NEW CARBON MATERIALS

Volume 26, Issue 4, Aug 2011

Online English edition of the Chinese language journal

Cite this article as: New Carbon Materials, 2011, 26(4): 299–306. RESEARCH PAPER

Adsorptive removal of phosphate from aqueous solutions

using activated carbon loaded with Fe(III) oxide
SHI Zhong-liang, LIU Fu-mei，YAO Shu-hua*
School of Applied Chemistry, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China

Abstract: An composite adsorbent for the removal of phosphate from aqueous solutions was synthesized by loading iron oxide onto
activated carbon. The adsorbent can be separated from the medium by a simple magnetic procedure owing to the magnetic properties of
the iron oxides. The properties of the composite were investigated by nitrogen adsorption, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray
diffraction. The adsorption of phosphate ions by the composite adsorbent and the activated carbon was compared in batch experiments.
The composite adsorbent showed fast adsorption rates and high adsorption capacities and its adsorptive performance for phosphate ions
was dependent on the pH value, iron content and anion concentration. The adsorption capacities of phosphate ions at pH 3.0 were 98.39
mg/g for iron oxide/activated carbon composite and 78.90 mg/g for activated carbon. The adsorptive isotherms for phosphate ions with
activated carbon and the composite adsorbent all match the Freundlich model better than the Langmuir model. The adsorption kinetic
data could be well described by the Lagergren pseudo-second-order kinetic equation. The adsorption by the composite adsorbent is
endothermic for phosphate ions.

Key Words: Activated carbon; Iron oxide; Phosphate; Adsorption

1 Introduction
Phosphate is very important in processes related to
water contamination. Phosphate is not toxic, but it has been
recognized as one of the main species responsible for
eutrophication of fresh water bodies[1]. So, the removal of
phosphate ion from waters can be an effective method for the
control of eutrophication in natural waters. Typical removal
methods for high concentration phosphate ion consist of
biological treatments such as the conventional
activated-sludge process, chemical treatments such as
precipitation with Al, Fe, and Ca components, or a
combination of both treatments[2-3]. However, in the case of a
low concentration of phosphate ion such as in storm water
runoff, biotreatment and precipitation are not effective.
Instead, adsorption methods are recommended as the most
effective one for low concentration phosphate ion[4-6]. For this
reason, it is necessary to evaluate the capacities of some
low-cost adsorbents to eliminate phosphate ion from water.
It is well known that phosphate ion has a relatively strong
affinity for mineral surfaces[7]. Therefore, in recent years,
considerable attention has been paid to the investigation of
different types of low-cost adsorbents, such as alum sludge[8],
red mud[9], goetite[10], birnesite[11], zeolite[12], and other waste
materials[13]. However, as a result of lower adsorption capacity
and poor adsorption kinetics, these adsorbents cannot be
widely used. Studies revealed that iron (III) has a high affinity
toward phosphorus species and is very selective[14].
Phosphorus removal has been attributed to ion exchange,
specific adsorption to surface hydroxyl groups, or
coprecipitation. However, if iron oxides are used in fine
powder forms, separation by sedimentation and granular
medium filtration is required, which adds substantial cost.
Recent studies have shown that some filtration materials, such
as sand and burned and coated clay with oxides of aluminium,
iron, or manganese, are good and inexpensive
adsorbents[2,15-17]. The adsorption efficiency of these
adsorbents depends not only on pH of water and concentration
of toxic elements but also on interfering/competitive ions and
adsorbent particle size[18-20]. Activated carbon has also been
used to remove organic and inorganic contaminants from
wastewater[21-22]. Due to its high surface area and porous
structure, it can efficiently adsorb gases and compounds
dispersed or dissolved in liquids[23]. Moreover, activated
carbon can easily be functionalized and used as an efficient
adsorbent for contaminant removal[24]. The combination of
activated carbon and iron oxide would take advantage of the
strength of these two materials. The activated carbon serves as
an ideal support media for iron oxide that offers high affinity
for phosphate. Literature has shown that the adsorption on
activated carbon can be significantly increased by treatment
with various iron oxides[25-26]. It is likely that some iron oxides

