Special Features of CSEC® English “B” Paper 01 Multiple Choice Practice Papers by Z. Y. Banton Feature i * Complete dependence on CSEC® English “B” syllabus objectives and 2017 specimen paper All the questions have been tied fo sylabus objectives, and indeed, each testis modeled off the specimen Paper in the most recently released sy labus, This means that, on exam day, you are likely to have very few surprises in terms of the skills tested in your exam. The tables below highlight how the questions in your exam will be ar the Syllabus Objectives, nged. This is based entirely on ‘You should work towards honing your skills 10 do well in your exam, - Questions 1-20 of the E am. Syllabus Objectives Tested in Profile I/Drama of the CSEC® English Paper 01 Multiple Choice Questions 1-20 test your ability to 1. demonstrate an understanding of the appropriateness of different use of tone, mood, register, code, style and forms encompassed in a drama extract 2. recognize and respond to elements and techniques in drama 7 Questions 21-40 of the English “B Paper O01 E _ Syllabus Objectives Tested in Profile 2/Poetry of the CSEC® English Paper 01 Choice Exam ‘Questions 21-40 test your ability to | 1. demonstrate an understanding of the appropriateness of different use of poetic elements and techniques. 2._ recognize and respond to different elements of poetry ___ Questions 41-60 of the English “B” Paper 01 Exam Syllabus Objectives Tested in Profile 3/Prose of the CSEC® English Paper 01 Multiple Choice Exam ‘Questions 41-60 test your ability to 1. demonstrate an understanding of the appropriateness of different uses of ton register, code, style and forms, encompassed in a narrative extract 2. infer reasons, motives, point of view in a narrative extract 3. evaluate effectiveness of techniques in all forms as outlined in the syllabus, . mood,Feature + Suggested time for EACH practice passage This is not a feature of the actual test paper you will get when you go to do your exam, However, the Suggested Time is included in onder to assist you to pace yourself. Your book suggests that you take no ‘more than twenty minutes to read and respond correctly to each passage. Ifyou take less time, move on to the next passage or use the surplus minutes fo check your answers when you are done. Feature * Electronic Answer Booklet Available to Schools that Recommend this Text Answer key and explanations are emailed to verified teachers who recommend this book to their students. School administrators and teachers may send an email to bantonzandrea@yahoo.com or access the booklet from ww cenglish.com. We discourage students from accessing the answer booklet. Teachers should feel free to share the explanations only after students have completed a test. Feature iv * Additional Practice Papers for End of Year Exams & Pre-CSEC/Mock Exams Available to Teachers Verified teachers qualify for complementary papers to administer as part of their summ: ive assessment. We know how complicated and time consuming itis to put together multiple-choice tests ofthis caliber. We have gone one step further by making additional fests available. You will only need to insert the name of your school and the test date on the cover sheet of the prepared test papers and make any additional adjustmen's tothe cover sheet. Answers and explanations are also attached. These may be sourced from the website, www myesecenglish.com.Feature y = Definitions, Examples & Multiple-Choice Question Types This book exposes you, the student of literature, to @ vast catalogue of dramatic, poetic and literary techniques and elements. This is done in a clear and easily understood manner. Afier you have: completed reviewing and understanding of the requisite jargon, you should consider yourself fully equipped to star Test 1 Review the Jargon of Literature, the Examples and the questions that are typically asked with respect to the jargon. Antagonist Definition An antagonist isa character who stands in opposition to the protagonist/ main character. Conflict isthe hasic element of a story. The presence of an antagonist cand requisite protagonist adds conflict. Example(s) | Bob Ewell is an antagonist in Harper Lee's To Killa Mockingbird. Question Types Although the prose passages are mainly short extracts, it might be possible t0 identify an antagonist in a passage. In case there isa passage that asks you certain details about an antagonist, the list below shows you the typical question types. ‘You should anticipate questions that ask you to 1 identify the antagonist 2 state the function of the antagonist 3. state what the antagonist contributes to the plot 4. identify characteristics ofthe antagonist Assonance aed Definition _Assonance accurs when vowel sounds are r Example(s) | “Men sell the wedding bells.” Question Types Assonance is an auditory technique. It enhances rhythm: it contributes to internal rhyme; it adds musical effect and it may contributeto the mood of the extract Typical questions about assonanee may ask you to 1. identify the assonance 2 state the effect 3. state the contribution the assonance makes to the extractAttitude Definition Atitude isthe writer's feelings towards the subject matter. Atitude is detected by drawing conclusions about diction, or word choi "i : ‘Example(s) | Inthis quote from “A Contemplation Upon Flowers" by Henry King, the persona’s attitude to flowers is one of admiration, We know this because of the adjective used to describe the flowers. “BRAVE flowers~that | could gallant it like you, ‘And be as little vain!” (“A Contemplation Upon Flowers” lines 1-2) Question Types As icrelates wo “auitude”, questions on Paper 01 oF Your exam may ask you to 1. identify the prevailing atitude the persona or character or author has 2. give proof of a certain attitude by identifying lines or phrases: Alliteration Definition An alliterative effect occurs when the same consonant (not vowel) sound occurs close together. 