX
GMX
^OFM ‑ @^HA

I`pog`gmtimk Zuogs fmh Zgkuoftiems ec tbg Mftiemfo Juiohimk Aehg ec tbg

^bioippimgs (^h 6>93), Eaifo Xgxt :>>7 Zgvisgh Ghiem, aepyrikbt :>>7

J. Go
Goga
gatr
trem
emia
ia Qeur
Qeurag
ag

F`griafm Frabitgats [im Imtgrmftiemfo Ae`pgtitiem cer "Auoturfo @foo" im Abimf |

FrabHfioy
Luoturjfu fmh `foo / Jgmtbg` Areuwgo Frabitgats | FrabHfioy
Qbfeximk AXA @foo Imtgrier Hgsikm / FXFB | FrabHfioy
Luoturjfu fmh `foo, Lejogmz - Hutabfrabitgats
@FOO CEZW@ @IXXGOZBGIM JY JGMXBG@ AZEW[GO FZABIXGAXQ
Luoturjfu, Lejogmz - Jgmtbg` Areuwgo Frabitgats
Fppog Hujfi @foo / Cestgr + ^frtmgrs | FrabHfioy
Xbfibet Aity ^ofzf @foo / Qpfrl Frabitgats | FrabHfioy
Hfgku Aeoer Qqufrg Qtfhiu` @foo / Dgrhg | FrabHfioy
Bfrjer ^eimt | ^redgat | ZABIXGAXQ, Ima. | Frabitgaturfo Cir` ^bioippimgs
Hgspitg tbg fhvgmt ec emoimg rgtfio, Cioipimes stioo oevg tbg `foo | Jusimgss[eroh
Q@ hgvgoepimk `erg `foos im previmags | Jusimgss[eroh
^bioippimg Krewtb ^respgats4 Qbeppimk @foos fs ^esitivg Imhiafter |
Ecciaifo [gjsitg ec @umiaip
Ecciaifo @umiaipfoity
foity ec Ijf, ^revim
^revimag
ag ec Tf`jfo
Tf`jfogs
gs ‑ Be`g ¼ [rgal
Hivimk Afpitfo ec tbg ^bioippimgs
bttps4//gm.wilipghif.erk/wili/QpfagUcrf`g
bttps4//www.tgabgxpoerist.ae`/oikbt-g`ittimk-wfoo-pfmgo-imtgrfativg-werl-
frt/8797/
 6>8

bttps4//gfrtb.keekog.ae`/wgj/N>,>,:8>62.2:;62;86f,13;7>6:2.::73928;h,17y,>
b,>t,  >r/hft
>r/ hftf0L
f0LFG
FG

XZIKWF
Qbeppimk @foo fmh
Ogisurg Ae`pogx

F^^GMHIAGQ

 MFXIEMFO JWIOHIMK
JWIOHIMK AEHG EC XBG ^BIOI^^IMGQ
^BIOI^^IMGQ

v. Kreup G - Jusimgss fmh @grafmtiog

Kreup G Eaaupfmaigs sbfoo imaouhg4

Hivisiem : - [beogsfog fmh rgtfio stergs, ecciag juiohimks, hrimlimk fmh himimk
gstfjoisb`gmts bfvimk fm eaaupfmt oefh ec ogss tbfm emg bumhrgh pgrsems, primtimk pofmts,
 peoiag fmh cirg stftiems,
stftiem s, cfaterigs fmh werlsbeps
werlsb eps usimk met bikboy cof``fjog er
ae`justijog `ftgrifos fmh pfimt stergs witbeut juol bfmhoimks.

QGAXIEM ;>3. Fooewfjog Coeer Frgf Imargfsgs

Xbg coeer frgfs bgrgimfjevg previhgh `fy jg imargfsgh im agrtfim spgaicia imstfmags fmh

umhgr fpprepriftg aemhitiems, jfsgh em tbg gxistgmag ec pujoia spfag, strggts er yfrhs
gxtgmhimk foemk fmh fhdeimimk twe er `erg sihgs ec tbg juiohimk er struaturg sujdgat te tbg
fpprevfo ec tbg Juiohimk Ecciaifo. (Zgcgr te Kuihgoimgs em Hgtgr`imimk Kress Coeer Frgf
fmh Xetfo Kress Coeer Frgf ec f Juiohimk/Qtruaturg ft tbg gmh ec tbis Zuog)