Received date: 6 September 2010; Revised date: 13 August 2011

*Corresponding author. E-mail: yaoshuhua97@yahoo.com.cn
Copyright©2011, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier Limited. All rights reserved.
DOI: 10.1016/S1872-5805(11)60083-8
 SHI Zhong-liang et al. / New Carbon Materials, 2011, 26(4): 299–306
are cross-linked to activated carbon, resulting in enhanced
adsorption efficiency.
The objective of this study is to develop and characterize an
iron oxide/activated carbon composite adsorbent (activated
carbon loaded with iron oxide) that can be used to effectively
treat phosphate-contaminated water and the composite
adsorbent can be removed from the medium by a simple
magnetic procedure for the magnetic properties of iron oxides.
The removal of phosphate ion from aqueous solutions was
investigated by batch adsorption experiments. The porous
properties of adsorbent were investigated through nitrogen
adsorption and scanning electron microscopy. The
compositions of iron oxide and composite adsorbent were
analyzed through X-ray diffraction (XRD). The effects of
contact time, initial solution pH, phosphate ion concentration,
iron contents, and temperature on adsorption performance
were studied. The adsorption isotherms and kinetics of the
composite adsorbent for phosphate ion were examined.
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Adsorbent synthesis
The virgin activated carbon was first rinsed with
deionized water to remove impurities. Then, it was washed by
0.01 mol/L HCl solution to remove all salts precipitated in its
pores and repeatedly washed with deionized water to remove
the acid. Subsequently, the washed activated carbon was
modified by 10% HNO3 for 12 h at the room temperature and
repeatedly washed with deionized water. Finally, the modified
activated carbon was oven-dried at 100 °C for 24 h. The
composite adsorbent was prepared by mixing the modified
activated carbon and 0.25 mol/L Fe(III) solution (mass ratio
1:10). The final pH was adjusted to about 9 with 3 mol/L
sodium hydroxide. Later, the obtained composite adsorbent
was washed with deionized water until rinsing water became
neutral, dried in an oven at 100 °C for 8 h, and finally stored
in polystyrene bottles for further use.
2.2 Chemicals
All the chemicals used in this study are of analytical
reagent grade. Aqueous solutions containing phosphate ion at
various concentrations were prepared from sodium
dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4). The initial pH of the
solutions was adjusted by adding 0.1 mol/L either nitric acid
(HNO3) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH). 0.25 mol/L Fe(III)
solution was prepared by dissolving Fe(NO3)3·9H2O in
deionized water.
All chemicals used for the treatment of the adsorbent
(Fe(NO3)3·9H2O, NaOH, HNO3, HCl) and for adsorption tests
were of analytical grade, and all solutions were prepared using
deionized water.
2.3 Characterization
The BET specific surface area and pore volumes of the
adsorbent before and after the iron oxide loading were
obtained by the cumulative adsorption of nitrogen at 77 K
using a Micromeritics 2000 instrument (ASAP 2000,
Micromeritics, USA). The morphologies of iron
oxide/activated carbon composite and activated carbon were
examined by a scanning electron microscope (SEM, Holland
Philips, JSM-5800). XRD pattern was taken from a Cu target
X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku D/max-r B).
2.4 Batch adsorption experiments
The phosphate ion adsorption was carried out in batch
experiment including the kinetic studies and adsorption
isotherms.
Adsorption isotherms were obtained by adding different
quantities of adsorbent to 250 mL solution with different
phosphate ion concentrations (200, 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200
mg/L). The solution pH was maintained at 3, and the
suspensions were stirred for 1 h. After filtration through a 0.45
µm membrane filter, the phosphorus concentration of the
filtered solutions was analyzed.
Adsorption experiments for the kinetic study were
conducted as follows: 0.40 g of composite adsorbent was
suspended in 500 mL solution containing different phosphate
ion concentrations (2，5，10 mg/L); the solution pH was
adjusted to 3 with 0.1 mol/L HNO3 or 0.1 mol/L NaOH. The
suspension was stirred by a magnetic bar, and the supernatant
samples were taken at various times during a 1 h experiment
to analyze the phosphate concentration.
To determine the influence of pH on phosphate ion
adsorption, experiments were performed at various initial pH
values ranging from 2 to 12. Initial phosphate ion
concentration of 10 mg/L and 0.40 g of composite adsorbent
per 500 mL of solution were used. The suspensions were
stirred for 1 h.
To assess the effect of iron contents on phosphate ion
adsorption, experiments were performed at various iron
contents ranging from 5.69 to 23.11 mg/g composite
adsorbent (activated carbon was loaded with different
concentrations of Fe(III) solutions). Initial phosphate ion
concentration of 20 mg/L and 0.40 g of composite adsorbent
per 500 mL of solution were used. The suspensions were
stirred for 1 h.
In order to determine the effect of temperature on
adsorption, isotherms were established at 18, 30, and 50 °C.
2.5 Chemical analysis
UV-Vis spectrophotometer (HITACHI U 2000) was used
to determine phosphate concentration using the ascorbic acid
method. The selected wavelength was 880 nm. To test the
Fe(III) loading on iron oxide/activated carbon composite
adsorbent, about 0.5 g of composite adsorbent was ashed
at 600 °C and then digested with 25 mL of concentrated
hydrochloric acid. The digestion solutions were analyzed
for Fe(III) content by a Shimadzu atomic absorption
 SHI Zhong-liang et al. / New Carbon Materials, 2011, 26(4): 299–306