11s important to stress thatthe focus ison the sound and not on ‘the consonant per se. (and /n/ sound the same, as well as (pl and if, $0, en they occur together, they are allterative,) Example(s) | The big, bad, bully, battered the defenseless boy. Question Types | Aliteration is also an auditory technique, It achieves much the same things as Questions pertaining to alliteration generally ask you to: 1. identify the Example(s) of alliteration state the effect infer the contribution the alliteration makes to the extract 3 Apostrophe Definition Ir literature, apostrophe is easy identified as itis offen represented by an exclamation, such as “Oh” or “Ah”. When a writer speaks directly to the dead, ‘an object or someone wha is not there, the writer is using apostrophe. ‘Example(s) | “Death be not proud, though some have called thee Mighty and dreadful, for, thou art not so.” John Donne, “Death Be Not Proud”) Here, the poet talks to Death as if it were a person. Question Types Questions relating to apostrophe will likely ask you to: 1. identify the apostrophe 2. sate the effect of the apostropheAside Definition An aside is a dramatic device that comes under the dramatic element known as stage directions”. You will sve that a playwright has incorporated an aside as it is usually stated in the script, An aside is a playwright's way of making the ‘audience know what a character is thinking. This is done by making the character “Gppear to speak directly to the audience or to himself. The audience isto assume tat what a character reveals in an aside is truthfid.__ Example(s) | The first occurrence of an aside in “The Tempest” by William Shakespeare is seen in Act 1, Seene i where Caliban says: Aside T must obey: his artis of such power, Tewwould control my dam’s god, Setebos, and make a vassal of him. Question Types. | Questions pertaining to asides are geared at getting you to: 1 identify the purpose ofthe aside 2. infer character qualities from the aside 3. determine audience response o the aside Audience Definition Audience refers tothe reader, viewer or listener for whom the writing is intended. Notwithstanding. any reader, viewer or listener is the audience even ifthe piece was not intended for that individual. You will see the term audience used mostly in reference to drama, while in prose and poetry, the term “reader” is used. This is done in order to ensure that students are clear as to the genre of their texts. Far Example when desing “Toleom and His Brothers” by Derick leo or "The Tempest” by William Shakespeare, students should always opt for rein Tree "aaa ‘Example(s) | We are the audience for “Ti-Jean and His Brothers” and “The Temy (Quen ype) on ara ay teeter abcd el oteres!s ap ree | Le characters setting or plot | 2. orto idemtfy the intended audience 10Allusion Definition Example(s) Question Types Anthropomorphism, Definition Examples) Question Types Atmosphere Definition Example(s) Question Types Allusion isa brief and indirect reference to a person. place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary or political significance. There are different types of allusions: Historical, Biblical, mythological, literary (musical or even artistic) allusions. Historical allusions make indirect reference to significam historic events. Biblical allusions draw upon Bible stories. Mythological allusions make references to characters or events in Roman, Greek or any other mythology Literary allusions make references to well-known stories, fairy tales, poems, songs, music or art. The expression “you imagine chopping clean the tree he's scrambling down” in the poem “Little Boy Crying” by Mervin Morris, uses an allusion to the fairy tale of “Jack and the Beanstalk”. Questions that discuss allusions tend to ask you to 1. identify the allusion 2. identify the effect of the allusion 3. Sate the type of allusion This device assigns huanan traits, ambitions, emotions, ete. fo non-humans. Although amthropomorphism is similar to personification, anthropomorphism goes deeper by making non-humans behave and appear lke human beings. In the novel, Animal Farm. by George Orwell, the animals behave, think and ‘operate like humans, thus anthropomorphism is used throughout. ‘These questions will typically require that you: 1. identify the anthropomorphhism state why it was used idemtfy the effect and appropriateness Atmosphere isthe feeling exuded by the seuing. Atmosphere is detected from the words that are used to describe the setting or from the diction. Adjectives and images may convey positive or negative ideas about the atmosphere. Although it ‘can be used interchangeably with mood, atmosphere is considered to be a broader term. The atmosphere of Haiti when Sophie returns is quite bucolic yet depressing, [got