QGAXIEM ;>;. @fxi`u` Bgikbt ec Juiohimks

6. Xbg `fxi`u` bgikbt fmh mu`jgr ec stergys ec prepesgh juiohimk sbfoo jg hgpgmhgmt
upem tbg abfrfatgr ec usg er eaaupfmay fmh tbg typg ec aemstruatiem, aemsihgrimk gmhusgr

 pepuoftiem hgmsity,
hgmsity , oikbt fmh vgmtioftiem, wihtb ec ZZE[/strggts pfrtiauofroy e
ecc its
refhwfy/afrrifkgwfy ae`pemgmt, juiohimk juol, ecc-strggt au` ecc-sitg pfrlimk
rgquirg`gmts, gta. fmh im rgoftiem te oeafo ofmh usg pofm fmh zemimk rgkuoftiems fs wgoo fs
 6>7

etbgr gmvirem`gmtfo aemsihgrftiems, g.k., kgeoekiafo, byhreoekiafo, `gtgereoekiafo,

tepekrfpbiafo, prgvfioimk trfccia aemhitiems, tbg fvfiofjioity fmh afpfaity ec pujoia
utioity/sgrviag systg`s, gta. (Zgcgr te Kuihgoimgs em Juiohimk Juol ft tbg gmh ec tbis Zuog)

:. Hgtgr`imftiem ec Juiohimk Bgikbt4

f. JWIOHIMK BGIKBX OI@IX (JBO) - tbg `fxi`u` bgikbt te jg fooewgh cer

 juiohimks/struaturgs
 juiohimks/struatur gs jfsgh em tbgir prepesgh
pr epesgh usg er eaaupfm
eaaupfmay<
ay< tbg JBO is kgmgrfooy
hgtgr`imgh fctgr tbg fppoiaftiem ec etbgr hgvgoep`gmt aemtreos (HA) fmh agrtfim etbgr
 pfrf`gtgrs, i.g., aemsihgrftiems
aemsihgrftiem s ec sitg aemhitiems, vigw, gta. (Xfjog SII.:. ec tbis Zuog).
Xbg JBO sbfoo jg kgmgrfooy `gfsurgh cre` tbg gstfjoisbgh krfhg oimg te tbg tep`est
 pertiem ec tbg prepesgh
pre pesgh juiohimk/struaturg.
juiohimk/struatu rg. Ic fppoiafjog, tbg JBO `fy jg sujdga
sujdgatt te
aogfrfmag rgquirg`gmts ec tbg Fir Xrfmspertftiem Ecciag (FXE) er ec tbg aemagrmgh
`ioitfry/sgaurity futberitigs. (Zgcgr te Kuihgoimgs em Hgvgoep`gmt Aemtreos ft tbg gmh
tbis Zuog) JBO gxaouhgs tbg bgikbt ec pgr`ittgh/fooewgh predgatiems fjevg tbg reec ec tbg
 juiohimk/struaturg,
 juiohimk/struatur g, g.k., sikmfkg, `fst, fmtgmmf, tgogae` tewgr, jgfaems fmh tbg oilg.

 j. Xbg Juiohimk Bgikbt Oi`it (JBO) ec fmy prepesgh

prepes gh juiohimk/struaturg sbfoo emoy jg fs
fooewgh umhgr tbis Zuog (fs sbewm im tfjog jgoew) er umhgr tbg huoy fpprevgh
aity/`umiaipfo (oeafo) zemimk erhimfmag, wbiabgvgr is `erg rgstriativg.

^frlimk Qoet, ^frlimk Frgf fmh Oefhimk/Wmoefhimk Qpfag Zgquirg`gmts

f. Xbg pfrlimk soet, pfrlimk frgf fmh oefhimk/umoefhimk spfag rgquirg`gmts oistgh
bgrgfctgr frg kgmgrfooy tbg `imi`u` ecc-strggt au` em-sitg rgquirg`gmts cer spgaicia
usgs/eaaupfmaigs cer juiohimks/struaturgs, i.g., foo te jg oeaftgh eutsihg ec tbg refh rikbt
ec-wfy (ZZE[).

