The unit of Works In some books the {Bic in Eg. omit aepvesign naan, Sr pra pare agen in pat of chan uring an expansion or bea crash etanton oF contain ofa hdres sam, ‘here mgt taking place slowly enoug a transport of a chemical rom one pont to anor, ee to keep the system near mechaniea!equllbium, of vem Some dstpatve process, such as fiction, aking place, or even ail these process. The lack of emia equim eh, tetefre,o com Dlete thermodynamic equilibrium) or the presence of diipation dst not pr writing GW = PAV, where P is the system presure. A lack of ‘mechanical equilibrium, however, such as exsis When there are waves or turbulence within the sytem, defnily revans exprening dW «Pal, use the pressure ofthe system is no longer deised. It should be noted that the validity of Eq. G1) doss not depend upon the pison-and.eylinder Avice used in its derivation; it can be applied to any expanding or contacting static system of arbitrary shape a finite quasi-static proces i which the volume changes from Y; to Vr the amount of work 1” done by the system is y =-[few. 2) Ifthe change in volume is performed quasi-statiealy, the system pressure Pis at all times not only equal to the external pressure, but the pressure is also a thermodynamic coordinate. Thus, the pressure can be expressed as a function Of temperature 7 and volume V by means of an equation of state, The Sfatuation of the integral can be accomplished once the behavior of Tis Specified, because then P can be expressed as a function of / only. IF Ps Spereseed as a fonction of V, the path of integration through successive eati- {itgium slates is defined. Along a particular quasistatic path, the work done fa system in going from an initial volume Yj to a lager volume Vj expressed as We ji pans tong he soe ptf iegre sever n contin fom stat ott along the oh al however in et ner of uum sit) be noe one Se sem wg= [Par Broche resi Wy = — Wp, “pproxinstion to gh ing the extemal pes al nite ammount so Suftiient tice, by ha only a am states lasi-statie process may be achieved, in pra ue differ from the prestire of the syem by thatthe system passes through eqliiag 34 PY DIAGRAM ‘Bethe volume of hydrostatic system (own in Fig 3-1) changes bec of th motion ofa pst ina cline, the postion of the peice any nie ‘proportional tothe volume. A chit wsorder wih gration eheoreeaty {he motion ofthe riston wil tno outa line slong the ans that pope, onal to the volume, Simultaneously, the pen moves long the rns nor ing to the measured presure The resuling diagram, it sh pean plotted along the sant and velume slong the nig mealled a BY dro (ax inicotor diagram in engneesing) In Fig. 3.200) the presse and volume changes of ss during expansion ‘ure indicated by curve I. The integral — fy’ PV for this process is evidently the shaded ares under curve I. Similarly, for compression ofthe gas, the work is represented by te shaded ares under curve in Fig 320). Notice hat he rections of eure I and IL are epposit, For curve fan expansion, the volume increases, dis positive, aed the integral = [Pais ompave. For curve lf, where the sis bing compreie, the Vim dete so the integral ~ ff? PaV i postive. Acsondng to the sgn convention for woth 6 5 5 eae J wk dane an rd ee E ae ‘ees Land It Together constitute a eyeJame of Department Colleg/insite rue = 7 5 t fpe2019 223 eel Name of Program: $. Session, 193 oy s ABN Subject_| emester_4 = j gig) Terminal | TTotal | Grade | Name of Student Eeest try ae ream 36% 2 | \a% Exam | | 18% a | Muhammad Furgan iz 2__| Miss. Maiman Gul 2 3 Muhammad Touseef Khan ens 4 | Muhammad Wasim = Khan. \2 (5__| Saifullah Ghaffar \am2s 6 fuzamil 2sion cancel | Junaid Ahmad id Shah Muhammad Yaseen Mohammad Owais] Muhammad Sagib | [Hameed Abd-ul-Razay Talla Reh Reiman Asad ur Rehman Muhammad Owais Anjum Saleem ‘Akbar Ali Muhammad Javed M AWAIS KHAN MISS. SUMAIRA ISHFAQ NAVEED UR REHMAN MISS. AQSA MARYAM SAQLAIN: MISS. SAPNA MALLIK MUHAMMAD ASAD | SSRDAL stn.WKIG EN KU AOU TOE DA ol CI Pag Us a WOeEl Patan 2 ETE oat IG Lip Oe yoo.) ee