Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PLR") and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) Professional Manual by- Paul T. Costa, Jr. Ph.D. and Robert R. McCrae, Ph.D. PAIR Psychotogicat assessment Resources, tne SEE 16:20 Fovita Ave, Lutz, FL 335491 Introduction The Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PLR) is a concise measure of the five major dimensions, or domains, of jetsonalty and some of the more important traits or facets that ine cach domain. Together, the S domain scales and 30 facet scales of the NEO PI-R allow a comprehensive assessment of adult personality, : ‘There are two versions of the NEO PLR: Form $ for self: reports and Form R for observer ratings. Form $ consists of 240 items answered on a 5-point scale. Itis self-administered and is appropriate for men and women of allages. Form R isa compan. ion instrament with 240 parallel items written inthe third person for peer, spouse, or expert ratings. Form R can be used to obtain independent estimates of standing on the same five domains of personality and may be of particular value in instances in which itis desirable to validate or supplement self-reports ‘The NEO PIR supplants the NEO Personality Inventory (!80-PI, Costa & McCrae, 1985). Whenitappeared in 1985, the NEO-PI had well-researched scales to measure the facets of Neuroticism (N), Extraversion (E), and Openness (0), but only global scales to measure the factors of Agreeableness (A) and Conscientiousness (C). In 1989, several enhancements of the NEO-Plwere offered to the user, buttheinventory itself remained unchanged. The NEO PI-R completes the development of the instument by adding the A and C facet scales that were implicitly promised by the domain-and-facet model on which the NEO-PI was based and that were explicitly promised in the NEO-PYNEO-FFI Manual Supplement (Costa & McCrae, 1989a). In addition, 10 of the original N, E, and O items were replaced in the NEO PIR to allow more accurate measure- ment of several of their facets We believe that an instrument should change as the research _.on which itis based evolves, but we also recognize the value of maintaining a fixed, standard instrument on which an archive of Ithough derived from the init 1S 4 proper name, not an abbre “uG-6-pe-i-ir Is of the first three domains measu : ion, and should not be spelled out in publications. The correct pronunciation of the acronym atacan be accumulated. The NEO P-R, which incorporates the Aand C facetscales,hasbeen usedinenough research andclinical Contexts to convince us that it will prove useful for years to come. We expect that new developments with the NEO PLR will take the form of additional uses rather than changes in the question- naire, noms, or profile sheets. ‘The NEO PLR embodies a conceptual model that distill decades of factoranalytic research on the structure of personality. ‘The scales themselves were developed and refined by acombina- tion of rational and factor analytic methods and have been the subject of intensive research conducted for 35. years on both. Clinical and normal adult samples. Evidence on scale reliability, lity, and construct validity is presented in detail ina series of Publications and is summarized in this manual. A bibliography is available from the publisher, Table 1 presents a listing of the ‘domains and the domain facets and provides aroughsense of what the instrument measures. To understand the constructs, the pro- fessional should read Chapter 5 on conceptualization and inter- pretation, study the item content given in Appendix A, and review the corelates discussed in Chapter 7 The NEO PI-Risa measure of normal personality traits that has demonstrated its utility in both clinical and research settings ‘This manual provides information on the administration and scoring of the test, the interpretation of scale scores and individual profiles, and suggested applications. It also summarizes the ones — loess — ses + BOl + sor + ‘1703 + 2204 + 3505 + 2106 + G5A1 + (D0A2 - [O5A3 + GAS — OIAS + O36 + MO + OC + OC + OO - OS + .04C6) = 1350 APacior= (ON1 - 12N2 + IN} + ONS — DINS + 05NG + REL + 0262 - 11263 - 0964 - “UES + 03E6 { M101 + 0802 + ‘o203 + ‘M04 - ‘mos ~ ‘o106 + MOAI + 2002 + 16a3 & Z3Ad + “IAS 4 2OAG Tmt mca + oscs = toes 2 mcs Dep = 200 : I Gives (ON + Oe Oi «ona oss aye > MEL - 92 + ‘os + fae * coses _ fone MOI + 802 + 0303 = ‘osos + O505 ~ OrOe fen OTA Fe Ong) nana gas = yas Soph! + 22 + ics + sce Stes TCS Form R factor sco ee ee ee a is {MEL 5 tam - ams + oem 7 ies ¢ UNS + Or + G02 + 1603 - ‘toa > os 1 2S 2 BAL + 0502 + 0503 ~ ooaa GAS y OSA6 ¥ Zailiy| S5giMO? 083 once Ties t OSAS 7 ~310) = 5000) * 1031) S000 EFactor= ((.02NI + .0ON2 — O2N3 - O4Na + “ 7 oe t+ Oe on oe * SE mae Ong ks aay OLAS, ae Sane fog? = mC. + nin | eT SEAS = 250) 50.00) * 1.068) + 50.00 . ana). OFactor= (((OON1 + 0ON2 4 O3N3 4 - t Bor + aor + (703 3 aon 3 os s GAL + OO - OG y taf Ss gabe tL = os ses ene cst tas ~ 13,50) 50.00) * 0975) S509) 7 SSCS + 04C6) AFecors (ONL - N24 OW REL + oe * cn 7 BM > ONS + osu {MO "+ 9802 + (0203 . tog 7 TES + loses * fal + 2002 + teas > Sng 7 205 - “O106 Tate! 75:28? + -08cs 2 Ostet AS + one i ~ 200) 50.00) + 0.86 Lsogh! - macs > O46) CFactor= (ONT + 09N2 + 04N3 4 > REL 92 + oss ¢ IM ~ 05Ns ny 13E4 6 = 0801 + o802 4 9803 - O504 OSES _ -O2E6 wes, ¢ 2 + as = Dat Eos © eee fe WC + eee cy | [alas = “nag 2050) =5000)" bss) + 2ICS + igcg) eos8008000000000 0 O9OOCHCHADRKDOBOBO8O88 CEH Figure 1. Your Ry : ul T. Costa, Jr, Ph, and Robert R. AteCrae, Ph.D. Summary, ‘The NEO inventory measures five broad cr adjustment. Itdocs, however, give