 j. Xbg sizg ec fm fvgrfkg fute`ejiog

fu te`ejiog (afr) pfrlimk ssoet
oet `ust jg ae`putgh ft :.7> `gtgrs
 jy 7.>> `gtgrs cer pgrpgmhiauofr
pgrpgm hiauofr er hifkemfo pfrlimk fmh ft :.67 `gtgrs jy 3.>>
3 .>> `gtgrs
cer pfrfoogo pfrlimk. F stfmhfrh trual er jus pfrlimk/oefhimk soet `ust jg ae`putgh ft f
`imi`u` ec 1.3> `gtgrs jy 6:.>> `gtgrs. Fm frtiauoftgh trual soet `ust jg ae`putgh ft f
`imi`u` ec 1.3> `gtgrs jy 62.>> `gtgrs wbiab sbeuoh jg succiaigmt te faae``ehftg f
6:.>> `gtgrs aemtfimgr vfm er juol afrrigr fmh f oemk/beehgh pri`g `evgr. F dggpmgy er
sbuttog pfrlimk/oefhimk/umoefhimk soet `ust jg ae`putgh ft f `imi`u` ec 1.>> `gtgrs jy
 6>3

9.>> `gtgrs. Xbg pfrlimk soets sbfoo jg hrfwm te safog fmh tbg tetfo mu`jgr ec wbiab sbfoo
 jg imhiaftgh em tbg pofms
p ofms fmh spgaicigh wbgtbgr er met pfrlimk faae``ehftiems
faae``ehftie ms frg
fttgmhfmt-`fmfkgh.

a. Xbg pfrlimk spfag rftimks oistgh jgoew frg `imi`u` ecc-strggt/ecc-ZZE[ au` em-sitg
rgquirg`gmts cer spgaicia usgs/eaaupfmaigs cer juiohimks/struaturgs, i.g., foo te jg oeaftgh
eutsihg ec tbg refh rikbt-ec-wfy (ZZE[)

QGAXIEM 2>6. Kgmgrfo Zgquirg`gmts ec Oikbt fmh Sgmtioftiem

6. Qujdgat te tbg previsiems ec tbg Aivio Aehg ec tbg ^bioippimgs em Gfsg`gmts ec Oikbt
fmh Sigw, fmh te tbg spgaicia previsiems ec tbg Aehg, gvgry juiohimk sbfoo jg hgsikmgh,
aemstruatgh, fmh gquippgh te previhg fhgquftg oikbt fmh vgmtioftiem. (Zgcgr te Kuihgoimgs
em Gfsg`gmts, Sigw Aerrihers/Qikbt Oimgs fmh Jfsg`gmts ft tbg gmh ec tbis Zuog)

:. Foo juiohimks sbfoo cfag f strggt er pujoia foogy er f privftg strggt wbiab bfs jggm huoy
fpprevgh. (Zgcgr te Kuihgoimgs em Qtrggts/ZZE[ fmh Qihgwfols ft tbg gmh ec tbis Zuog)

1. Me juiohimk sbfoo jg fotgrgh mer frrfmkgh se fs te rghuag tbg sizg ec fmy ree` er tbg
rgoftivg frgf ec wimhews te ogss tbfm tbft previhgh cer juiohimks umhgr tbis Zuog, er te
argftg fm fhhitiemfo ree`, umogss suab fhhitiemfo ree` aemcer`s te tbg rgquirg`gmts ec
tbis Zuog.

8. Me juiohimk sbfoo jg gmofrkgh se tbft tbg hi`gmsiems ec tbg rgquirgh aeurt er yfrh
weuoh jg ogss tbfm wbft is prgsarijgh cer suab juiohimk oet.

QGAXIEM 2>:. @gfsurg`gmt ec Qitg Eaaupfmay

6. Xbg `gfsurg`gmt ec sitg eaaupfmay er oet eaaupfmay sbfoo jg tflgm ft tbg kreumh ogvgo
fmh sbfoo jg gxaousivg ec aeurts, yfrhs, fmh oikbt wgoos.

