 RESEARCH DESIGN IS A PLAN OF HOW, WHEN

AND WHERE DATA ARE TO BE COLLECTED AND

ANALYZED.
 RESEARCH DESIGN IS THE RESEARCH’S OVERALL
PLAN FOR ANSWERING THE RESEARCH
QUESTIONS OR TESTING THE RESEARCH
HYPOTHESE.
 IT IS THE MASTER PLAN SPECIFYING THE
METHODS AND PROCEDURES FOR COLLECTING
AND ANALYZING THE NEEDED INFORMATION IN
A RESEARCH STUDY.
 QUALITATIVE WITH/WITH
 . THE APPROCH QUANTITATIVE OUT A
OR BOTH CONCEPTUA
L FRAME
WORK

METHOD ELEMENTS
OF DATA OF
ANALYSIS POPULATION,
RESEARCH
SAMPLE AND
DESIGN
SAMPLING
TECHNIQUE

TOOLS AND
METHODS OF TIMES AND PLACE OF
DATA DATA COLLECTION
COLLECTION
 IT INVOLVES THE DESCRIPTION OF THE PLAN TO
INVETIGATE THE PHENOMENON UNDER STUDY
IN A STRUCTURED(QUANTITATIVE),
UNSTRUCTURED(QUALITATIVE) OR A
COMBINATION OF THE TWO METHODS
(QUALITATIVE&QUANTITATIVE).
 POPULATION, SAMPLE, AND SAMPLING
TECHNIQUE.
 THE TIME, PLACE, AND SOURCES OF DATA
COLLECTION.
 TOOLS AND METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION.
 METHODS OF THE DATA ANALYSIS.
 THE SELECTION OF A RESEARCH DESIGN
LARGELY DEPENDS ON THE NATURE OF THE
RESEARCH PROBLEM, THE RESEARCH AVAILABLE,
ACCESSIBLE OF SUBJECTS, AND RESEARCH
ETHICS.
 NATURE OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
 RESEARCH’S KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE
 RESEARCHER’S INTEREST AND MOTIVATION
 RESEARCH ETHICS AND PRINCIPLES
 SUBJECTS/PARTICIPANTS
 RESOURCES
 TIME
 POSSIBLE CONTROL ON EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES
 USERS OF THE STUDY FINDINGS
 THERE ARE TWO IMPORTANT CRITERIA FOR
EVALUATING THE CREDIBILITY AND
DEPENDABILITY OF THE RESEARCH RESULTS
 INTERNAL VALIDITY
 EXTERNAL VALIDITY
 CAMPBELL AND STANLEY USED THE TERM
INTERNAL VALIDITY TO REFER TO THE EXTENT
TO WHICH IT IS POSSIBLE TO MAKE AN
INFERENCE THAT THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
IS TRULY INFLUENCING THE DEPENDENT
VARIABLE.
EXTERNAL VALIDITY EXPLORES THE
GENERALIZATION BEYOND SPECIFIC
EXPERIMENT’S TO CHECK IF THE RESULT AND
FINDING COME OUT TO BE SAME WITH OTHER
SETTING OR WITH OTHER SUBJECT
POPULATION, BUT RELATED VARIABLES.
 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
 QUALITATITIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
1. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
2. NON EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
3. OTHER ADDITIONAL RESEARCH DESIGN
 EXPERIMENTA
LRESEARCH
DESIGN

TRUE QUASI- PRE-

EXPERIMENTAL EXPERIMENTAL EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN DESIGN DESIGN
 ACCORDING TO RILEY, EXPRIMENTAL
RESEARCH DESIGN IS A POWERFUL DESIGN FOR
TESTING HYPOTHSESE OF CAUSAL
RELATIONSHIP AMONG VARIABLES.
 TRUE EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS ARE
THOSE WHERE RESEARCHERS HAVE COMPLETE
CONTROL OVER THE EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES
AND CAN PERDICT CONFIDENTLY THAT THE
OBSERVED EFFECT ON THE DEPENDABLE
VARIABLE IS ONLY DUE TO THE MANIPULATION
OF THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE.
 MANIPULATION,
 CONTROL,
 RANDOMIZATION.
 TRUE
EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN

