* CLAUSES AND PHRASES (4)

1. Khi biến đổi từ mệnh đề sang cụm danh từ thường gặp các trường hợp sau:

 Noun + be + adj è The/ (her, his, their ….. ) + Adj + noun

 Pronoun + be +Adj è The/ (her, his, their ….. ) + Noun ( of the adj )
 Pronoun + Verb + (adv) è The/ (her, his, their ….. ) + Adj (of the adv) + Noun ( of the verb)
 Pronoun +Verb + (O) è V-ing ( same Subject)
 There be + Noun è The + Noun
A. Clauses and phrases of reason:
Because/ Since/As + Clause ( S+V )
Because of/ Due to/ Thanks to + Phrase ( N phrase/ V-ing phrase )
B. Clauses and phrases of concession:
Although/ Though/ Even though + Clause ( S+V )
In spite of/ Despite + Phrase ( N phrase/ V-ing phrase )
 Exercise: Rewrite these sentences:
1. He left school because his life was hard.  Because of ...................................................................................................
2. John succeeded in his exam because of his hard work.
 Because .......................................................................................................................................................................
3. We didn’t want to go out because of the heavy rain.  Because .....................................................................................
4. Although he had much experience in machinery, he didn’t succeed in repairing this machine.
 Despite .......................................................................................................................................................................
5. In spite of the darkness, they continued to work.  Though ...........................................................................................
6. We postponed our trip because the driving conditions were bad.  Because of ..............................................................
7. The water in most rivers is unsafe to drink because it is polluted.  Because of ............................................................
8. We all have received the best of everything because of our generous parents.
 Because ……………………………………
I.Phrases and clauses of reason
1>. Phrases of reason.
I.Adverb Phrase of Reason: Because of

 Because of + Noun/ Noun Phrase/ V-ing (reason)

II.> Clauses of reason = Adverbial clauses of reason :

Because/ Since / As + S + V + O ( clause)

Ex:
1. She was worried because it started to rain.
Notes : Khi ®æi mÖnh ®Ò sang côm tõ, nÕu hai chñ ng÷ gièng nhau ta cã thÓ dïng Gerund phrase.
Ex. She stayed at home because she was sick.
-> She stayed at home because of being sick.
Notes : Because , As , Since…
+ Because Of + Noun Phrase = Because + Clause
+ So, So ………That, If, To Inf…
+ S + Stop / Prevent + O + From + V-ing = Because of
Ex: The teacher is sick, so we have no class tomorrow. (because)
-> Because the teacher is sick. We have no class tomorrow.
Ex: That restaurant is so dirty that nobody wants to eat there. Because that restaurant is dirty, nobody wants to eat there.
Ex: She went to the post office to send a letter. -> Because she wanted to send a letter, she went to the post office.
Ex: The fog prevented us from going out. Because of the fog, we didn’t / couldn’t go out.
Exersises:
1.(Because/So / Because of) Pelly was tired , he went to bed.
2. .He passed the exam ( because / so / because of ) he had a good teacher.
3.We stayed in ( because / because of ) the rain.
4..He was able to go to university ( because / because of) his aunt’s help.
5.The price of oranges is high, __________ frost damage. (because, because of)
6. I went to see the play, _______ it had good reviews. (because, because of)
7.I enjoy the course, ____________ the professor is a good teacher. (because, because of)
8. We all felt tired ____________ the hot weather. (because, because of)
9. I left home early, ____________ I had to do several errands. (because, because of)
Clauses and phrases 1
10. ____________ their interest in comets, they decided to study astronomy. (Because, Because of)

II.> Phrases and clauses of concession

1>. Côm tõ chØ sù nhîng bé thêng ®îc b¾t ®Çu b»ng giíi tõ : Inspite of/ Despite ( mÆc dï , cho dï)

In spite of
Despite + N/ N phrase / Gerund phrase.

Ex: - The woman tries to climb the mountain even though she is old.
 The woman tries to climb the mountain inspite of her old age.
- Although Nga is tired, she still begins her work on time.
 Despite being tired, Nga still begins her work on time.
 MÖnh ®Ò cã Inspite of/ Despite + Noun/ Noun Phrase (concession) cã thÓ ®îc ®Æt ë sau mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh.
2..Clauses of concession = Adverbial clauses of Concession ( mÖnh ®Ò tr¹ng ng÷ chØ sù nhîng bé)
a. mÖnh ®Ò tr¹ng ng÷ chØ sù nhîng bé lµ mÖnh ®Ò phô chØ sù t¬ng ph¶n cña hai hµnh ®éng trong c©u.
MÖnh ®Ò nµy thêng b¾t ®Çu b»ng tõ nèi : Athough , Even though, No matter, Whatever,
( Dï , cho dï).
b. CÊu Tróc :
1.
Although/ though / even though... + Clause
Ex:
1. Although the weather was very bad, we had a picnic.
2. We took many pictures though the sky was cloudy.