:. Aeurts, yfrhs, fmh oikbt wgoos sbfoo jg `gfsurgh aogfr ec foo predgatiems cre` tbg wfoos
gmaoesimk suab wgoos er yfrhs witb tbg gxagptiem ec reec ogfhgrs, wfoo aepimks, sioos, er
stggo cirg gsafpgs met gxagghimk 6.:> `gtgrs im wihtb.
 6>;

QGAXIEM 2>1. ^gragmtfkg ec Qitg Eaaupfmay

6. Xbg `gfsurg`gmt ec tbg pgragmtfkg (%) ec sitg eaaupfmay (er oet eaaupfmay) sbfoo jg
tflgm ft tbg kreumh ogvgo fmh sbfoo jg gxaousivg ec aeurts, yfrhs fmh oikbt wgoos. Aeurts,
yfrhs, fmh oikbt wgoos sbfoo jg `gfsurgh aogfr ec foo predgatiems cre` tbg wfoos gmaoesimk
suab wgoos er yfrhs witb tbg gxagptiem ec reec ogfhgrs, wfoo aepimks, sioos, er stggo cirg
gsafpgs met gxagghimk 6.:> `gtgrs im wihtb.

:. Im afsg ec prepesgh fhhitiemfo aemstruatiem em f oet em wbiab fmetbgr juiohimk/struaturg

forgfhy stfmhs, tbg ^gragmtfkg ec Qitg Eaaupfmay (^QE) frisimk eut ec suab gxistimk
 juiohimks/struaturgs
 juiohimks/struatur gs `ust jg imaouhgh im tbg ae`putftiem ec tbg ^QE cer tbg Xetfo Oet
Frgf (XOF). Im afsg ec hisargpfmay jgtwggm tbg spgaicigh @fxi`u` Fooewfjog ^QE fmh
tbg etbgr oikbt fmh vgmtioftiem previsiems umhgr tbis Zuog, tbg rgsuotimk ogssgr
 juiohimk/struaturgg ceetprimt er kress coeer
 juiohimk/struatur c oeer frgf ft tbg kreumh coeer
coe er (er ft krfhg ogvgo) `ust
 prgvfio.

1. @fxi`u` sitg eaaupfmay sbfoo jg kevgrmgh jy usg, typg ec aemstruatiem, fmh bgikbt ec
tbg juiohimk fmh tbg usg, frgf, mfturg fmh oeaftiem ec tbg sitg< fmh sujdgat te tbg previsiems
ec tbg oeafo zemimk rgquirg`gmts fmh im faaerhfmag witb tbg ceooewimk typgs ec epgm
spfags4

f. ^ujoia epgm spfags - strggts, foogys, gfsg`gmts ec sgf/oflgsbergs, rivgrs, arggls, gstgres,
rfiorefh trfals, pfrls/pofzfs, pofykreumhs, fmh tbg oilg.

 j. Xetfo Epgm Qpfags witbim Oet (XEQO) - aeurts, yfrhs, kfrhgms,
kfr hgms, oikbt wgoos, umaevgrgh
hrivgwfys, faagss refhs fmh pfrlimk spfags aemsistimk ec twe (:) typgs4

i. ^fvgh er tiogh (bfrhsafpgh frgfs)< suj-aofssiciaftiem ec epgm spfag sbfoo cfoo umhgr
@fxi`u` Fooewfjog I`pgrvieus Qurcfag Frgfs (IQF) witbim tbg Xetfo Oet Frgf (XOF)<
fmh

ii. Wmpfvgh frgfs witbim tbg oet tbft frg witb gxpesgh seio fmh pofmtgh (sectsafpgh), i.g.,
tbg Wmpfvgh Qurcfag Frgfs (WQF)< tbis suj-aofssiciaftiem is tbg trug epgm spfag.
 6>2

8. Xbg ceooewimk Xfjog iooustrftgs tbg `fmmgr im hgtgr`imimk tbg @fxi`u` Fooewfjog
^gragmtfkg ec Qitg Eaaupfmay (^QE), @fxi`u` Fooewfjog I`pgrvieus Qurcfag Frgf
(IQF), @fxi`u` Fooewfjog Aemstruatiem Frgf (@FAF), @imi`u` Wmpfvgh Qurcfag
Frgf (WQF), fmh tbg Xetfo Epgm Qpfag witbim Oet (XEQO) witb rgcgrgmag te Xypg ec
Ofmh Wsg Temimk pgr Oet.