Table 1 Microstructure of pure iron oxide, pure activated carbon and iron oxide/activated carbon composite adsorbent
Sample SBET/ m2·g-1 Average pore diameter D/nm Total pore volume v/ cm3·g-1
Iron oxide 63.7 0.926 0.009
Activated carbon 1039.0 1.861 0.863

Composite adsorbent 668.2 1.692 0.629

Fig.1 SEM photographs of samples. (a) activated carbon, (b) composite adsorbent

Fig.2 Powder XRD for pure iron oxide and iron oxide/activated Fig.3 Adsorption isotherms for phosphate ion by adsorbents.
carbon composite adsorbent Experimental conditions: pH =3, adsorption time 1 h

spectrophotometer (AA-6601F) unit with flame atomization.
3 Results and discussion
3.1 Characterization of adsorbents
The microstructure changes of pure iron oxide, pure
activated carbon, and iron oxide/activated carbon composite
adsorbent are listed in Table 1. As shown in Table 1, the
deposited iron oxide contributes to a decrease in BET surface
area, total pore volume, and average pore diameter. As iron
oxide has a relatively small surface area and microporous
volume (63.7 m2/g and 0.009 cm3/g, respectively), its presence
in the composites should cause a decrease in the surface area
and microporous volume compared with the pure activated
carbon.
SEM micrographs of composite adsorbent and activated
carbon are shown in Fig.1. Fig.1(a) shows SEM micrograph of
activated carbon. It can be found that there are a few
macropores. Fig.1(b) shows the general view of the composite.
Small aggregates are observed, which appear brighter,
supported on the darker surface of the activated carbon.
XRD analysis was carried out for the composite
adsorbent and the pure iron oxide, the analysis results are
shown in Fig.2. XRD analyses of the pure iron oxide suggest
the presence of a cubic iron oxide phase, which may be related
to the presence of maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4).
So the prepared iron oxides are magnetic. For the composite,
these peaks appear broader, suggesting a smaller crystallite
size.
3.2 Batch adsorption experiments
3.2.1 Adsorption isotherms
Phosphate ion adsorption isotherms obtained for the
activated carbon and the iron oxide/activated carbon
composite adsorbent are shown in Fig.3. These isotherms
represent the adsorption capacity of phosphate ion on the
 SHI Zhong-liang et al. / New Carbon Materials, 2011, 26(4): 299–306

Table 2 Langmuir constants for phosphate ion adsorption on different adsorbents

Adsorbent qm/mg g-1 b/ L·mg-1 R2 Adsorption equation
Activated carbon 78.90 0.026 0.971 qe= 0.473ce/(1+0.026ce)

Composite adsorbent 98.39 0.068 0.999 qe=1.890ce/(1+0.068ce)

