Database-3

Schema
• Schema is a repository or structure to express
the format and other different information
about data and database.
OR
• The description of the database is called the
database schema.

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 University Database

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 Example of Database Schema

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 Database Architecture
• Database standard architecture was proposed
by ANSI SPARK in 1975.
• The 3-tier architecture is being used as a
slandered to develop new data base systems.

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 Advantages of 3 tier Architecture
• The objective of the three-level architecture is
to separate the users’ view,
– It allows independent customized user views
– It hides the physical storage details from users
– The database administrator should be able to
change the database storage structures without
affecting the users’ views.
– The internal structure of the database should be
unaffected by changes to the physical aspects of
the storage.
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 External View
• External View (Level, Schema or Model):
– This level is explicitly an end user level and
presents data as desired by the users of the
database. As it is known that the database users
are classified on two grounds
o Section of the organization

o Nature of Job of the users

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 External view

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 External view

“External views are designed and create in

way that they can be modified at a later
stage without making any changes in the
logical or internal views.”

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 Conceptual or Logical View:
• This is the level of database architecture
which contains the definition of all the data to
be stored in the database and also contains
rules and information about that structure
and type of that data.
• Complete description of the data stored

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 Conceptual layer

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 Internal schema
• This is the level of the database which is
responsible for the storage of data on the
storage media and places the data in such a
format that it is only readable by the DBMS.

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 Inter-Schema Mappings

• The mechanism through which the records or

data at one level is related to the changed
format of the same data at another level is
known as mapping.
• External/conceptual mapping
• Conceptual/Internal mapping

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 Inter-Schema Mappings

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 Example of 3-Tier Architecture

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