CEE-404: IRRIGATION ENGINEERING

IRRIGATION ENGINEERING

• By

• Engr. Tauqeer Akhtar

• Lecturer
• Civil Engineering Department
• COMSATS UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD-SAHIWAL CAMPUS

http://www.ourwatercounts.com/blog/index.php/2015/09/30/jfks-famous-water-quote-brief-history/
 IRRIGATION ENGINEERING
Course Outline:
 Introduction
 Water Resources
Management
 Design of irrigation channels
 Crop Water Requirements
 Methods of Irrigation
 Canal Falls,
 Canal Outlets.
 Canal lining and maintenance
of irrigation canals
 Irrigation, its limitations and
advantages
 Weirs and Barrages,
components, functions, design
theories
 Canal head regulators, Silt
Control Measures in canals,
 Cross Drainage Works, Tube
wells
 Water Logging & Salinity
Drainage of excess water
CE-404 IRRIGATION ENGINEERING: AS APPROVED
 Introduction: Definition and types of irrigation. Merits and demerits of irrigation, Indus basin irrigation
system.
 Water Resources: Planning and development of water resources projects. Water resources in
Pakistan.
 Canal Irrigation: Elementary concept about canal head works, selection of their site and layout, weirs
and barrages, various components and functions. Measures adopted to control silt entry into canals,
silt ejectors and silt excluders. Design of weirs on permeable foundations, sheet piles and well
foundations, cut off walls. Design of irrigation channels, Kennedy’s and Lacey’s theories. Rational
methods for design of irrigation channels. Comparison of various methods. Computer Aided design of
irrigation channels.
 Irrigation Works: Canal head regulators, falls, meter flumes, canal outlets. Cross drainage works:
types and functions. Canal lining: advantages and types. Maintenance of irrigation canals.
 Irrigated Agriculture: Water requirements of crops, duty of irrigation water. Delta of crops,
consumptive use, estimation of consumptive use, methods used for assessment of irrigation water.
Irrigation methods and practices. Management of irrigation systems, various approaches,
participatory irrigation management.
 Water logging and salinity: Definition, field capacity, wilting point, hygroscopic moisture etc. Causes
and effects of water logging, reclamation of water logged soils. Drains and tube wells. Causes and
effects of salinity and alkalinity of lands in Pakistan. Reclamation methods. Drainage network in
irrigated areas.
IRRIGATION ENGINEERING
Reference Books:

 Irrigation and Hydraulic Structures: Theory, Design and

Practice, 4th ed, 2010. By Dr. Iqbal Ali

 Hydraulic Structures, 4th ed.

 By Novak, P., Moffat, I.B. and Nalluri

 Irrigation Water management:

Principles and Practice
 By Majumdar, Dilip Kumar
IRRIGATION ENGINEERING
 Reference Books

 Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic

Structures, 14th ed. By S.K. Garg

 FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No 56

 By Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations
IRRIGATION ENGINEERING
 Reference Books
 Irrigation and WaterPower Engineering, by
Punmia B.C., Standard Publishers, Delhi,
 India.
 2. Irrigation and Drainage Volume-I by
Sharma R.K. and Sharma T.R., Oxford Books,
 India
INTRODUCTION
 Definition of Irrigation:

“Artificial application of water on an agricultural land for the assured growth

of plant life” (Priyani 1979).

“Science of Artificial Application of Water to the land, in accordance to the

‘crop requirements’, through out the ‘crop period’ for full fledge nourishment
of crop” (SK GARG, 1999)

“Irrigation is the art of applying water to the land by artificial means to fulfill
the water requirement of crops in the areas where rainfall is insufficient.”
(Iqbal Ali, 2010)

 Rainfed Agriculture vs. Irrigated Agriculture?

 Why Irrigation?
 WHY IRRIGATION?
Population Explosion (Global Scenario)

Population is increasing very

fast

26-1-2014 Estimated Population = 7.208 Billion Ref: http://www.worldometers.info/population/

 WHY IRRIGATION IS REQUIRED?
 Non-Uniform Rainfall
 Sometimes rainfall is sufficient but non-uniform with time and place. Like Monsoon season
etc.
 Augmentation of crop yield
 New high yielding varieties have higher water requirement. e.g sugarcane and rice need
more water.
 Exacting water requirement
 High yielding varieties need exact amount of water. Excessive water lead to lesser yield
 Cash Crop Cultivation
 Cash crops require higher and assured supply of water with frequent water for maturity
 Assured Water Supply
 Right amount of water at right time is a key to For successful farming.
 Orchards and Gardens
 Fruit trees in orchards and gardens have higher requirement of water.
Scarce WATER:
Water Stress: withdrawal-to-availability ratio