Table 3 Freundlich constants for phosphate ion adsorption on qe= qm·b·ce/(1+b·ce) , (1)
different adsorbents where ce is the equilibrium concentration (mg/L) of phosphate
Adsorption ion, qe is the amount of phosphate ion sorbed onto 1 g of the
Adsorbent 1/n kf R2
equation considered adsorbent (mg/g), b is the adsorption constant
(L/mg) related to the energy of adsorption, and qm is the
Activated carbon 0.625 0.957 0.995 qe= 0.957ce0.625
maximum adsorption capacity (mg/g).
Composite
0.353 4.662 0.990 qe= 4.662ce0.353 Equation (1) can be rearranged to obtain
adsorbent
ce/qe =1/(b·qm)+ce/qm . (2)
The linear fitting of adsorption data to the Langmuir
equation can be obtained by plotting of ce/qe against ce. The
results are shown in Fig.4.
This linear plot was used to obtain the values of qm and b
(Table 2) from the slope and intercept of the plot. Results in
Table 2 show that qm is higher for the iron oxide/activated
carbon composite than for the activated carbon. This implies
that the iron oxide/activated carbon composite has a higher
adsorption capacity for phosphate ion than pure activated
carbon does. The correlation coefficients (R2) given in Table 2
show that the Langmuir equation gives a better fit to the
adsorption isotherms of the pure activated carbon than that of
the iron oxide/activated carbon composite.
Fig.4 Linear regression of Langmuir isotherm
The Freundlich isotherm model is also used to analyze
the results of phosphate ion adsorption on different adsorbents
(Fig.3). The Freundlich model can be expressed by the
following equation:
qe = kf · ce1/n , (3)
where kf and n are constants related to the adsorption
capacity and affinity, respectively. The equation is
conveniently used in the linear form by taking the logarithm
of both sides as follows:
lgqe =lgkf +(1/n)lgce , (4)
The linear fitting of adsorption data to the Freundlich
equation can be obtained by plotting of lgqe against lgce. The
Fig.5 Linear regression of Freundlich isotherms results are shown in Fig. 5. The Freundlich isotherm constants
obtained for the adsorption of phosphate ion on the different
different adsorbents as a function of increasing aqueous
adsorbents are listed in Table 3.
phosphate concentration for a contact time of 1 h.
The data show that the kf constant is higher for the iron
All the isotherms show that the adsorption capacity
oxide/activated carbon than that for the activated carbon; 1/n
increases with increasing equilibrium concentration of
value for the iron oxide/activated carbon composite is smaller
phosphate ion, but the increasing slope for the iron
than that for the pure activated carbon. These imply a more
oxide/activated carbon composite adsorbent is much higher
favorable adsorption of phosphate ion for the iron
than that of activated carbon.
oxide/activated carbon composite. The correlation coefficients
The phosphate ion adsorption isotherms on all of the (R2) given in Table 3 show that the Freundlich equation gives
adsorbents (Fig.3) were analyzed by using the Langmuir a better fit to the adsorption isotherms of the pure activated
model to evaluate parameters associated with the adsorption carbon than Langmuir equation does.
behavior. The linear form of Langmuir equation at a given
temperature is represented by the following equation:
 SHI Zhong-liang et al. / New Carbon Materials, 2011, 26(4): 299–306
Table 4 The parameters of Lagergren pseudo-second-order sorption kinetics
-1
c0 /mg·L qe/mg·g-1
2 1.941
5 4.823
10 8.002
Fig.6 Adsorption kinetics of phosphate ion by composite adsorbent.
Experimental conditions: pH =3, solid/solution ratio 0.80 g/L
Fig.7 Transformation with t and t/qt for kinetics of phosphate ion
adsorption
3.2.2 Kinetic study
In order to obtain the adsorption kinetic information of
phosphate ion on the iron oxide/activated carbon composite
adsorbent, the change of phosphate ion concentration with
adsorption time was recorded for an initial concentration of 2,
5, 10 mg/L and a fixed pH solution of 3.0, adsorbent dosage of
0.80 g/L, and adsorption time for 1 h. Fig. 6 shows the
adsorption percentage of phosphate ion on the composite
adsorbent. Obviously, the adsorption is a rapid process, and
the equilibrium is reached at 10 min for all three
concentrations. For longer periods, adsorption capacity tends
to remain constant.
The adsorption kinetic data of phosphate ion is analyzed
using the Lagergren rate equation. The pseudo-second-order
kinetic equation can be derived as follows:
dqt/dt = k2(qe − qt )2 ,
Separating the variables in equation (5) gives
−d(qe−qt )/( qe−qt )2 = k2·dt .
k2/L·mg-1.min-1 Rate equation R2
0.484 1 t/qt =0.515 5t+ 0.549 8 0.999 6
0.206 5 t/qt =0.207 3t+ 0.208 8 0.999 4
0.119 0 t/qt =0.125 0t+ 0.132 2 0.999 7
Fig.8 Effect of pH on the adsorption of phosphate ion.
Experimental conditions: Initial phosphate concentration = 10 mg/L,
adsorption time 1 h, solid/solution ratio 0.80 g/L
Integrating both sides for the boundary conditions t = 0 to
t = t and qt = 0 to qt = qt gives the integrated rate law for a
pseudo-second-order reaction,
1/(qe − qt) = 1/qe + k2·t . (7)
Equation (7) can be rearranged to obtain
t/qt = 1/( k2·qe 2)+ t/qe , (8)
The kinetic constant, k2, can be determined by plotting of
t/qt against t.
The kinetic experimental data of phosphate ion on the
composite adsorbent is fitted by pseudo-second-order rate
equation (8). The results are shown in Fig.7. The rate
constants (k2) determined by the pseudo-second-order rate
equation are listed in Table 4.
Remarkably, the kinetic data can be described well by the
pseudo-second-order rate equation with a near unity linear
correlation coefficient of 0.999 (see Table 4). It can be seen
that the values of the pseudo-second-order rate constant
decrease with increasing the initial phosphate ion
concentration.
3.2.3 Effect of initial solution pH
The adsorption of phosphate ion on the composite
adsorbent was conducted at different pH values. Fig.8 shows
the percentage of phosphate ion removed as a function of pH
value at pH=2-12.
It is evident that the percentage of phosphate ion removal
strongly depends on the media pH. The removal of phosphate
ion decreases dramatically with increasing pH at pH=2-5 and
levels off when the solution pH is over 6. This is in good
(5)
agreement with the observations of previous reports on the
adsorption of phosphate ion[27-29].
(6)
The decrease in the phosphate ion uptake implies probably
 SHI Zhong-liang et al. / New Carbon Materials, 2011, 26(4): 299–306