you some idea abet domains, er dimensions, of personality. The responses what makes you unique in your ways of thinkin, leling, that you gave tothe statements about your thoughts, feel- and interacting with ethers, ings and goals ean be compared with those of eter sdults This summary is intel to give you a general \o pve a description of your personality idea of how your personality might be described. Is nt For each af the five domains, descriptions are detailed report. Myeaicompleted the iayentory again, you given below fr diffrent ranges of scores. The descrguions might score somewhat differently. For mest iovdvals, ‘thacare checked provide descriptions of you, based on your however, personaly traits tere to be very sable in adel sponses to the invemary items hood. Unless you experience major life changes or make ‘The NEO ieventary measures diferences among deliberate effrs to change yourself this summary should ‘ormal individuals. ris not atest ofitligenceor silty, apply to you threughout your adult ie nd iis not intended a dingnose problems of mental health Compiréiwith the resjonsés of other people, our responses suggest that you can be described as: Sensitive, emai, and Gener cae ara bie to G1 Secuce, hardy ant peer Prone a expeince elngt deal wih ses, but you relied even under seat that ace upeting sometines expeiene condions 1D Ennead, ongoing, Moderne ie setivity nt Ctrorovered, reserved, ad sctie,and tghspinted, ‘erthuzsem, ou enjoy the serious. You prefer te “Ya peter be arcu farmpany of eher bt you Alone or wits few coe people mot of deine, slo ave pac tients rT 1D Opento new experiences Praca! bu witing © © Down-o-aeth, peat, ‘ou hare bene interne sc anid ren way of doing ttadional, ad prety much are very imaginative. ‘ings. You seek 3 balance setin your ways lerween de ld andthe ew NF 1D Compusioe, got- © Goma arm, ang, OD Hacteases, sep, fortes andenere Sebago on Proud an epee. Yu ‘Soper conti, fenetiner best and fendi chves our ager comet Srey Seca eee eee cere eee eee ere ete eee 2 Consciemiousand well O_Dependate and moderately © Easypoing, nat very wel: switch weld scared and wrens ‘andar asta he fever ckar gis farce, Mayet rt Sater Sorareahe ser yor oak sake pan me PAR rs)crotosical assessment Mesures, ne/16204 XH tea FL33649/180091 IES parc em sat me ialems msc o gpianeinee alec ticceeer tt CEE ees et Sample Your NEO SummaryChapte Administration and Scoring of the NEO-FFI ‘The NEO-FE is 2 60-item version of Form $ of the NEO PLR that provides a brief, comprehensive measure of the five domains of personality. It consists of five 12-item scales that measure each domain. Information on specific facets ‘within cach domain is not provided, and the shortened scales are ‘somewhat less reliable and valid than the full NEO PI-R domain scales, “In some cases, professionals may requirean observér rating FFT. Although no Form R of the NEO-FFI {on of the NI hhas been pablished, professionals may contact the publish arrangeallicensing agecement for development and use o'athird- person versionofitictest, Norms foran adult Form R version have been calculated from the NEO PI-R Form & normative dats, “These data ate provided in Appendixes B and D.No norins are lable fora college-age Form R version of the NEO-FFI, but ixes B the college-age Form $ NEO-FFI norms, given in Ape and E, may be used to approximate scores. Administration ‘TheNEO-FFI may beadministeredindividuallyor in groups ‘The testing environment should be comfonable and free of distractions and should provide adequate lighting, A fat surface, suchasadeskorclipboard, on which the espondentcan write and ‘a pencil are also needed. Ifthe respondent uses eyeglasses, the ‘examiner should be sure that the respondent uses them during testing, The examiner should engage the respondent in the task of completing the test to reduce the possibility of response sets oF random responding to the items. - Provide each respondent with a NEO. FT test booklet nd a pencil, Tell the respondent to sead the instructions on the Fst page for completing the NEO-FTI, ‘fier the iestnctions have been read and the respondent understands the nature ofthe task tell him of her to turn to the second page of the booklet and to provide the identifying information requested atthe top of the second page before responding wo any ofthe items, [Fan identifi cation number is to be used, provide the tespenlent with the snumberand tellhim or her toenterit inthe space labeled “Nate. ‘Alternatively, the identification number tay be filled ia by’ the txaminer. There és no time linit for the NEO FEL Movs wesw. ints require 10to |S minutestocompleteithunolder espns de may also be used with the NEO FFI Scoring the response area item booet to be soe that a respon as ben piven or ech iten. Hf ananswered items are found, the reponnt should be asked wo complete them. Ifa cofthemeaningof an tem orisunsuteo iow ay be tld 10 use the neutral response tespondent is uns to tespond, he or sh option, the respondent lias not provided a response to every item and the respondent is no longer available to the examiner, the ‘examines must determine wheter the data may be validly scored, and interpreted If 10 0r more items have been leftblank, the test {is considered invalid and should not be formally scored, When 9 ‘orfewer items have been left blank, the blank items should be scoredas ifthe neutral response option was selected. Any domain scale containing more than 4 missing responses should be interpreted with caution. Validity Checks ‘Atthe end ofthe NEO-FIT, tree items ask the respondent i heorshe has tesporided toallof