upto watch the sunrise, I sat on the back steps, as clouds of smoke rose from charcoal pits all over the valley.” | Breath, Eyes, Memory by Edwidge Danticat ‘Questions regarding atmosphere are likely to ask you to 1. iMentify the atmosphere 2. identify textual evidence of the atmosphere 3. infer the effect of the atmosphere on the audience, characters or plot uAuditory Imagery Definition Auditory imagery are words and phrases that assist the reader to hear clearly ‘what is being described. All words that evoke our sense of hearing are auditory Imagery. This means that onomatopoeia isa specific kind of auditory imagers Example(s) | “Oh, that eling-clang talk.” interrupted my grandmother. “It sounds like glass breaking.” Breath, Eyes, Memory, Edwidge Danticat Question Types | Here you might be asked 10: 1. identify the kind of imagery (auditory, tactile, gustatory, olfactory. visual or kinesthetic) state the impact of the imagery state the author's purpose in ineluding the imagery Bildungsroman Definition A bildungsroman is a special kind of novel that focuses on the growth of a character from youth to adulthood. The growth is psychological, moral and emotional, Example(s) | To an extent, Breath, Eyes, Memory ean in some ways be seen a5 & bildungsroman. ‘Question Types | The extracts in this exam will not be extensive enough for the reader to see ‘al, moral and emotional growth. However, you may be asked to state ma biklungsroman, psychok ‘whether an extract was likely Blank Verse Definition Blank verse poetry has no fixed munber of lines. hhas a conventional meter that is used for verse drama and long narrative poems tris offen used in descriptive and reflective poems and dramatic monologues ihepoastasgl charter dives sgh he for of ae. eee ae ee arate ieh ees emer dd en be ‘he et or ins fhe oem “Tham for English B”by Langston Hughes, s ‘written in blank verse. while the remainder is in free verse. ° Peel eles eee ese e te oe gees ee re ee 2Characterization Definition (Characterization is the process of building or creating a character, As the narrative proceeds, the character is consolidated, and the reader or audience is table 9 draw reasonable inferences based on past actions or quotes from the ‘characte character, this is called “direct characterization drawn from evidence about the character There are several sub-categories of characters as outlined below. When the reader or audience is given outright deseriptions ofthe ‘Indirect characterization” occurs when conclusions have to be * Foil character whose qualities are in stark contrast to another Flat character-a character who shows no change in personality or perspective asthe siory progresses + Round character-a characier who experiences changes in personality o ‘characteristics Example(s) Finch. This is seen when Scout, his daughter gives vivid deseriptions of him, On the other hand, when Atticus shoots the rabid dog, indirect characterization was ‘employed asthe reader had to infer that Aiticus isthe kind of person who might Question Types Cliché Definition Examples) ‘Question Types hide his talents. again, the extracts mi spective as the slory progresses Mockingbird, direct characterizations are ‘Stock characteris a character who demonstrates predictable jen of Atticus based on characters. However, based on actions and words that are uttered, you may be asked to: infer the charac idence ofa character trait state the role or impact ofa character 2 show Any metaphorical or idiomatic expression that is so overused that it has lost is freshness, effect or appeal isa cliché. We are generally advised to avoid clichés ‘and use original expressions as clichés suggest a lack of imagination and “Maxwell arr ‘The bus was as closely packed as a can of sardine. in the nick of time. ‘Youmay be asked to evaluate the effect ofa cliché on an expression used by @ character. B ht not allow you to make comprehensive assumptionsThe climax ofa series of actions is the highest point of tension or crisis. fom Robinson case” occurs at the Definition Example(s) | in To Kill a Mockingbird, the climax of the ‘court scene. ‘Yow are not likely to be asked to state the climax of the given extract. However, ‘you could be asked to state where in a passage tension is detected or the tension shits Question Types Comedy Definition Comedy is a special type of drama that amuses, satirizes or evokes laughter, Comedy comes in different ways. For Example(s), there is romantic comedy which has a theme of love mixed in with lighthearted, pastoral mood, + Comedy of humours is comedy derived from exaggerated character + Comedy of manners, as the name suggests is evoked when people in high society demonstrate humour of wit, violations of highly sspected social etiquette, etc + Absurdist comedy or theatre of the absurd is seen when characters ‘are placed in situations where they conclude that life is meaningless dnd therefore occupy themselves with pointless and meaningless actions 10 pass the time. + Tragicomedy oceurs when there is comedy in the midst ofa character's downfall. + Farce isa highly exaggerated kind of comedy in which the main nurpose is 10 evoke laughter. aes Example(s) |The play*The Lion and the Jewel” by Wole Soyinea is of the genre comedy. Question Types Youare likely to be asked to identify 1, evidence of comedy 2. techniques used by the writer