Table 5 The effect of Fe(III) loading qualities of different

concentrations of Fe(NO3)3 solutions on iron oxide/activated
carbon composite adsorbent
Concentration of Fe(NO3)3 Loading quantity of Fe(III)
c/mol·L-1 (mFe(III)·m AC -1) /mg·g-1
0.025 5.69
0.050 8.48
0.125 11.90
0.250 15.05
0.375 18.25

Fig.9 Effect of iron contents on the adsorption of phosphate ion. 0.500 23.11
Experimental conditions: pH=3, initial phosphate concentration=20
mg/L, adsorption time 1 h, solid/solution ratio 0.80 g/L. Table 6 The parameters of Langmuir equation at different
temperatures
Temperature t/°C qm b R2
18 14.43 4.904 0.988
30 16.58 8.268 0.981
50 16.96 51.27 0.980

the adsorption capacity. Therefore, the iron oxide/activated

Fig.10 Vant't Hoff plot for the adsorption of phosphate ion on iron
oxide/activated carbon adsorbent. Experimental conditions: pH=3,
initial phosphate concentration=10 mg/L, adsorption time 1 h,
solid/solution ratio 0.80 g/L
a competition between phosphate ion and hydroxyl ions for
the adsorption on the surface Lewis acid sites of the adsorbent.
The adsorption of phosphate ion onto composite adsorbent
surface can be described by a ligand exchange mechanism[30],
which causes an increase in pH due to the hydroxyl ions
released from the adsorbent. In the present study, the final pH
was found to be >6.0 for all the initial pH values studied. This
confirms that such a mechanism is valid in the adsorption of
phosphate ion on the iron oxide surface.
3.2.4 Effect of iron contents
Experiments were conducted to assess the effect of iron
contents on the adsorption of phosphate for an initial
phosphate concentration of 20 mg/L with the iron contents
varying from 5.69 to 23.11 mg/g composite adsorbent (Table
5); the results are shown in Fig.9.
Fig.9 clearly demonstrates that the adsorption of
phosphate is greatly affected by the iron content of the
adsorbents. The adsorption capacity increased notably with
increasing iron contents from 5.69 to 15.05 mg/g composite
adsorbent; this is obviously due to the increase of adsorption
active sites. When iron content is 15.05 mg/g composite
adsorbent, the maximum adsorption capacity is reached.
Further increase in the iron contents leads to a little increase in
carbon composite adsorbent (iron content 15.05 mg/g) has a
higher adsorption capacity than the other samples does.
3.2.5 Effect of temperature
The values of qm, b, and correlation coefficients (R2) of
phosphate ion adsorption isotherms obtained for the iron
oxide/activated carbon composite adsorbent at different
temperatures are shown in Table 6.
The free energy change is obtained using the following
relationship:
∆G0 = -RT lnK , (9)
where R is the gas constant, K is the equilibrium constant
(obtained from Langmuir equation), and T is the temperature
(K). The negative values obtained for ∆G0 indicate the
spontaneous nature of adsorption (Table 7); other
thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy change (∆H0)
and entropy change (∆S0) are evaluated using Van’t Hoff
equation:
lgK = ∆S0/2.303R - ∆H0/2.303RT . (10)
0 0
The values of ∆H and ∆S are calculated from the slope
and intercept of the Van’t Hoff linear plot of lgK versus 1/T
(Fig.10). The positive values of ∆H0 (Table 7) confirm the
endothermic nature of adsorption. The positive values of ∆S0
show the increased randomness at the solid/solution interface
during the adsorption of phosphate ion.