the statements, entered responses in the comect boxes, and responded accurately and honestly. If the respondent indicated that responses were not entered in the correct order. oF were riot answered honestly and accurately. the ‘est normally should not be scored. n Scores -FELtestbooklet othe secondandthird ges. Tear off the stulis on the eft and right sides of the booklet and femove the op sheet. Locate the first column of items Ge. items 1,6, 11, 16.21, 26, 31, 1, 41,46, 51, aad $6) in the answer grid and sum the values of the marked responses to these 12 items. Enter this sum im the space labeled “"N* located beneath the column, This number iste raw seore forthe N demain. Use an analogous procedure to calculate the senmsining dowsProfiling Scores Profile areas for men and wovnen ate provided onthe ff and side ofthe bottom shect. Locate the column labeled “Non am propriate profile. Within his column, mark an" ove the sre terthatcortesponds tothe respondent's N domain rave score. Gas analogous procedure to mark the remaining raw domain Meee Afier all the respondent's scores have been marked, seoneat the Xs witha line to produce a graph of the respondent's NEO-FF scores. Alternative Profiling Method for College-Age Respondents ‘The NEO-FFI normative data are based on adult men and ‘women, Ibis, of course, permissible to administer the instrument tocollege-age persons. In this case the professional may either rofl the respondent's scores in the standard manner and inte fret scores in comparison with adults in general or calculate T s0ores from the college-age normative sample data, which are provided in Appendixes B and E. back to the Respondent. + ‘After scoring sod profiling the results of the NEO-FFL, the wofesstonal may wish to provide feedback 10 the responders screcores Your NEO Summary as designed toserve nine the respondent's Tscore for the N domain, higher are considered high, T scores ranging from $5 0.45 are considered average, and Tscores of 44 or lowe, errgnsidered low. Locate the fist row of descriptive terms oq Vou NEO Summary form, This row corresponds to description, for he Neuroticism domain. Ifthe respondent's score is high, thacea check markin the fftchand bor. Hibe respondent's se average placea checkmark nthe iniddlebox.1ftherespondent, score ie Tow, place a check mark in the right-hand box. Use ay pratogous procedure to-complete the remainder ofthe form. The second through fifth rows of descriptive terms correspond to FO, A.and C domains, respectively. Providing F this purpose T scores of 56 oFS e & e 2 ° & @: 8 6 e 5 Conceptualization and Interpretation Inotder to interpret NEO PLR results, the professional must bbefamiliar wth the basics psychological esting, know whatthe scales measure and the implications for the psychological func- tioning ofthe individual, and be able to integrate the seal score information into a meaningful profile. This chapter provides the basic information on the constructs the NEO PI-R measures and suggests guidelines for interpreting profiles Professional may benefit from reading the computer-genet- ated imerpretive reports; some examples of case studies are [Provided later in this chapter In addition, we recommend an interactive approach to learning the fine points of interpretation, in which the research literature is read in conjunction with the ‘actual profiles the professional needs to interpret. For example, the concept of Openness to Experience is treated extensively ia two chapters (MoCrae & Costa, 1985a, inpress-a).Itmay be most usefulto read these chapters when dealing withanextremely high co low scorer on the dimension of Openness. In this way, the responfent can illastrate the literature, and the literanure cam illuminate the case r ‘The Meaning of Scale Scores The sales ofthe NEO P-R andthe NEO-FF measure tots that approximate normal, ellshaped dstibutons. Mos ini aati sore near the average for the sal, witha sal poroeage t eid end. lisncessarytokeep this dstibutionof {Sores in mind shen ntespeing the meaning of any ndvial's soores. : Scales re most convenielyexpsined by deserting char acteisics of exttemely high o¢extemely low scores. Few individual will bain these scores or show allubechaacteses ‘Period owevet, Insteadndvidl scores wil usual repre- Eat degrees of the personality tra, and more exeme scores roan aigher probability of sowing the dsnctive features, CCarseteristics are compare across people, rater than wth the individ, Thus, @ person who sores at he 75th pertenile on Depréssion and the 25h percentile on Poiive Peron store Tikely 10 fel depressed and less Hkly to fel fapry tan most other peopl. But beceuse happiness mich aPPy cmon han depression, such an individ itl ely wee happy nore of than dees Professionals using the NEO PLR should avoid thinking in terms of either types or categories when interpreting scores. ‘Although it is convenient to speak of “intoverts” and “extra- verts,"the NEO PLR Escalerepresentsaconinuous dimension, and most individuals would bestbedeseribedas“ambiverts"that is, showing a combination of inuovened and extavertedtenden- ies. The same principle applies to all other domain and facet seals. Indesighing the profile forms and interpretive reports forthe NEO PI-R, we have fouidit useful to surimarize results in terms of five levels: very lu, low, average, high and very high (uss test takers are asked to respond along a five-point seale from songly disagree to strongly agree), AMbough the percentages vary somewhat with the shape ofthe distributions ofallindividu- alsadministeed the NEO PI-R, approximately 38% score inthe ‘average range (T= 45 10 55), 24% serein the high range (T= 56 1065) din the low range (T= 3510 44),and M% scorein the very high range (T= 66 and higher) and nthe very low Tange ¢ and lower). This system allows for more fine-grained distine- tions than simple dichotomies, bu itis not needlessly complex Inventories tke the Minnesota Muliphasic Personality In- ventory (Hathaway & McKinley, 1983) ae often interpreted in terms of diagnostic categories. fa scale exceeds a Tscore of 70, forexample,itmay be regarded as anindicaion of psychopathol- ‘ogy scotes below this cutoff ate considered nonmal and some- times given lite attention. In conceptualizing the personality twits measured by the NEO PLR, afferent approach should be used, No single cutoff point separates those who “have” a trait from those who donot, and being low or average on a scale can bbe as informative as being high, For many applications, decision rules employing cutoft points are needed, and it is certainly possible empirically tc establish useful eutoffs on one or more NEO PI-R scales. Gener- ally, however, the ules generated willbe valid only for thespecial ppunpose for which they were intended and should no: replace the ‘dimensional interpretation ofthe scales. Choi e of Comparison Group Raw scores on personality inventories are us less—responses ake on meaning ouly whenthey a the responses of others, Published norms are imtencted 1 serve as Bij | tbestandard reference group, but thechoice of appropriate norms reqs sonie consideration by the profesional. Traditionally. separate norms have been used for men and women, so that a F sore of SO means average fora man orfor a woman For some aeplications, the user would want o compare the individual tn people in general. For this reason, combined.sex. norm ‘aformation s provided in Appendixes B throuh Efron Tecores can be calculated, Similarly, t would be possible to plot college-age individu- als on the ada noms to se how they compare to adults in general. Man college sudets woud sore ate igh on ExcitementSecking, bu this is meaningful, because college students are typically higher than adults in general iy seeking ‘simulation, When interpreting the scoresofanindvid and older adil, it ‘may sometimes be appropriate to use the Call lege-Age Nocms ther chace i appropriate, song asthe ciate understands tha xhenthe Adult Noms profess iecinscdsheindividualinbeingdescibedincomper eco se ate ad when the Colege-Age Nome pete an ere idols beng eescribed in comparison sigh ve average man o 1. Widigr, in press). Clinical projites. Fo seveiat reason, dieting o traits p., elevated Newrot noses may be associated with files can be seen most clearly adultprofile. Finally, we betiev nctinical norms is a valuable reminder that individuals i Psychotherapy are similar in many respects to normal volunteers, im scores). Seeond, specific ding Particular profiles, and these pro. when ploted apainst the nocmal thatthe use of non ion (John, ‘th an analysis of trait her natural languages. W, ords Personality tits. By analyzing ratings onal these adjectives ine, tuncover the structure of personality tie ta series of studies, this research led to the Factors Golin, 1990) factor ‘taued,one shout selves. Through a identification of five disgusts te a ‘onnin Hover Nace SEE He che of fe ‘ Although derived fromananalysis of lay terms, these fe Ln ema cy ote 2 tats Sine 19S mech sing NEO. Tak ad dh the fine fhe fists an acon fo dines in psorly estos cig wma Sangin functions, Mury'sneed the tals she ng icmp. rte DSM person does & Cont, 190) appears tates ators are indeed cope® hensive ee Factors ate defined by groups of intercorelated tag We refer to these more specific tats as facets, and each laser facets as a domain. Summing the facet scales yields the do score, which can be thought of as an approximation to the fy score. Factor scores are calculated Aireelly by the compat scoring ssstems. Bs deseribng the individual’ standing on each of hep Fito we can provide comprehensive sketch thatsummanee Pier ner emotion interpersonal, experiential, atu {navaional styles NEO PLR domain sales and focion net serfaronaliy ahs lve fcetscalsofferamorefinegrncy Analysis by measuring specific traits within each of five, domains The Five Domains je Bist step in interpreting a NEO PLR profil eran, ine the five domain scales 10 understand Personality aie Hs section describes each of the domains ¢ factors and presents basie definit fons as well as crucial din, Personality scales contass maladjustment ¢¢ 1B, Bul loaibat distess, Po imatireton. nena women et ‘tational ideas 0 be less able ee OPE MOTE POGrHy than ony ers with Stross, ; act ne ose So Patients traditionally diagresal sy sence Ey Score higher os oS ly Score higher on mes Mk 1964). But the ina high soe + syechiatne dit eSiniply high ex Antisecal Pes ‘ated N score ny diagnosabe p~eeigs, prleait arent, itll euros, nd inde “Peis aul have en piped Re eqTeo22000880000 Individuals who score low on Neuroicistn are emotionally stable, They are usually calm, even tempered, and relaxed, and they ate able to face stressful situations without becoming upset or rated, Extraversion (B) ~ _Extravert are, of course, sociable but sociability is only one ofthe iraits that comprise the domain of Extraversion. In addition (o liking people and preferring large groups and gatherings, extraverts are also assertive, active, and talkative, They like ‘excitement and stniTation and tend tobe cheerfulin disposition ‘They ate upbeat, energetic, and optimistic Salespeople represent the prototypic eXtravens in ou culture, and the E domain scale is stiongly