E^GM AEWZX / YFZH

Fmmetftiem4 Xbg sgpfrftiem wfoos frg fatufooy cirgwfoos (pfrtiauofroy ic tbgsg frg fjevg 1.>
` im bgikbt er fjevg tbg reec oimgs ec tbg juiohimks). F jgttgr eptiem is te sgt jfal tbg
cirgwfoo jy up te >.3> ` te argftg f hrfimfkg abfmmgo fs wgoo fs f cirgwfoo `fimtgmfmag
spfag i.g. cer pfimtimk fmh kgmgrfo rgpfir werl. [bgm tbg sfih seoutiem is fheptgh,
gmhwfoos frg argftgh imstgfh.
 6>9

QGAXIEM 2>7. Agioimk Bgikbts

6. Bfjitfjog ree`s previhgh witb frticiaifo vgmtioftiem sbfoo bfvg agioimk bgikbts met ogss
tbfm :.8> `gtgrs `gfsurgh cre` tbg coeer te tbg agioimk< previhgh tbft cer juiohimks ec
`erg tbfm emg (6) stergy, tbg `imi`u` agioimk bgikbt ec tbg cirst stergy sbfoo jg :.;>
`gtgrs fmh tbft cer tbg sgaemh stery :.8> `gtgrs fmh tbg suaagghimk sterigs sbfoo bfvg fm

umejstruatgh typiafo bgfh-ree` aogfrfmag ec met ogss tbfm :.6> `gtgrs fjevg tbg cimisbgh
coeer. Fjevgstftgh ree`s witb mfturfo vgmtioftiem sbfoo bfvg agioimk bgikbts ec met ogss
tbfm :.;> `gtgrs.

:. @gzzfmimg coeers sbfoo bfvg f aogfr agioimk bgikbt met ogss tbfm 6.2> `gtgrs fjevg fmh
 jgoew it.

QGAXIEM 2>3. Qizgs fmh Hi`gmsiems ec Zee`s

6. @imi`u` sizgs ec ree`s fmh tbgir ogfst berizemtfo hi`gmsiems sbfoo jg fs ceooews4

f. Zee`s cer Bu`fm Bfjitftiems - 3.>> sq. `gtgrs witb f ogfst hi`gmsiem ec :.>> `gtgrs<

 j. Litabgm - 1.>> sq. `gtgrs witb f ogfst hi`gmsiem

h i`gmsiem ec 6.7> `gtgrs< fmh

a. Jftb fmh teiogt - 6.:> sq. `gtgrs witb f ogfst hi`gmsiem ec 9>> `iooi`gtgrs

QGAXIEM 26>. Sgmtioftiem Qlyoikbts

6. Sgmtioftiem slyoikbts sbfoo bfvg f kofss frgf met ogss tbfm tbft rgquirgh cer tbg wimhews
tbft frg rgpofagh. Xbgy sbfoo jg gquippgh witb `evfjog sfsbgs er oeuvgrs witb fm
fkkrgkftg mgt crgg frgf met ogss tbfm tbg pfrts im tbg rgpofagh wimhew tbft afm jg epgmgh,

er gosg previhg frticiaifo vgmtioftiem ec gquivfogmt gccgativgmgss.

 66>

I`pog`gmtimk Zuogs fmh Zgkuoftiems (IZZ) ec Zgpujoia Fat Me. 9768 etbgrwisg lmewm
fs tbg ‟Cirg Aehg ec tbg ^bioippimgs ec :>>2‐

QGAXIEM 9.>.1.1 CEZ@FX EC ^ZG^FZFXIEM

Hisaussiem ec Cirg ^retgatiem fmh Oicg Qfcgty Issugs.

f. Juiohimk Aofssiciaftiem fmh Aemstruatiem<

 j. Bfzfrhs ec aemtgmts fmh

fm h ae`justijog oefhimk imaouhimk
im aouhimk cirg sagmfries
sagmfrie s fheptgh ic hgsikm
is pgrcer`fmag jfsgh<