4 Conclusions
A composite adsorbent is successfully prepared with
activated carbon and iron nitrate as raw materials for the
removal of phosphate ion from water. The performances of
the composite adsorbent are compared with those of pure
 SHI Zhong-liang et al. / New Carbon Materials, 2011, 26(4): 299–306
Table 7 Thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption of phosphate ion at various temperatures
on iron oxide/activated carbon composite adsorbent
Temperature t/°C △G0/kJ·mol-1
18 -3.843
30 -5.317
50 -10.562
activated carbon; the composite adsorbent shows fast
adsorption kinetics as well as high adsorption capacities. The
adsorption properties of the composite adsorbent for
phosphate ion depend on pH value, anion concentration, and
iron content. The removal of phosphate ion decreases
dramatically with increasing pH at pH=2~5, then levels off
with increasing pH. The adsorption rates decrease with
increasing the initial phosphate ion concentration. When iron
content is 15.05 mg/g, the composite adsorbent has a
maximum adsorption capacity. For the adsorption isotherms
of phosphate ion, both Langmuir and Freundlich equations are
used to fit experimental data with correlation coefficients
greater than 0.971. The adsorption of phosphate ion on the
composite adsorbent is a rapid process. The adsorption kinetic
data can be represented very well by the Lagergren
pseudo-second-order rate equation with the linear correlation
coefficient more than 0.999. The effect of temperature on
adsorption indicates that adsorption is an endothermic process
for phosphate ion removal by iron oxide/activated carbon
composite adsorbent.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support for
this work from the Education Foundation of Liaoning
Province of China(No. 2008573) and Doctor Foundation of
Shenyang Institute of Chemical Technology, China (No.
20063202).
References
[1] Klapper H, Control of Eutrophication in Inland Water [M]. Ellis
Horwood, Chichester, U K, 1991.
[2] Ayoub G M, Koopman B, Pandya N. Coated filter media for
low concentration phosphorous removal [J]. Water Environ Res,
2001, 73: 478-485.
[3] De-Bashan L E, Bashan Y. Recent advances in removing
phosphorus from wastewater and its future use as fertilizer [J].
Water Res, 2004, 38: 4222-4246.
[4] Hano T, Takanashi H, Hirata M, et al. Removal of phosphorus
from wastewater by activated alumina adsorbent [J]. Water Sci
Technol, 1997, 35: 39-46.
[5] Zhao D Y, Sengupta A K. Ultimate removal of phosphate from
wastewater using a new class of polymeric ion exchangers [J].
Water Res, 1998, 32: 1613-1625.
[6] Ozacar M. Adsorption of phosphate from aqueous solution onto
alunite [J]. Chemosphere, 2003, 51: 321-327.
[7] Stumm W. Chemistry of the solid-water interface. Processes at
△H0/kJ·mol-1 △S0/J·(mol· K)-1
66.55 238.38
66.55 238.38
66.55 238.38
the mineral-water and particle-water interface in natural systems
[M]. Wiley, New York, 1992.
[8] Galarneau E, Gehr R. Phosphorus removal from wastewaters:
experimental and theoretical support for alternative mechanisms
[J]. Water Res, 1997, 31: 328-338.
[9] Pradhan J, Das J, Das S N, et al. Adsorption of phosphate from
aqueous solution using activated red mud [J]. J Colloid Interface
Sci, 1998, 204: 169-172.
[10] Buerge-Weirich D, Hari R, Xue H, et al. Adsorption of Cu, Cd
and Ni on goethite in the presence of natural groundwater
ligands [J]. Environ Sci Technol, 2002, 36: 328-336.