Severe
Water
Stress

Growth of demand and competition

http://web.ornl.gov/sci/knowledgediscovery/QDR/water/av_water_by_basin_current.png
 WATER AVAILABILITY per CAPITA vis-a-vis
POPULATION

6000 270

240
5260 POPULATION 234
5000
3

GROWTH
PER CAPITA AVAILABILITY (M)

209 224
216 210
PER CAPITA 198

Population (Million)
4000 4159 AVAILIBILITY
180 180

180 Million
3000 150
143
2838
120
2000
2129 111

84 1611 1032 m3/capita 90

1000 1259
63 1032 909 769 60
861 833 804
34
43
0 30
1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2014 2020 2025 2030 2040 2050
YEAR

Source:
Population: Population Census Organization Pakistan
Water Availability: 180 BCM
13
WHY IRRIGATION? (Contd.)
To mitigate effects of water shortage
Reliable Irrigation is necessary

Drought

Temporal and spatial variability of water

 WATER USE FOR IRRIGATION NEED TO BE RATIONALIZED
Current IRRIGATION WITHDRAWLS ARE not sustainable

High-Income Global Low and Medium

Countries Income Countries
11% 8% 8%
30% 10%
23%

69%
59% 82%

Agricultural Use
Variation in Sector-wise water demand Domestic Use
Industrial Use
 Forecast of Demands by sectors

Sectoral demands increasing and new demands emerging

such as for environmental and river maintenance
Water Sphere as
compared to EARTH
Sphere
The biggest blue sphere – it is
all the water on our planet,
including the one that is inside
the bodies of plants and
animals and people. The
diameter of the sphere is 1,384
kilometers, and its volume is
1.386 billion cubic kilometers.
Scope of smaller volume – a
liquid fresh water in all the
rivers, lakes, wetlands and
groundwater. Its volume –
10,633,450 cubic kilometers.

Finally, a tiny blue dot – this is

fresh water of all the lakes and
rivers on the planet, which
amounts to 93,113 cubic
kilometres.
REF: HTTP://WWW.CADMUSJOURNAL.ORG/NODE/348
HISTORY
 HISTORY OF IRRIGATION
 It was only during the Holocene epoch (10,000
years ago) that the development of agriculture
occurred, keeping in mind that the Earth and solar
system are 4.6 billion years old

 Only in the past 9,000 to 10,000 years have humans

discovered how to raise crops and tame animals

 The first successful efforts to control the flow of
water were made in Mesopotamia and Egypt, where
the remains of the prehistoric irrigation works still
exist
This frieze (c. 2000 B.C.E. ) depicts
Egyptians using water from the Nile
River for irrigation.

 In ancient Egypt, the construction of canals was a

major endeavor of the pharaohs and their servants
HISTORY OF IRRIGATION
 The Sumerians (~2500 BC) in southern Mesopotamia built city walls and temples and
dug canals that were the world's first engineering works.

 It is also of interest that these people, from the beginning of recorded history, fought
over water rights

 The Assyrians (~1000 BC) also developed extensive public works. Sargon II, invading
Armenia in 714 B.C.E. , discovered the qanat (Arabic name) or karaiz (Persian name),
which is a tunnel used to bring water from an underground source in the hills down to
the foothills. Sargon destroyed the area in Armenia but brought the concept back to
Assyria for irrigation

 Sophisticated irrigation and storage systems were also developed by the Indus
Valley Civilization in present-day Pakistan and North India, including the reservoirs
at Girnar in 3000 BCE and an early canal irrigation system from Circa 2600 BCE

Mesopotamia, is Greek word which means for "the land between the rivers."
HISTORY OF IRRIGATION

An example of irrigation system common

in Indian subcontinent. Artistic impression
on the banks of Dal Lake, Kashmir, India.