CROSSOVER
POST-
TEST
ONLY

RANDOMIZED
PRETEST BLOCK
POST-
TEST
ONLY SOLOMON
4 GROUP FACTORIAL
EXP.GROUP TREATMENT POST-TEST

CONTROL
POST-TEST
GROUP
 PRE TREATMENT o POST-
EXP.GROUP TEST
TEST

CONTROL PRE o POST-

GROUP TEST TEST
 PRE o POST-
EXP.GROUP.1 TREATMENT
TEST TEST

CONTROL PRE o POST-

GROUP.1 TEST TEST

o POST-
EXP.GROUP.2 TREATMENT TEST

CONTROL o POST-
GROUP.2 TEST
TYPE OF BLOCK
ANTIHYPERTEN PATIENTS WITH DIABETIC RENAL
SIVE DRUGS PRIMARY PATIENTS WITH PATIENTS WITH
HYPERTENSION HYPERTENSION HYPERTENSION
(I) (II) (III)
A A,I A,II A,III
B B,I B,II B,III
C C,I C,II C,III
GROUPS PROTOCOLS OF THE
MOUTH CARE
GROUP1 CHLOHEXIDINE(A1) SALINE(A2
GROUP2 SALINE(A2) CHLOHEXIDINE(A1)
 MOST POWERFUL DESIGN.
 TO ESTABILISH THE CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT
VARIABLES.
 THE PURPOSE OF RESEARCH IS
EXPLANATION,CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP MAY BE
ESTABLISHED AMONG THE VARIABLES BY
EXPERIMENTATION.
 IN THESE STUDIES THE CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT
IN WHICH THE STUDY IS CONDUCTED CAN YIELD A
GREATER DEGREE OF PURITY IN OBSERVATION.
 A SHORT PERIOD OF TIME THAT MAY TAKE YEARS TO
OCCUR NATURALLY.
 EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGNS CANNOT
BEREPLICATED IN STUDIES CONDUCTED ON HUMAN
BEING DUE TO ETHICAL PROBLEMS.
 MANY OF THE HUMAN VARIABLES NEITHER HAVE
VALID MESURABLE CRITERIA NOR INSTRUMENTAL TO
MESURE THEM.
 IN EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES CONDUCTED IN
NATURAL SETTING LIKE HOSPITALS OR COMMUNITY,
IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO IMPOSE CONTROL OVER
EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES.
 IT IS VERY DIFFICLUTY TO GET COOPERATION FROM
THE STUDY PARTICIPANTS.
 IT INVOLVES THE MANIPULATION OF
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE TO OBSERVE THE
EFFECT ON DEPENDENT VARIABLE.
•LACK OF AT LEAST ONE OF THE TWO OTHER
ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TRUE
EXPERIMENT.

•QUASI- INDEPENDENT VARIABLES ARE USED

INSTEAD OF TRUE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES.
 NON RANDOMIZED CONTROL GROUP DESIGN

EXP.GROUP PRE o POST-

TREATMENT
TEST TEST

CONTROL PRE o POST-

GROUP TEST TEST
 EXP.GROUP O1 O2 O3 TREATMENT

O3 O2 O1
 THEY ARE MORE PRACTICAL AND FEASIBLE TO
CONDUCT RESEARCH STUDIES IN NURSING.
 IN THE ABSENCE OF A LARGE SAMPLE SIZE,
RANDOMIZATION AND/OR AVAILALABILITY OF
CONTROL GROUP ARE NOT ALWAYS POSSIBLE.
 IT MAY BE ABLE TO ESTABLISH CAUSAL
RELATIONSHIP, WHEREIN SOME OF THE
HYPOTHESES ARE PRACTICALLY ANSWERED
THROUGH THIS DESIGN ONLY.
 THERE IS NO CONTROL OVER EXTRANEOUS
VARIABLES INFLUENCING THE DEPENDENT
VARIABLES.
 THE ABSENCE OF A CONTROL GROUP OR A LACK
OF CONTROL OVER THE RESEARCH SETTING
MAKES THE RESULT OF THIS DESIGN LESS
RELIABLE AND WEAK FOR THE ESTABILISHMENT
OF CASUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES.
 THIS RESEARCH DESIGN IS CONSIDERED VERY
WEAK, BECAUSE THE RESEARCH HAS VERY
LITTLE CONTROL OVER THE EXPERIMENT.
 ONE SHOT CASE DESIGN;

EXP.GROUP TREATMENT o POST-TEST

•ONE- GROUP PRETEST-

POSTTEST DESIGN;