[11] Manning B A, Fendorf S E, Bostick B, et al. Arsenic(III)
oxidation and adsorption reactions on synthetic birnesite [J].
Environ Sci Technol, 2002, 36: 976-981.
[12] Tillman F D, Bartelt-Hunt S L, Craver V A, et al. Relative metal
ion adsorption on natural and engineered adsorbents: batch and
column studies [J]. Environ Eng Sci, 2005, 22: 400-409.
[13] Agyei N M, Strydom C A, Potgieter J H. An investigation of
phosphate ion adsorption from aqueous solution by fly ash and
slag [J]. Cem Concr Res, 2000, 30: 823-826.
[14] Deliyanni E A, Bakoyannakis D N, Zouboulis A I, et al.
Sorption of As(V) ions by akaganeite-type nanocrystals [J].
Chemosphere, 2003, 50: 155-163.
[15] Boujelben N, Bouzid J, Elouear Z, et al. Phosphorus removal
from aqueous solution using iron coated natural and engineered
adsorbents [J]. J Hazard Mater, 2008, 151: 103-110.
[16] Han R, Zou W, Zhang Z, et al. Removal of copper(II) and
lead(II) from aqueous solution by manganese oxide coated sand:
I. Characterization and kinetic study [J]. J Hazard Mater, 2006,
137: 384-395.
[17] Han R, Zou W, Li H, et al. Copper(II) and lead(II) removal from
aqueous solution in fixed-bed columns by manganese oxide
coated zeolite [J]. J Hazard Mater, 2006, 137: 934-942.
[18] Appenzeller B M R, Batte M, Mathieu L, et al. Effect of adding
phosphate to drinking water on bacterial growth [J]. Water Res,
2001, 35: 1100-1105.
[19] Appenzeller B M R, Duval Y B, Thomas F, et al. Influence of
phosphate on bacterial adhesion onto iron oxyhydroxide in
drinking water [J]. Environ Sci Technol, 2002, 36: 646-652.
[20] Chandra R, Gupta V S K. Modeling arsenic (V) removal from
water by sulfate modified iron-oxide coated sand (SMIOCS) [J].
Sep Sci Technol, 2004, 39: 645-666.
[21] Pignon H, Brasquet C, La Cloirec P. Coupling ultrafiltration and
adsorption onto activated carbon cloth: application to the
treatment of highly coloured wastewaters [J]. Water Sci Technol,
2000, 42(5/6): 355-362.
[22] Lua A C, Guo J. Adsorption of sulfur dioxide on activated
 SHI Zhong-liang et al. / New Carbon Materials, 2011, 26(4): 299–306
carbon from oil-palm waste [J]. J Environ Eng ASCE, 2001,
127(10): 889-894.
[23] Ruthven D M. Principles of Adsorption and Adsorption
Processes [M]. New York: Wiley, 1984.
[24] Shim J W, Park S J, Ryu S K. Effect of modification with HNO3
and NaOH on metals adsorption by pitch-based activated carbon
fiber [J]. Carbon, 2001, 39(11): 1635-1642.
[25] Huang C P, Vane L M. Enhancing As5+ removal by a
Fe2+-treated activated carbon [J]. J Water Pollut Control Fed,
1989, 61: 1596-1603.
[26] Reed B E, Vaughan R, Jiang L Q. As(III), As(V), Hg, and Pb
removal by Fe-oxide impregnated activated carbon [J]. J
Environ Eng Div (Am Soc Civ Eng), 2000, 126: 869-873.
[27] Altundogan H S, Tumen F. Removal of phosphates from
aqueous solutions by using bauxite: I. effect of pH on the
adsorption of various phosphates [J]. J Chem Technol
Biotechnol, 2001, 77: 77-85.
[28] Horanyi G, Joo P. Some peculiarities in the specific adsorption
of phosphate ions on hematite and γ-Al2O3 as reflected by
radiotracer studies [J]. J Colloid Interface Sci, 2002, 247: 12-17.
[29] Xia L R, Jinlong G, Hongxiao T. Adsorption of fluoride,
phosphate and arsenate ions on a new type of ion exchange fiber
[J]. J Colloid Interface Sci, 2002, 248: 268-274.
[30] Sposito G. The Chemistry of Soils [M]. Oxford University Press,
New York, 1989.