Animal-powered irrigation, Upper

Egypt, ca. 1840
COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
 COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
 Irrigation system consists of

 Storage or diversion
 Conveyance of irrigation water
 Distribution and application of irrigation water
 Drainage of excess water
COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM

 Storage or diversion

 Dams

 Headworks / Barrages / Weirs

Headwork: Headwork is a combination of weir or barrage and canal head

regulator. Barrage is a part of Headwork.
COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
 Storage or diversion

Tarbela Dam: Earth and Rockfill Dam

Mangla Dam: Earthfill

COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
 Storage or diversion
Munawar tawi

Jammu tawi

MR Link Canal
UCC

Maralla headworks
COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
 Storage or diversion
Nara Canal
North West Canal
Khairpur East Canal
Rice Canal
Rohi Canal
Dadu Canal
Khairpur West Canal
COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
 Storage or diversion
TAUNSA BARRAGE JINNAH BARRAGE

ISLAM BARRAGE BALLOKI BARRAGE

KOTRI BARRAGE
GHAZI BARRAGE DURING CONSTRUCTION
COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
 Conveyance of irrigation water
 COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
 Conveyance of irrigation water

Chashma Right Bank Canal

Watercourses
COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
 Distribution and application of irrigation water
 Warabandi is a rotational method for equitable distribution of the available water
in an irrigation system by turns fixed according to predetermined schedule
specifying the day, time and duration of supply to each irrigator in proportion to
size of his land holding in the outlet command.(Singh 1981, Malhotra 1982)

Pakka Watercourse Pakka Nakka

 COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
 Distribution and application of irrigation water

Surface Irrigation system: Flooding Furrow Irrigation system

 Contour plantation
COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
 Distribution and application of irrigation water

Drip Irrigation system

 COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
 Distribution and application of irrigation water

Bubble Irrigation System Sprinkler irrigation system

COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
 Distribution and application of irrigation water

Central Pivotal Irrigation system

 Pivot irrigation,
Saudi Arabia:
Center pivot
irrigation systems
are ~0.6 mi (1
km) in diameter.

A –ve impact is
groundwater
depletion from
deep aquifers
and to further
desertification.
Water reserves
are finite.
48
COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
 Drainage of excess water

Tile Drain

Ditching Channelized Stream

Flooded crop land

 COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
 Drainage of excess water
Natural Riparian Buffer

Raise Stream Bank

Lower Water Table

Unchannelized
Stream Channelized
Stream
IRRIGATION WATER QUALITY
WATER QUALITY MEASUREMENT UNITS

• Electric Conductivity (EC):

• EC is expressed as
mho/cm or Siemens/cm
(Siemens is now standard unit of
conductance in SI, and
1 Siemen =1 mho
WATER QUALITY MEASUREMENT UNITS
 Concentration of Ions in weight IONS Equivalent weight
can be expressed in weight (gm) in gms in 1 liter of
per liter of water normal water
 Concentration of Ions in weight Cations:
Calcium C++ 20.04
can also be expressed in
Magnesium Mg++ 12.16
milli equivalent / liter (m. eq./l)
Sodium Na + 23.00
 10 m. eq. / l of Na+ means Potassium K+ 39.10
10/1000 gms of equivalent Anions:
weight of Na+ (table) Carbonate CO3- - 30.00
= 10/1000* 23 Bicarbonate HCO3- 61.00
= 230 mg of Na+ in one liter of Sulphate SO4- - 48.03
water Chloride Cl - 35.46
WATER QUALITY MEASUREMENT UNITS
 Parts per million (ppm)
 Concentration of salts by weight (mg) in a certain
weight of solution (kg)
 For solutions having specific gravity equal to 1 (e.g.
water having 1 liter = 1000 gm),
the milli. eq. / liter = m. eq. / 1000 gm
= m. eq. per / kg
= parts per million (ppm).
PPM VS CONDUCTIVITY
 CONSTITUENTS OF IRRIGATION WATER
 Major Nutrients:  Sodium & excess Potassium are
injurious to plant and reduces soil
 Primary: Nitrogen, permeability`
phosphorous, potassium,  Excess Calcium and Magnesium are
and not hazardous rather improve soil
 Secondary: Calcium, permeability.
magnesium and sulphar  Excess Nitrogen improves Fruit size
 Micronutrients:  Chloride and Sulphates are injurious
to plant
 Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
 Water with nitrates and bicarbonate
iron, zinc, manganese, of calcium and magnesium is good
boron, copper for irrigation

Tables 2.5, 2.6 in Irrigation and Hydraulic Structures by Iqbal Ali, Groundwater with total salt content upto 1000 ppm is
provide classification of irrigation water from excellent to considered fit for crops, 1000 ppm to 3000 ppm to be used
hazardous, with respect of salts in water after mixing with canal water, and more than 3000 ppm is hazardous.