correlated with interest in enterprising occupations (Costa, McCrae, & Holland, 1984). ‘While itis easy convey the characteristics of the extraver, theintrovertis less easy to portray. Insomerespects,introversion should be scen as the absence of extraversion rather than what ‘mightbeassumedto beits cpposte. Thus, introvens are reserved rather thin unfriendly, independent rather than followers, even- paced rather than sluggish. Introverts may say they are shy when they mean that they prefer dq be alone: they do not necessarily suffer from social anxiety. Finally, hough they are not given to theexuberanthigh spirits ofextravens,ntioversarenotunhappy Or pessimistic. Curious as some of.these distinctions may seem, they are strongly supported by research and form one of te most important conceptual advances of research on the five-actor ‘model (Costa & McCrae, 1980a; McCrae & Costa, 1987), Break ing the mental sets that link such pairs as “happy—unhappy’ “friendly —hostile," and “outgoing—shy" allows important new insights into personality, Users familiarsvth Jungian psychology should note that the ‘conceptualization of Extravesion embodied in the NEO PLR fers in many respects from Jung's (1923) theory. tn particule, Introspection or reflection isnot related to either pole of E, being instead a characteristic of individuals who ae high on Openness to Experience. Further discussion of these points is provided in ‘MeCrse and Costa (1989), Openness (0) ~ Asa major dimension of personality, Openness to Experi= cence is much fess well known than N or E.The elements of O— active imagination. aesthetic sensitivity, atentiveness to inner and -eages of personality, but thei coberence into single boa domain has seldom been recognized. The NEO PI-R Openness scales perhaps mos widely researched measu ofthis broad dornain (MeCrae & Costa, 1985a, in press-2) Open individuals ar curious stout both inner and ower “jo ental nove Has and upeonveatonal valves. and te ‘experience bot postive and negativeeinotons more cen! than to closed individual ‘Aliemative formulations ofthe five factormodel often lel this factor Intellect, and O scores are modestly associated with Uotheucationand ineasredinteigence. Openness fest relate to acsof nteligence, sche divrgee noe | ‘TReRsEGuivalenttotnieligence, Some veryimteligent people are inti icriascheaak hepa “TOIETITET, and their emotional responses are somewhat muted, Although openness or closedness may influence the form oft Cece erect bealthier or more maturé to many psychologists but the value of Situnvion, and both open and closed individuals perform useful functions in society. Agreeableness (A) Like Extraversion, Agrecableness is primarily a dimension. of invxpersonal endencies, The agreeable person is fundamen tllyghtvistie, Heorsheissympatheico others andeagerto help then apdbeieves that oes wl be equally tpt in return. BY onivas, the disagreeable or antagonistic person is egocentric, _~Skeicolof hers" items, and competitive rahe? tha co0p- "ris tempting tosee the agreeable side of this domainas both socially preferable and psychologically healthier, and itis cer- tainly the case that agreeable people are more popular than antegonisticindividuals However, the readinessto fight forone’s ‘Sen interests is often advantageous, and agreeableness is not a ‘iste onthe batilefieldorin the courtroom. Skeptical and critical ‘thinking contributes to accurate analysis inthe sciences, 44st a5 neither pole ofthis dimension is intrinsically bette from society's point of view, so neither is necessail terms ofthe individual's mental health, ‘wo newtotc tendencies y beter in Homey (1945) discussed moving against people and moving that resemble pathological forms of agreeable- ». Low A is associated with Natcissistic, Antisocial, amd Paranoid Personality Disordets, whereas high A is associated wit the Dependent Personality Disorder (Costa & McCrae, 1999), Conscientiousness (C) . Aaucatlatot west they, pricy payebodyeamic Uheory, cougems the contol uF inplses Dating te couse of slevelopaem int individuals Kou how tornanage teirdesives, )and the inability to resist impulses and temptations is generally a sign of high N among adul’s. But self-control can also refer to a sore active process of planning, organizing, and carying out tasks; and individual dfferencés'in this tendeney are the basis of (Conscientiousness. The conscientious individual is purposeful, suong.willed, and determined, and probably few people become preat musi. cians of athletes without a reasonably high level ofthis tat Digman and Takeroto-Chock (1981) referto this dominas Will__ 10 Achieve. On the positive sige, high C is associated with academic and occupational achievernent on te negative side, may lead to annoying fatidiousness, compulsive neatnes, of workaholic behavior. Conscientiousness is an aspect of what was once called ‘haracier, high C seoers ae scrupulous, punctual, and reliable ‘Low scorers are not necessarily lacking in moral principles, bu they are less exacting in applying them, just as they are more lackadsisical in working toward thei goals. There is some evidence that they are more hedonistic and interested in son (McCrae, Costa, & Busch, 1986), ‘The Facet Scales Ris represented by ‘Six, moce specific tales that measure facets ofthe domain There.” assessing a variety of ensures thatthe items used to measure the domain will eover as wie a range of relevant thoughts, feelings, and ‘etions as possible. The N scale, for example, must include tome measuring hostility, depression, elf-consciousness, ness, and vulnerability tostess a wellasansity, Do