a. Eaaupfmay Aofssiciaftiem<

h. Qtruaturfo Zgquirg`gmts/Qgpfrftiem ec Juiohimk Qpfags<

g. Gxit fmh gkrgss hgsariptiem

i. Jfsis ec hgsikm<

ii. Mu`jgr ec gxits<

iii. Xrfvgo histfmags<

iv. Gxit afoauoftiems (`fy jg imaouhgh im fppgmhiags)< fmh

v. Xi`gh-gxit fmfoysis (cer gquivfogmaigs fmh vfrifmags)<

c. Cirg Qupprgssiem Hgsariptiem

i. Hgsikm aritgrif usgh cer sprimlogr systg`/stfmhpipg<

ii. Etbgr supprgssiem systg`s<

iii. [ftgr suppoigs, fmh cirg pu`ps, afpfaitigs<

iv. ^ertfjog gxtimkuisbgrs<

v. Byhrfuoia fmh etbgr afoauoftiems (`fy jg pofagh im fppgmhiags)< fmh

vi. Zisgr hifkrf`s (`fy jg pofagh im fppgmhiags)<

k. Cirg hgtgatiem, fofr`, ae``umiaftiem fmh gvfauftiem systg`s

i. Hgsariptiem ec gfab systg` imaouhimk cgfturgs fmh aemtreos< fmh

 666

ii. Qeumh prgssurg afoauoftiems (cer gquivfogmaigs fmh vfrifmags)<

b. Q`elg Aemtreo @fmfkg`gmt

i. Hgsariptiem ec s`elg aemtreo strftgkigs<

ii. Hgsikm aritgrif usgh<

iii. Afoauoftiems (`fy jg imaouhgh im fppgmhiags)< fmh

v. Gquip`gmt afpfaitigs fmh hgsariptiem

i. Gxit oikbt fmh g`grkgmay oikbtimk systg`s

i. Hgsariptiem<

ii. Xypiafo oeaftiem ec gxit oikbts fmh g`grkgmay oikbtimk systg`s<

iii. Hgsikm aritgrif< fmh

iv. Afoauoftiems (gquivfogmaigs fmh vfrifmags).

 d. G`grkgmay ^ewgr Quppoy

i. Hgsariptiem<

ii. Afpfaitigs< fmh

iii. Afoauoftiems (`fy jg imaouhgh im fppgmhiags)

l. Cirg Hgpfrt`gmt Faagss

i. Hgsariptiem fmh oeaftiem ec strggt byhrfmt fmh JC^ stftiem< fmh

o. Etbgr issugs met hisaussgh fjevg imaouhimk gogvfter rgafoo fmh usg ec gogvfters cer
gvfauftiem

@ixgh Eaaupfmaigs

f. Zgcgrs te twe er `erg aofssgs ec eaaupfmaigs eaaurrimk/oeaftgh/situftgh/gxistimk im tbg

sf`g juiohimk fmh/er struaturgs se imtgr`imkogh tbft sgpfrftg sfcgkufrhs frg
i`prfatiafjog.

 j. Xbg `gfms ec gkrgss sbfoo jg

j g succiaigmt te `ggt gxit rgquirg`gmts
rgqu irg`gmts cer tbg eaaupfmts ec
 gfab imhivihufo ree` er sgatiem, fmh cer tbg `fxi`u` eaaupfmt oefh ec tbg gmtirg
66:

 juiohimk. Cirg sfcgty aemstruatiem,

aem struatiem, pretgativg fmh
f mh wfrmimk systg`s fmh etbg
etbgrr sfcgkufrhs
sbfoo `ggt rgquirg`gmts ec tbg `est bfzfrheus eaaupfmay umogss etbgrwisg spgaicigh im
Hivisiem 2 tbreukb 6; ec tbis Abfptgr.

Zgpujoia Fat Me. 3786 Aemkrgss ec tbg ^bioippimgs

Qgatiem 6.>6.>14 Qaepg

(f) Xbg previsiems ec tbis Aehg sbfoo fppoy te tbg hgsikm, oeaftiem, sitimk, aemstruatiem,
fotgrftiem, rgpfir, aemvgrsiem, usg, eaaupfmay, `fimtgmfmag, `evimk, fmh hg`eoitiem ec,
fmh fhhitiem te, pujoia fmh privftg juiohimks fmh struaturgs.

(j) Fhhitiems, fotgrftiems, rgpfirs, fmh abfmkgs ec usg er eaaupfmay im foo juiohimks fmh
struaturgs sbfoo ae`poy witb rgquirg`gmts cer mgw juiohimks fmh struaturgs gxagpt fs
etbgrwisg bgrgim previhgh. Emoy suab pertiem er pertiems ec tbg gxistimk juiohimk er
struaturg wbiab bfvg te jg fotgrgh te gccgat tbg fhhitiem, fotgrftiem, er rgpfir sbfoo jg `fhg
te aemcer` te tbg rgquirg`gmts cer mgw juiohimks er struaturgs. Fotgrftiems sbeuoh
 prgsgrvg tbg fgstbgtia vfoug ec tbg juiohimk te jg fotgrgh.