or playwright to evoke laughter 3. the effectiveness or appropriateness ofthese techniques —logue Definition Example(9) Question Types Diction Definition Examples) Question Types Dialogue is a conversation between two or more characters. Dialogue is an important element of drama. Generally speaking, however, dialogue is an ‘important literary technique that is used to reveal ch Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen “Oh! Single, my dear, to be sure! A single n thousand a year, What a fine thi “How so? How ean it affect them?” “My dear Mr. Bennet, “replied his wife, “how can you be so tiresome! You must now that lam thinking of his marrying one of them..." You may be asked use dialogue to draw certain inferences about 1. character qualities, 2. plot 3. effect ofan expression ition isthe writer's choice of words. 1 is one of the mast effective techniques in literature. Diction creates mood and atmosphere; it shapes the reader's Impressions of characters and it shows the writer's auitede to the subject matter as it conveys the writer's tone In the novel, To Aill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, the author helps the reader to better understand the contest ofthe novel by choosing words that closely reflect the accent and register ofthe characters. It can be said that the character's diction ‘enhanced the reader's understanding of the context of the novel. ‘You may be asked to: 1. state the effect of certain words or expressions tion behind choosing to we patticular words or 2. infer the writer’ in expressions 15Drama Definition ‘Drama isa genre of literature that is to be enacted. The elements of drama include characters actors setting, props, dialogue, stage directions and plot Music and lighting sometimes play significant roles in drama._ ‘Example(s) | “TieJean and His Brothers” by Derek Walcott Question Types Euphemism Definition Examples) Question Types “The Tempest” by William Shakespeare ‘You should anticipate questions that require that you: 1. infer the impact ofthe elements of drama on: (A) the audience (B) characters (C) imterpretations (D) themes { euphemism is an expression that is considered to be polite, acceptable and indirect when compared to a harsher, more blunt alternative. Euphemisms make it easier for the speaker or writer to discus difficult or painfid matters. —__ Tn the poem. “Dreaming Black Boy” by James Berry, the persona refers to the racist group the Ku Klux Klan as “potters in pajamas”. This helps the reader to lunderstand the estent to which the little boy fears the group. ‘You should anticipate being asked to: | infer the meaning conveyed by the euphemism Susuest the writers intention behind including a euphemistic expression ‘dent the euphemism 16Enjambment Definition Example(s) Question Types Enjambment is a technique in which a line of poetry runs on into the next line without a punctuation mark. Enjambment may have the effect of making the ideas seem natural and unrestricted. Sometimes, enjambment may enhance or assist with the rhythm of the poem Observe in the Example(s) below, that there are no punct of the lines. jon marks atthe end “The Waste Land” by T. S. Eliot “April is the cruelest month, breeding Lilacs out of the dead land, mixing. Memory and desire, stirring Dull roots with spring rain Winter kept us warm, covering. Earth in forgetful snow, feeding A little life with dried tubers.” ‘Questions on enjambment may’ ask you 1: ‘dentify the effect ofthe lack of end marks infer the poet’ intention behind the enjambm state/identify how the enjambment enhances meani 1 Hyperbole/Exaggeration Definition Examples) Question Types Hyperbole isan overstatement or exaggeration n order to emphas create an effec. The excerpt below shows the poet exaggerating the fairness of the seenery and the {impact it would have on anyone who viewed it. a point or “Bart has not anything 10 show more Dull would he be of soul who could pass by A sight so touching in its majesty” “Sonnet Composed Lipon Westminster Bridge, September 03, 1802”, William Shakespeare Questions on hyperbole typically requir thatthe candidate: I. identify hyperbole 2. identify what is being exaggerated 3. inter the meaning of the hyperbole 4, state the effect ofthe hyperbole on the reader's understanding of the extract, v7Imagery Definition Imagery i the use of words, particularly adjectives, o help the reader fo te hear smell fel taste and imagine what is being described or discussed. The ‘are siv kinds of imagery highlighted below Visual imagery- all words that refer 1 colour, shapes and sizes come See word tht refer othe volume, plasanies or 2 Uieeeen ward that describe and exponen smells re + Tit inagersord tha describe temperature, tecture ee are fabled tc images + mice wants Htapeok oe sweetness, sone, or help the ttn ttt of omething come wade scaler amples) | Visual nage as dark and di 1 Te Fest Auaitory image-The angels sang a melodious hymn. Olfactory-The putrid stench of garbage was quite off:putting, Tactile imagery-The delicate, satin pillowease caressed my cheek as I slipped into the soundest sleep Gustatory image-The sweet, serumptious and cool mouthful of cheesecake pleased me greatly. Kinesthetic imagery The limb ofthe coconut tree swayed up and down, up and down in the wind, Question Types Imagery is Hikely to be one ofthe most commonly referenced