ar thus designed to reflect the broadest possible di personality. Second, having several independent facet seales permits intemal replication of fiidings. For example, each of the ee facets of Nis significantly relatedto negative affect andlowerlife satisfaction (Costa & McCrae, 1984), which gives considerable Confidence that N is indeed related to psychological well-bei Similaty, the clinician who sees tht a patiestishigh in amsety, hostly, and self-conseiousness as wel! as depression ean Gg ‘confident that he or she has pervasive psychological disuess A third, and crucial, advantage to the multfaected approach to the measurement ofthe five factors arses from the fact that ‘meaningful individual differences ean be seen within domain Openness to fantasy, aesthetics, feelings. actions, ideas, and values covary to form the domain of Openness, and individuals high on one fact are likely to be high in others. But this is only 2 statement of probability. Some individuals, for example, ae ‘open to new ideas but not values, or art open to feclings but net aesthetics. Theseindividal differences within domainsarestable overtime and confirmed by observer ratings (MeCrae & Costa, 1990, in press-b), so they must be regarded as real fete of personality and not merely random scatter, Examination of facet scales ean providea more fine-grained analysis of persons or groups. This cn be paniculary lenin ing when the overall dann score is in the average ange. For ‘example, an individual whose average A score inclades very lng impulsive main scores imensions of Asm but very high Compliance wil ect quite dig from an indvigal with an equal A score but with a patem high Altruism and low Compliance. £ Finally, the detailed information available from consid, ation of facet scores can be useful in interpreting construct formulating theories. Extraversion is known to be relate, psychological well-Being (Costa & MeCrae, 1984), but ag Tookstowsthartwo ofthe faces, Warmth and Positive Engg are chiefly esponsible for this association; Exciteiment See isnotrelated to well-being Such indings have important ing cations fora theory of well-being. Neuroticisi Facets, ; ‘NI: Anaiety. Anxious individuals are apprehensive, ea prone to worry, nervous, tense, and jery. The Scale docs teasure specific fears or phobias, buthigh searersarerhoreli, tohavesuch ears, as wellas free-floating anxiety. Low coreg, calm and relaxed. They do nat dwell on things that migt ‘wrong. 2: Angry Hostility. Angry hostility represents the tende to experience anger and related states such as frustration ag mess. This scale measures the individual's readines y ‘aperience anger, whether the anger is expressed depends ura ihe iadividual’s level of Agrecableness. Note, however, ha isogreeable people ofien score highonth easygoing and slow to anger. 'N3: Depression. This scale measures normal individel differencesin the tendency to experience depressive affect High Scorers are prone to feelings of guily, sadness, hopelessness, and loneliness. They are easily discouraged and often dejected Low Seqrers rarely experience such emotions, but they are not nas Savily cheerful and lighthearted—characteristics associated in stead with Extraversion, z scale. Low scores N4:SelfConsciousness. The e rassment formthe core of thi als aré uncomfortable arou Drone 10 feel motions of shame and enka. is facet ofN. Self-consciousindivdy, ind others, sensitive to ridicule, ad $$ of inferiority. Self-consciousness is akin W I anxicty—to Fenigstein, Scheier, and Dus’ (1575) pablic (but not private) self-consciousness, Low seen shfotsecessarily have poise or good socal skills they ares less disturbed by awkward social situations. NF Inmusiveness Inthe NEO PL-R, impulsiveness? ean toconto cravings and urges Desires eg fre ined ees) are perceived a being so scong tae ral cannot esis ther, athough he or she may ere te behavior. Low scorers finditeasirtoresiet ee tempat ation. The term impulsive "40 many different and unrelated tai should not be confused with sponse Aecision time, N6: Vulnerabitiry "he final facet of N is vulnerbiiy® 'scorchighonthisscale feel unabietoco dependent, hopeless, or panicked Wit ey situations. Love nding themely StHe55 Individuals wh with stress, hecomin facing em espable of han scorers petczive themsehes™ ein ifficue siat GCOOODDOBOODS VSeeescHeseoeHHHosoooOKoeoI?e aversion Facets El: Warmth, Warmth is the facet of Extraversion most felevant (0 issues of interpersonal intimacy, Warm people are affectionate and friendly. They genuinely like people and easily form close attachments to others. Low scorers are nether hostile ‘Wot neeessarily lacking in compassion, but they are more formal, teserved, and distantin manner than high scorers. Warmth isthe Facet of E that is closest to Agreeableness in intemiersonal space, butitis distinguished by acordiality and heartiness thats not part of A, £2: Gregariousness. A second aspect of E is gregarious- hness—the preference for other people's company. Gregarious People enjoy the company of others, and the more the merrier. Low scorers on this scale tend tobe loners who do not seek—or ‘who even actively avoid—social stimulation, E3:Assertiveness. High scorers on this scale are dominant, forceful, and socially ascendant. They speak without hesitation andoften become groupleaders. Low scorers prefer tokeep inthe background and let others do the talking. Et: Activity. Ahigh Act ‘Vigorous movement, ina sense of energy, and in a need to keep busy. Active people lead fast-paced lives, Low scorers ate more Aeisurely and retaxed in tempo, although they are not