EXP.GROUP PRE o POST-

TEST TREATMENT TEST
 VERY SIMPLE AND CONVENIENT TO CONDUCT
THESE STUDIES IN NATURAL SETTING,
ESPECIALLY IN NURSING.
 MOST SUITABLE DESIGN FOR THE BEGINNERS IN
THE FIELD OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH.
 IT HAS VERY LITTLE CONTROL OVER THE
RESEARCH.
 IT HAS A HIGHER THREAT TO INTERNAL
VALIDITY OF RESEARCH .
 IT IS ONE OF THE BROAD CATEGORIES OF
RESEARCH DESIGNS, IN WHICH THE RESEARCH
OBSERVES THE PHENOMENA AS THEY OCCUR
NATURALLY, AND NO EXTERNAL VARIABLES ARE
INTRODUCED.
 THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLES CANNOT BE
MANIPULATED.
 IT IS UNETHICAL TO MANIPULATE THE
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE.
 THE RESEARCH SITUATIONS WHERE IT IS NOT
PRACTICALLY POSSIBLE TO CONDUCT
EXPERIMENTS.
 DESCRIPTIVE-TYPE STUDIES THAT DO NOT
REQUIRE ANY EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES.
 DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
 UNIVARIANT DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
 EXPLORATORY DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
 COMPARATIVE DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
 CORRELATION/EX-POST FACTO DESIGN
 PROSPECTIVE DESIGN
 RETROSPECTIVE DESIGN
 DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
 CROSS-SECTIONAL DESIGN
 LONGITUDINAL DESIGN
 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DESIGNS
 CASE- CONTROL STUDIES
 COHORT STUDIES
 SURVEY RESEARCH DESIGN
 IT IS USED TO OBSERVE, DESCRIBE, AND
DOCUMENT ASPECT OF A SITUATION AS IT
NATURALLY OCCURS, AND SOMETIMES TO SERVE
AS A STARTING POINT FOR HYPOTHESIS
GENERATION OR THEORY DEVELOPMENT.
 USED TO OBSERVE, DOCUMENT,AND DESCRIBE A
PHENOMENON OCCURING IN NATURAL
SETTING.
 TO GAIN MORE INFORMATION ABOUT
CHARACTERISTICS WITHIN A PARTICULAR FIELD
OF INQUIRY.
 USED TO DEVELOP THEORIES, IDENTIFY
PROBLEMS WWITH CURRENT PRACTIS, MAKE
JUDGEMENTS, OR DETERMINE OTHER PRACTICES
IN SIMILAR SITUATIONS.
 UNIVARIANT DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN ARE
UNDERTAKEN TO DESCRIBE THE FREQUENCY OF
A PHENOMENON.
 THIS DESIGN DOES NOT FOCUS ON THE STUDY
OF A SINGLE VARIABLE; THERE MAY BE ONE OR
MORE VARIABLES INVOLVED IN THE STUDY.
IT IS USED TO IDENTIFY, EXPLORE , AND DESCRIBE
EXISITING PHENOMENON AND ITS RELATED
FACTORS.
 IT INVOLVES COMPARING AND CONTRASTING
TWO OR MORE SAMPLE OF STUDY SUBJECT ON
ONE OR MORE VARIABLES OFTEN AT A SINGLE
POINT OF TIME.
 THIS IS A NON EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN, WHERE
RESEARCHER EXAMINES THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN TWO OR MORE VARIABLES IN A
NATURAL SETTING WITH OUT MANIPULATION
OF CONTROL.
 THE RESEARCHER FIND THE STRENGTH OF
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE VARIABLES.
 GENERALLY IT HAS INDEPENDENT AND
DEPENDENT VARIABLES EFFECT OF
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE IS OBSERVE WITH OUT
MANIPULATING THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE.
 SOME TIMES IDENTIFICATION OF DEPENDENT
AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLE.
 IT FINDED BY USING CORRELATION AND
CO- EFFEFIENT
 HERE THE RESEARCHER RELATES THE PRESENT
TO THE FUTURE IS A PROSPECTIVE RESEARCH
DESIGN.

RETROSPECTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

HERE THE RESEARCHER STUDIES THE CURRENT
PHENOMENON BY SEEKING INFORMATION FROM
PAST.
 IT EXAMINES THE PHENOMENON WITH
REFERANCE TO TIME.
 CROSS SECTION DESIGN
IN WHICH RESEARCHER COLLECT DATA AT
PARTICULAR TIME (ONE PERIOD OF DATA
COLLECTION) IT IS MORE CONVENIENT.
 LONGITUDINAL DESIGN
HERE THE DATACOLLECT AT LONG TIME( LONG
TIME STUDY).
IT HAS THREE TYPES;
TREND STUDIES
PANEL STUDIES
FOLLOW-UP STUDIES
 IT INVOLVES INVESTIGATE THE DISTRIBUTION
AND CAUSES OF THE DISEASES IN POPULATION.
 THE PROSPECTIVE STUDIES ARE KNOW AS
COHORT STUDY AND RETROSPETIVE STUDIES
ARE KNOW AS CASE- CONTROL STUDIES.
 COHORT STUDIES
HERE THE LONGITUDINAL APPROACH IS USED
TO INVESTICATE THE DISEASES AND CAUSES.

 CASE CONTROL STUDIES

IN THIS DESIGN, CAUSES OF A DISEASE ARE
INVESTIGATED AFTER THE OCCURRENCE OF A
DISEASE.
IF THE SURVEY IS CONDUCTED ON A SAMPLE OF
POPULATION, IT IS CALLED SAMPLE SURVEY.
IF THE ENTIRE POPULATION IS INVOVLED, IT IS
CALLED A POPULATION SURVEY SUCH AS
CENSUSES, ECT.,
 DEPENDING ON THE NATURE OF PHENOMENON
UNDER STUDY.
 BASED ON METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 IT IS A CONVENIENT  THE RELATIONSHIP
METHOD. BETWEEN VARIABLES
 SUITABLE FOR FINDING IS NEVER
NURSING RESEARCH. CLEAR.
 IT IS SIMPLE.  IT HAS MORE ERROR
 LOW COST COMPARE  NON RANDOMIZED
TO EXPERIMENT. METHOD WILL
RESULTING IN ERROR.
 METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES
 META –ANALYSIS
 SECONDARY DATA ANALYSIS
 OUTCOME RESEARCH
 EVALUATION STUDIES
 OPERATIONAL RESEARCH
THANK YOU