technique in your Paper (1 exam, Therefore, you should always anticipate questions pertaining to it. You should look out for questions that ask you to [identity imagery ora particular kind of imagery 2. identify expressions that substantiate an image 3. state or infer the effeet ofthe image 18Internal Rhyme Definition Internal rhyme occurs when a word inthe middle of a line rhymes with the word ‘ar the end of te line, Imernal rhyme is also called “middle rhyme”. Internal rhyme may enhance the rhythmic appeal of a poem. Example(s) | “The Raven” by Edgar Allen Poe “Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, ‘While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,” Question Types | You should anticipate possible questions that ask you to: 1. identify the internal rhyme 2. infer the effect ofthe internal rhyme 3. infer the writers intent in using intemal rhyme Definition In most narratives, the reader or audience has a logical expectation of the ouicome of events: Irony is a device in which what you logically expect to happen does nor happen or indeed. the total opposite of what you expect happens. There are different kinds of irony as well. For instance, verbal irony is when someone says the opposite 10 what you would expect them fo say wider the circumstances. + Situational irony occurs when one does the opposite of what one is expected to do under the circumstances. Dramatic irony occurs when the audience knows more about e ‘characters and events than actors in a play. Example(sjs | Verbal irony is seen when in response to a nonsensical idea, someone says, “What abrilliant idea.” Situational irony is seen when, for instance, a student is more knowledgeable bout the topic being taught than the teacher. Also, the poem, “Once Upon a “Time” conveys situational irony inthe fact thatthe father asks the son to teach hhim something important. ‘Dramatic irony is seen in the fact that the audience knows that Prospero secretly “approves of the courtship between Miranda and Ferdinand, whereas Miranda and Ferdinand are unaware of this. Question Types | You may encounter questions about irony in any section of Paper 01. As such, ‘you should anticipate questions that ask you to: 1. identify the Example(s) of irony or the specific kind of irony 2. infer what is ironic in the extract 3. state or identify the effect ofthe irony on the reader or the audience 19Juxtapesition Definition Juxtapostion is a tetngque in which nvo or more ideas, characters or places are acd ede by side narder 0 develop or reveal riking similarities and dipertae eibeae liar en “Kxampl(s) | The poem “Once Upon a Time” by Gabriel Okara, juxtaposes how the persona pets how people she wesis hw hey eee preset. yestion Types | Paper OT questions thal appertan to juntaposition will kely ask you ee aon eM deni he wets, characters, places or evens being juxtaposed infer the author's intention behind the use ofthe juxtaposition infer what being highlighted through the use of juxtaposition tvatunte the effect ofthe justaposition on the reader's Understanding ofthe extract Litotes/Understatement Definition _Litotes isa relatively uncommon terminology: most students opt for the term understatement”. Whatever your preference, tis important to understand that litotes or understatement, isa figure of speech in which double negatives or a "positive statement is expressed hy denying or downplaying its opposite Example(s) | Leannot not goto the party. (The meaning conveyed is that the speaker is ‘compelled to go tothe party. The double negatives achieve the emphasis) Put it this way, James is not the mast brilliant guy you'll meet. (In this Examples), the speaker is emphasizing James’ lack of intelligence by downplaying the opposite of what is meant.) Question Types Here you ate likely to be asked to: 1. infer the meaning of the understatement 2. identify an expression that is an understatement 3. infer the writers intention behind using an understatement Mood Definition Mood is offen used interchangeably with atmosphere, although atmosphere is considered a broader, more general concept. Mood isthe feeling one a the seting, Diction creates mood. if ee Example(s) | Inthe excerpt trom Wulhering Heighis by Emily Bronte, n isolation is created through the descriptions, | rere was no moon nd everyhing beneath yn misty dalanes ot ak | eamed rom any house fr or al ad ben extngulshed Wag age | those at Wuthering Heights were never visible...” oa erence Pee eats ring osLell eeey eeee 1. identify the mood : 2 safer how mood iscreted 3. Siatedentify/ infer the impact Strident infer the impact of mood on characters 20Metaphor Definition Example(s) | Question Types Narrative Poem Defivition Example(s) Question Types Onomatopoeia Defirition Earp Question Types 4 metaphor isa device that makes an implied comparison between two things thal dare unrelated. It says one thing is another in order to highlight a quality Metaphor may also be defined as a comparison bet ‘A metaphor i seen in the poem * says itis “the eye of allitle god”. The quality being highlighted isthe mirror's insightfulness and power to see. As itelates to metaphors, you are likely to be asked to 1. entity metaphors in an extractor poem 2. state infer o identify the meaning ofthe metaphor 3. state or identify the effect of the metaphor on the reader's understanding ofthe