necessarily sluggish orlazy, — ~ ES: ExcitementSeeking. High scorers on this scale crave ‘excitement and stimulation. They like bright colors and ncisy environments, Excitement-Seeking is akin to some aspects of sensationseeking (Zuckerman, 1979). Low seorersfeellittleneed for theills and prefera life that high scorers might find boring 6: Positive Emotions. The last facet of E assesses the tendency to experience postive emotions such as joy, happiness, love,andexcitement Highscorerson he Positive Emotions scale laugh easily and often. They are cheerful and optimistic, Low scorersare not necessarily unhappy; they are merely less exuber- ant and high-spirited. Research (e.g., Costa & MeCrae,1980a) thas shown that happiness and life satisfaction are elated to both Nand E,and thatPositive Emotionsisthe facet of E most relevant to the prediction of happiness. in rapid tempo and Openness Facets By convention, faces of © are designated by the aspect or sea of experience to which the individual is open. Tha high scorer on the Fantasy scale enjoys ich, varied, and novelexper ences in his or her fantasy life; a high scorer on the Ideas facet enjoystich, varied, andnovelexpesiencesin his orher intellectual Ife. Inpublications.theimplicit“opento,..suslly expressed “Thus, MoCrae and Costa (19893) wrote thatthe MBTT (Myers. Briggs Type Indicator] TF scale... was directly elated 9 Openness to Feelings” (p. 32, emphasis added), (1: Fantasy. Individuals who are open to fantasy have a vivid imagination and an active fata life, They daydream not simply a8 an escape but as away of ereaing for themselves on ntrestinginner world. They elaborated devclopihec fantasies andbelieve that inaginationcontributestoa rich and creative hfe Lowstorersare more prossicand prefer tokeeptheirminds mathe task at hand O2: Aesthetics. Nigh scoters on this scale have a deep) appreciation for art and beauty. They ate moved hy poetry, absorbed in music, and intrigued by att. They need not have anistic talent, nor even necessarily whiat most people would consider good taste; hut for many of them, their interest inthe arts will lead them to develop a wider knowledge and appreciation than that of the average individual. Low seorers are relatively insensitive to and uninterested in art and beauty, (04: Feclings. Openness to feelings implies receptivity to one’s own inner feelings and emotions and te evaluation of emotion as an important par of fife, High scoters experience eeper and more differentiated emotional states and feel both happiness and unhappiness nore intensely than others. Low Scorers have somewhat blunted affects and do not believe that feeling states are of much importance 4: Actions. Openness is scon behaviorally in the willing- resstoury differen activities, gonew places,oreatunusual foods igh scorer on his scale prefer novely and vatiety to familiarity and routine. Overtime, they may engagein a series of different hobbies. Low scorers findcliange difficult and preferto sick with the tried-and-true (05: Ideas. inellectual curiosity isan aspect of Opennessthat has long been recognized (Fiske, 1949). jn an active pursuit of jncllectual sso in open-mindedness and a willingness to consider new, Pethaps unconventional ideas. High scorers enjoy both philo- sophical arguments and brain-teasers, Openness to ideas does not ‘necessarily imply high intelligence, akhough it can contribute to thedevelopment of intellectual potential Lowscorers onthe seale have limited euriosity and, if hig ighly intelligent, narrowly focus their resources on listed topics 7 his ua isseen noc only 06: Values. Openness 10 Values means the readiness to ‘examine social political, and religious values. Closed individ- als tend 1 accept authority and honor tradition and as 2 conse- ‘quence awe generally conservative, regardless of political party affiliation. Openness to Values may be considered the opp ‘dogmatism (Rokeach, 1960). Agreeableness Facets Al: Trust. The first facet of Agreeableness is Trust High Scorers have a disposition to believe that others are honest and. welkintetioned, Low scorers on this scale tend to be eyrical and skeptical and 10 assume that thers may be dishonest or dangerous. (A2: Staigltforwardness. Straightforward individuals, that is, those individuals wich high scores on this sea Sincere, andingenvous. Low seorerson to manipulate others through fi ‘They view these tactics, re frank, thisscale are more willing, tery, erafiness, or deception as necessary social skills and may regard mote siightforward people as naive. When interpreting this scale (as wellas oer A and C scales), itis paniculary important Uo recall that scores reeet standing relative to other individuals, A low scorer on this scale is more likely to stctch the tuth or to be guarded in expressing ts or her tne Feelings, but this shoul nor be imerpreted to mean that he or she is a dishonest oF ‘manipulitive person. tn paiticula, this scale should not be t= carded asa Hie see, either f idly of the test crests Fortheir own sake,but..-sett formaking predictions about honesty in employment or other settings. 