(a) [bgrg, im fmy spgaicia afsg, hiccgrgmt sgatiem ec tbis Aehg spgaicy hiccgrgmt `ftgrifos,
`gtbehs ec aemstruatiem, er etbgr rgquirg`gmts, tbg `est rgstriativg sbfoo kevgrm.

ZG^WJOIA FAX ME. 61;2 - FM FAX XE ZGKWOFXG XBG XZFHG EC @FQXGZ 

^OW@JGZ 

Qga. 7. Xbg ^rgsihgmt ec tbg ^bioippimgs is bgrgjy futberizgh te issug ruogs fmh rgkuoftiems
te afrry imte gccgat tbg ejdgativgs ec tbis Fat, upem rgae``gmhftiem ec tbg Jefrh ec

Gxf`imgrs cer @fstgr ^ou`jgrs fmh im aemsuotftiem witb f huoy rgkistgrgh mftiemfo
fsseaiftiem ec `fstgr pou`jgrs, im faaerhfmag witb tbg ceooewimk jfsia primaipogs, gxagpt
 im afsgs wbgrg it `fy prevg epprgssivg er gxagssivgoy jurhgmse`g te tbesg witbeut
661

succiaigmt `gfms fmh te suab juiohimks, struaturgs er aemstruatiems vfough ft civg tbeusfmh
 pgses er ogss

Jftfs ^f`jfmsf 188

J^ 188 er tbg Faagssijioity Ofw fi`s te gmbfmag tbg `ejioity ec hisfjogh pgrsems jy
rgquirimk agrtfim juiohimks, imstitutiems, gstfjoisb`gmts fmh pujoia utioitigs te imstfoo
cfaioitigs fmh etbgr hgviags oilg rf`ps, bfmhrfios fmh f`pog spfags te fooew tbg gmtry fmh
faagss ec wbggo abfir jeumh pgrsems, tbesg witb arutabgs, afmgs fmh etbgr ^[H `ejioity
fihs.

IZZ ec ^.H. 7:: Qgwfkg Hispesfo ^rgvisiems

Frt. 3;8. Xbg ewmgr ec f juiohimk sbfoo jg ejoikgh te aemstruat its reec er aevgrimk im suab
`fmmgr tbft tbg rfim wftgr sbfoo cfoo em bis ewm ofmh er em f strggt er pujoia pofag, fmh met
em tbg ofmh ec bis mgikbjer, gvgm tbeukb tbg fhdfagmt ofmh `fy jgoemk te twe er `erg
 pgrsems, emg ec wbe` is tbg ewmgr ec tbg reec. Gvgm ic it sbeuoh cf
cfoo
oo em bis ewm ofmh, tbg
ewmgr sbfoo jg ejoikgh te aeoogat tbg wftgr im suab f wfy fs met te afusg hf`fkg te tbg
fhdfagmt ofmh er tgmg`gmt.

Frt. 3;7. Xbg ewmgr ec f tgmg`gmt er f pigag ec ofmh, sujdgat te tbg gfsg`gmt ec rgagivimk
wftgr cfooimk cre` reecs, `fy juioh im suab f `fmmgr fs te rgagivg tbg wftgr upem bis ewm
reec er kivg it fmetbgr eutogt im faaerhfmag witb oeafo erhimfmags er auste`s, fmh im suab
f wfy fs met te afusg fmy muisfmag er hf`fkg wbftgvgr te tbg he`imfmt gstftg.

Frt. 3;3. [bgmgvgr tbg yfrh er aeurt ec f beusg is surreumhgh jy etbgr beusgs, fmh it is
met pessijog te kivg fm eutogt tbreukb tbg beusg itsgoc te tbg rfim wftgr aeoogatgh tbgrgem,
tbg gstfjoisb`gmt ec fm gfsg`gmt ec hrfimfkg afm jg hg`fmhgh, kivimk fm eutogt te tbg

wftgr ft tbg peimt ec tbg aemtikueus ofmhs er tgmg`gmts wbgrg its gkrgss `fy jg gfsigst,
fmh gstfjoisbimk f aemhuit cer tbg hrfimfkg im suab `fmmgr fs te afusg tbg ogfst hf`fkg te