extract The word narrative means story. Therefore, the term “narrative poem" means a poem that tells a story, Usually, these poems have all the elements ofa story ‘character, setting, plot, Narrative pooms do not need to have a rhyming pattern They may be in the form of a blank verse or free verse. _ ‘The poem, “The Woman Speaks to the Man Who Has Employed Her Son” by Lorna Goodison and “Test Match Sabina Park” by Stewart Brown, are just '¥0 Example(s)s of narrative poems. You may be asked to: 1. identify the main idea in the poem 2. infer the theme ofthe poem 3. identify and state the effect of rativerliterary devices used in the poem Onomatopocia is a word that imitates natural sound effect. Onomatopoeta is an ‘auditory appeal. It makes the writing more descriptive and realistic. For Whom the Bell Tolls (By Emest Hemingway) He saw nothing and heard nothing but he could feel his heart pounding and then he heard the elaek on stone and the leaping, dropping clicks of a small rock falling.” In this Example(3) “clack” and “click” are onomatopoet You may be asked to: identify the onomatopoeia state the effect of the onomatopoeia state what the writer achieves by including ‘onomatopoeia aaOxymoron Definition Cxomoron is notto be confsed with paradax. fn xymoron, opposite ideas are Gomera bral econo ET Fea ats he Da Te Mi Love” by Wein Care Ie era Fennct ot gun” & canal mis” are oxymoron ‘Question Types | Peaning te oxymoron, yu wil general Be asd igen ie osmoren Seite eet ofthe oxymoron state the meaning conveyed throu sgh the oxymoron Paradox Derintion paraiox isa statement that seems sefcontradictory onthe surface bu conveys i eee io “Alt animals are equa, bul some are more eau than oes George Onvel ena meston Types | You should aicpae questions which ask ou - - ae 1. identify the latent/underlying truth in the praca expresson 2. dents the paradox 5 Sate the effet ofthe paradox Animal Farm Example(s) Pun/Paronomasia Definition Most students are accustomed to the form “pun”, but the word paronomasia is @ synonym A pun or paronomasia isa creative and witty play on words in order fo eke lager or provoke the listener or reader to think eitically. Examples) | In Act 1, Scene 1 ofthe play “Julius Caesar” by William Shakespeare, the Cobbler says his trade is a "mender of bad soles”. This provoked the other characters to laugh ast was understood that he was playing on the word, “soles”. | He was actually implying that he ean save or redeem the “souls” of Marullus and. | Flavius i Ouestion Types | You should anticipate questions that ask you to: | 1.” identify pun inthe extract | 2. emt the effect ofthe pun 2Definition Examples) Question Types Plot Definition Example(s) Question Types The term persona is used to refer to the narrative voice, particularly ofa poem. It is important to understand that she persona is not necessarily the poet. For instance. the persona might be a little boy, while the poet might be a woman or an fault male. Inthe poem, “Ol Higue™ by Mark MeWatt, the persona is the OF Higue (a female spirit creature), while the poet is a male. AAs it relates the analysis of persona, you will generally be required to: 1. identify the persona 2. state why the persona is effective 3. give evidence of the persona ‘you identified Plot isthe series of events that make up a story. The events are generally categorized in the following manner The exposition introduction initiation-This isthe event that starts the plot + The rising action/confict-this isa problem that the protagonist has 10 solve + Climax-This is the highest point of ension in the series of actions = Falling action-this marks the point at which the conflict begins to be resolves * Resoluion-This isthe end of the story, or the point at which the plot concludes All stories and plays have most, ifnot all the elements of a plot. However, the tlements may not always occur in the same order as some stories are arranged in Flashback, Flash Forward or in Chronological order You will generally be asked to: 1 identify significant events in the excerpt in question 2 identify the point at which events change 3. state the causes or effects of actions 4 evaluate the effect of character actions or events as seen in the excerpt 23of View Definition Point of view, in tterature is the pet There are at least four main pois o Examples) Question Types First person limited-Scout in To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee spective from which story is told. sew in leratue ; eee er on linted point ofvew-THis uses the personal pronouns rst eran po the or. the fs person inte pon pm, the narrator does wo afer the reader inst int the Fa hc on fens after characte. sed, he done ad feelings are lini othe first-person narrator. «+ Fineecezon omnisclent paint ofview-To be onnislen ars also uses the first-person pronoun Fn ings Ths prspet fn a an sce marin hehe can eval he thoughts and emotions of te other characters. e Teiaiperson filed Sitar tothe first-person limited powy of aot rdeperson limited point of view linis the reader's insight star of the main character. Therefore, while third person nouns and pronouns are used, (He, Ske, Sophie, Richard), we can only Ibtow the feelings of the main character «Third person ommiscient-This bears simitarities to the first-person ammiscien point of view. The character knows the thoughts and feelings of