1A3: Aliruism. High scorers on the Altruism scale have an sciveconcem for others’ welfareas shown in generosity, consid- aeaionof thers, anda willingness to assist others in need of help. Low scorers on tis scale aze somewhat more self-centered and tue reluctant t get involved in the problems of otirs. ‘Ad: Compliance. This facet of A concems characteristic reactions to interpers6MaT Conflict. The high scorer tends to defer toothers,toinhibit aggression, and to forgive and forget. Compli- fant people are meek and mild, The love scorer is aggressive, preferstocompeterather than cooperate, and hasno reluctance to ‘express anger when necessary ‘AS: Modesty. High scorers on this scale are humble and self-effacing although they are not necessarily lacking in self ‘confidence or self-esteem. Low scorers believe they are superior people and may be considered conceited or arrogant by others. A pathological lack of modesty is part of the clinical conception of narcissism. ‘A6: Tender-Mindedness. This facet scale measures attitudes ‘of sympathy and concer for others. High scorers are moved by ‘others’ needs and emphasize the human side of social polices. Low scorers are more hardheaded and less moved by appeals 10 pity. They woild Gonsidet theinelves realists who make ational ecisions based on cold logic. Conscientiousness Facets Cl: Competence, Competence refers to the sense that one is capable, sensible, prudent, and effective. High scorers on this scale fel well-preparedto deal withlife. Lowscorershavealower ‘opinion oftheirabilities and admit that they are often unprepared and inept. Of al the C facet scales, competence is most highly associated with self-esteem and internal locus of control (Costa, McCrae, & Dye, 1991). (C2: Order. High scorers on this scale are neat, tidy, and wel organized. They keep things in their proper places. Low scorers, are unable to get organized and describe themselves as ‘unmethodical. Carriedto an extreme high Ordermightcontibute, ive Personality Disorder. (C3: Dutifulness. In one sense, conscientious means “gov- cemed by conscience,” and that aspect of Cis assessed as Dutiful: ness, High scorers on this seale adhere strictly 10 their ethical principles and serupulously fulfill theic moral obligations. Low scorers are more casual about such matters and may be somewhat lundependable or unreliable. (C4: Achievement Striving. Individuals who scorehighen this facet have high aspiration levels and work hard to achieve their goals. They are diligent and purposeful and have a sense of Girectioninlife, Very high scorers, however, may investtoomuch in theireareers and become workaholics. Low scorers are lcka, dsisical and perhaps even lazy. They are not driven ta succeed, ‘They lack ambition and may seem aimless, but they are often perfectly content with their ow levelsof achievement, 5: Self Discipline. By his term wemean the ability to begin tasks an camry them through to completion despite boredom and ther distractions. High scorers have the ability 40 motivate themselves 10 get the job dane, Lowe scorers procrastinate in IK . us an ave easily discouraged and eager (0 qui, ng iseasily confused with impulsiveness —bo, ‘control-—-but empirically they are ds. Svenesscansot sist doing What they vJonot want themselves todo; people lowinself-discipfine canny fone inemnselves to do what shey want themselves t0 0. The omer requires an emotional stability: the fatter, 2 degree of motivation that they do not possess. ‘C6; Deliberation. Twe final facet of Cis deliberation he tendeney 10 think carefully before acting, High scorers on is Treat are cautious and deliberate. Low scorers ave hasty and often speak or act without considering the consequences. At Dest lw seirers are spontaneous and able to make snap decisions when nnecessaty. begining chore Low self-discipl ane eviclenée of poor $ tinct. People high in impulst Interpreting Profiles “The set of scores an individual receives can be plotted ona profile form to see the overall configuration of his r her person ty, relative to the appropriate normative group. The most distinctive and salient domains and facets can then be identified, Familiarity with the correlates of NEO PLR scales allows the imempreter to make predictions about important aspects ofthe individual's life, such as coping styles, vocational interests, and lite satisfaction, : Profile interpretation can be as simple as noting 2 few distinctive teaits or as complex as the knowledge, skill, and imerest of the interpreter permit. In clinical use, the NEO PI-R profile should be considered in the context of the client's history presenting problems, and other psychological test data, such ss spouse ratings on Form R ofthe NEO PI-R. In some cases,itmay bbeappropriate to discuss the profile with the cient, process that can help both client and therapist understand the ways in which these personality traits are manifested in the client's life. As wih all psychological test results, NEO PI-R profile interpretations ‘must be considered tentative. Neither self-reports nor observer ratings (nor, for that matter, clinical judgments) are infalible-ll {est results appear inaccurate to the therapist or client, further exploration is indicated. Ma ing sense of 30 unrelated seales would be extemel dif ndwehsvefecommended tanec fas don by donnin However. tere also wt king hos ae scales tt ay be sf, exes experienced erp Oe a by onside th ‘ales across domains-an approach that is justified by secondary factorloadings of sev ‘ = ee sealing ofsevralsesies (ee Table Sine Forexang People, inadditiontosceringlowe™ - oe tend t0 score high on N2: Angry Host sr on EE Warmth In gangng the depth and pease sear ells antagonism, consideration ofa ese depend oa net the meaning ofa high O1: Fantasy 0 ‘eee ner scores. nan individual whois otherwise care anesfamasy may be used as anescape ran sts. arn of voiding unpleasant tasks. Highh\ scores would {ret ineepetation, low C scores would suggest sine a flo be useful to consider pairs of domain se” [EBS Of two-dimensional planes, whi oe oneular areas a Hie, Two ofthe ‘correspond it se combinations 7