other characters «Stream of consciousness-This isa narrative technique in which the numraror's thoughts are presented as a continuous low. This is ttenoraly characterized by te use offong sentences, vivid imagery st ihe Lack of mterruptions by dialogue. This is a very deep level of firstiperson narration as the reader feels as though he or she is in Ta see how that mind operates, the narrator's mind and abl First person omniscient-The father inthe poem “Litle Boy Crying” by Mervin Moris Find person linited-Thenanator in Shabine” by Hazel Simmins-McDonals ‘Third person omniscient-The narrator in “Black Out” by Roger Mais 4 [As itelates to point of view, you should anticipate questions that require: identification ofthe point of view ‘evaluation of the effectiveness of the point of view proof ofthe point of view that you identified 2Pathetic Fallacy Definition Examples) Question Types Definition Examples) Question Types Parhetic fallacy attributes Inuman emotions and moods to inanimate objects in nature. Put another way, pathetic fallacy is a device in which nature reflects Junan moods or vice versa. This should not be confused with personification although pathetic fallacy is a kind of personification. However, pathetic fallacy is limited tothe reflection of moods and emotions, whereas personification isa broader concep ik at ss In the Example(s) cited below, notice how nature refleets and impacts human ‘mood and emotions Great Expectations by Charles Dickens 0 furious had been the gust, that high buildings in town had had the lead. stripped off their roofs; and in the country, trees had been torn up, and sails of ‘windmills carried away; and gloomy accounts had come in from the coast, of shipwreck and death, Violent blasts of rain had accompanied these rages of wind, and the day just closed as Isat down fo read had been the worst of al ‘Questions relating to pathetic fallacy are geared at getting you to: 1. identify instances of pathetic fallacy 2. show the mood/emotion that is central to the device 3. evaluate the impact and effectiveness of the pathetic fallacy 4. idemtify the purpose of the pathetic fallacy Personification is a figure of speech that gives human attributes to non-human things. Non-human things are made to feel, act and think like human beings. The Mowers waltzed as the gentle breeze whispered to them, Here, as with all questions that focus on most literary devices, you will generally be asked to 1 identify the personification 2 identify why the personification is effective 3 state why the personification is appropriate 4 state why the personification is effective 25Protagonist efinition The protagonist isthe mainffocalcentral character ina story or dram Hei Potency aed hr sof han reves rnd te Prvagons io faces opposition from the antagonist a Example(s) | in the novel Breath, Eyes, Memory , Sophie is the protagonist. Question Types | Most ofthe extracts you will se on your exam will give a clear indieaton as to ‘who the main character/protaponist is. As such, you should anticipate questions having to do with: 1. identification of character traits 2. drawing inferences from quotes 5. stating the main conict 4. stating the type of character (protagonist or antagonist) Quatrain Definition A quatrain isa stanza containing four lines. This stanza offen has its independent theme, rhyme scheme, etc. The mast common rhyme scheme seen ina quatrain is ___ alternating rhyme, (ABAB) - Example(s) | All Shakespearean sonnets have three quatrains and a final stanza with two Tines: called a rhyming couplet Below is an Example(s) ofa quatra “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” (By Robert Frost) “He gives his hamess bells a shake To ask if there's some mistake, | The only other sound’s the sweep Of easy wind and downy flake.” Question Types | These questions will generally ask you to: 1. identify the impact of the quatrain on the overall meaning of the poem 2. identity the main idea of the quatrain 3. identify the structure of the quatrain (rhyme scheme, thematic focus, ete.) 4. identify the effectiveness of the quatrain on the theme, | understanding or purpose of the poem, 26Repetition Definition Example(s) Question Types Rhetorical Question Definition ~ Example(s) Question Types Rhythm, Defntion esa Question Types Repetition is another device that is geared at appealing to our sense of hearing. When a writer or playwright repeats the same word or phrase a few times thereby ‘making it more memorable, the writer is using repetition. In the poem, “Dreaming Black Boy” by James Berry, repetition is the dominant technique as the persona repeats the phrase “I wish...” throughout . Questions that appertain to repetition generally require that you: 1 identify the effect 2. identify the existence of repetition in the extract 3. identify why the repetition is effective 4 rhetorical question is asked just for an effect and not necessarily to elicit an ‘answer. The effect of a rhetorical question is to emphasize a point. ‘Don't you want hai like this? You might be asked to: 1. identify a rhetorical question 2. identify the effect of a rhetorical question 3. infer the purpose of the rhetorical question Rhythm an auditory device. It isa stress on long. and short patterns of stressed ‘and unstressed syllables. Rhythm helps to make an expression o” an extraet more ‘memorable, petit ‘Note how the rhythm simulates the sound of boots hitting the ground in the expression, “Generations have trod, have trod, have trod...” inthe poem God's Grandeur by Manley Hopkins, You are likely to be asked to: 1. identify the effect of rhythm 2. identify the intention behind an identified rhytiim, 27Definition Example(s) ‘Question Types Definition Example(s) Question Types Simile Definition ~Example(s) Question Types H intention of Sarcasm isthe use of mocking. ‘confused with verbal irony as te criticize. Sarcasm is not to be sarcasm is more scathing and striking, “she is wondering what kind of father ‘would give a son hot and exploding death, when he asks him for bread,” Loma (The Woman Speak to the Man Who Has Employed Her Sor | Goodison) ‘You will generally be asked to: 1. identify the sareasm 2. idemtfy a sarcastic quote 3. state the effect of the sarc {4 identify what makes the sarcasm appropriate from an extract or poem re where the story takes place. jent or the surroundings. The time of year, day or the ewing isthe time, place and mood amospher suing is more than just the physieal environme Jeeling you get from the descriptions as well as the historical era are all a part ofthe sein. a Ifthe author describes the dense areas of the jungle in the seary and dark night, \we can infer the time, place and atmosphere ofthe setting, These questions will typically be seen in the drama and prose extracts. These questions will ask to 1. identify how setting affects characters or plot e the setting he setting 4 simile is a figure of speech that draws a comparison withthe use of the words ‘as or “like”. Similes are effeetive as they appeal to ow imagination “Bent double like old beggars under sacks, Knock-kneed, coughing lke hags, we cursed through sludge,” (“Dulee Et Seen Es, Wifes Oven Nac compton cessor wa “old beggars” That is an Examples) ofa simile that uses “as” to achieve the comparison, You will typically be asked to: 1. identity the simile 2. show why itis effective and appropriate 28Synecdoche Definition Example(s) Question Types Satire Definition Example(s) Question Types Definition. Example(s) Question Types This technique uses a part or feature of something to represent the whole ‘Someone retuming to his island may say helshe is back on the “rock”. In this context, “rock” isa feature ofthe island, but it is used to represent the entire island. Also, when you call your car your “wheels", you are using synecdoche. You may be asked i 1. identify the synecdache 2. identify why its effective or appropriate Satire is a technique employed to make fun of criticize and ridicule individuals (especially prominent ones) and societ: I often exaggerates flaws or ‘oversimplifies a situation in order to highlight corruption or folly in society. The novel /984 by George Orwell isa satirical presentation of what a totalitarian state might look, Many internet memes, particularly the political ones, are effective satires, You might be asked to identify 1. why an excerpt or an expression is satirical 2. an Example(s) of satire in the extract 3. the reason the satire is effective 4 symbol is an object that represents an idea. It is when a conerete noun, for Example(s) a dove, is used 10 represent an abstract noun, for Example(s), purity. There is always some characteristic seen in the object that reminds us of the idea iis symbolizing i i In Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, mockingbirds symbolize the defenseless, servant class (the black people in the story) ‘Questions on symbolism generally require that you: |.identify a symbol 2.state why a particular object is an appropriate symbol 29Theme caissue that is atthe contre of the piece of writing Pheme ta otto be confused with "main ide’ Definition Theme i a focus or tpl binds the writen piece together. T bine onmany of th ee Eramplety [rth poem "An Affican Thundersorm” by David Rubadiri, one oF i an versis nae Question Types | tis likely that you will be asked to: 1. infer the theme of an extract fe writer conveys the theme lize the theme 2, suggest how th 3. identity objects that symb Tone Definition Tone in literature refers tothe manner in which something is verbalized. This ig sotto be confaed with att, which isthe felling the writer or speak has awards the eubject matter, However, much like attitude, tone is detected through _ diction and ofen through puctuat Fxample(s) | We can detect a pessimist tone a ibe words used inthe Example(@) below >> “And the trees all died, They were crange trees. I don't know why they died, they {ust died. Something wrong with the soil possibly or maybe the stuff we got from the nursery wasn’t the best, We complained about it, So, we've got thirty kids there, each ki had his o her own litle tre to plant and we've got these thirty dead trees, All these kids looking atthese litle brown sticks, t was depressing.” The School, by Donald Bartelme Question Types The questions relating to tone are likely to ask you to identify the tone give evidence of the tone slate what contributes to the tone state what is revealed by the tone Verbal Irony ts confi erkl om th sarcon ect hel sree carte ne of ‘Example(s) | Burnt rice for dinner again! Yummy Cece cela arene 1 ety vet ony | 2. infer the rene message 3. sate efet ofthe vera irony ‘4+ raw conchsions about characters based on the verbal 30