2. No matter + who/ what/ when/ where/ why/ how ( adj/ adv) + S + V

Whatever (+N) + S +V

Note : MÖnh ®Ò b¾t ®Çu b»ng No Matter or whatever thêng ®îc ®Æt tríc mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh.
Ex : No matter who you are, I still love you.
No matter what she says, I don’t believe her.
Whatever others may say, you are certainly right.
N0tes.: Though, Although, Even Though, Even If………
+ But , Despite , In spite of ( Adj + Noun , V-Ing , Possessive + Noun, The + Noun)
+ Whatever ( Adj/ Object, Subject), However, Adj + As + S + V.
a/ S1 + V …………but + S2 + V……………
-> S1 + V +……….., S2 + V ……………..
Ex: They live in poverty but they don’t feel unhappy. ( although)
-> They live in poverty, they don’t feel unhappy.
b/ Although +S1 + V ………… + S2 + V…………… ( S1 = S2 )
-> In spite of + Ving +……….., S2 + V ……………..
Ex: Although Bill took a taxi, he still came late for the meeting. ( although)
-> In spite of taking a taxi, Bill still came late for the meeting.
c/ Although +NOUN + BE+ ADJ ………… + S2 + V……………
-> In spite of + ADJ + NOUN +……….., S2 + V ……………..
Ex: Although the weather was bad, the flight wasn’t cancelled. ( although)
-> In spite of the bad weather, the flight wasn’t cancelled.
d/ Although +S + BE+ ADJ ………… + S2 + V……………
-> In spite of + Possessive adj / possessive case + NOUN +……….., S2 + V …………
Ex: Although he was ill, he still went to work. ( although)
-> In spite of his illness, he still went to work.
e/ Although +IT + BE+ ADJ ………… + S2 + V……………
-> In spite of + THE + NOUN +……….., S2 + V …………( “Noun”chò thôøi tieát )
* Noun + Y = Adj ( fog, rain, storm, sun, cloud, snow, wind, )
Ex: Although it was foggy, the flight was not delayed. ( although)
-> In spite of the fog, the flight was not delayed.
e/ Although + S + V + NOUN …..= Whatever + NOUN + S + V,
Ex: We must study well though we have any kinds of difficulties. ( whatever)
-> Whatever ( kinds of ) difficulties we have, we must study well .
f/ Whatever + NOUN + S + V = No Matter What + NOUN + S + V,
Ex: No matter what experience he has , he can’t repair that machine.
-> Whatever experience he has , he can’t repair that machine.
Exercises:
I. Combine each pair of sentences below, using the conjunction given in parentheses:

Clauses and phrases 2

 1. She is very rich. He isn’t happy.-> Although..............................................................................
2. She is very rich. He isn’t happy.-> No matter...............................................
3. She can’t answer my question. She is very intelligent.-> Although................
4. He does anything. He is always tries his best. No matter.........................
5. She says anything. I don’t believe her. ( No matter......................
6. He tried . He was not successful. -> Although.....................................
7. His life is hard. He is determined to study well. -> Although...........................
8. He was wise and experienced. He was taken in. -> Though........................
9. He got good job. He was not satisfied. -> Even though.........................
10.He often tell lies. Many people believe him.-> Although.......................
11. Despite her dislikes for coffee, she drank it to keep herself warm. (although)
…………………………………………………………………………….
12. Mary will take a plane, even though she dislikes flying. (in spite of)
…………………………………………………………………………….
13. In spite of Marcy’s sadness at losing the contest, she managed to smile. (although)
…………………………………………………………………………….
14. We took many pictures though the sky was cloudy. (despite)
…………………………………………………………………………….
15. Despite her poor memory, the old woman told interesting stories to the children. (even though)
…………………………………………………………………………….
16. Though he has been absent frequently, he has managed to pass the test. (in spite of)
…………………………………………………………………………….
17. Nancy told me the secret despite having promised not to do so. (though)
…………………………………………………………………………….
18. We plan to buy a ticket for the drawing although we know we will not win a prize. (even though)
…………………………………………………………………………….
19. Inspite of the high prices, my daughters insist on going to the movies every Saturday. (even though)
…………………………………………………………………………….
20. He ate the chocolate cake even though he is on a diet. (in spite of)
…………………………………………………………………………….
III>. Phrases and clauses fo purpose.
(Côm tõ vµ mÖnh ®Ò chØ môc ®Ých.)
I>Phrases of purpose:
1. NÕu muèn diÔn t¶ môc ®Ých kh¼ng ®Þnh, ta dun mét côm tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng “ to”, In order to , so as
to.”
To infinitive.
In order to + V( bare-infi.) ®Ó mµ
so as to

Ex: I try to study to pass my next exam.

I try to study in order to pass my next exam.
He does morning exercises regularly so as to improve his health.
2. NÕu muèn diÔn t¶ môc ®Ých phñ ®Þnh, ta dïng mét côm tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng “ so as not to” hoÆc “ in
order not to”
Ex: - She got up early so as not to miss the bus.
- He studies hard so as not to fail in the exam.
-
II> Clauses of purpose: Adverbial clauses of purpose. (MÖnh ®Ò tr¹ng ng÷ chØ môc ®Ých)
c. MÖnh ®Ò chØ môc ®Ých thêng ®îc b¾t ®Çu b»ng : So that, in order that ( §Ó mµ)

S + V + so that
( main clause) in order that + S + can / could + V( bare infi.)

Ex: I try all my best to study English in order that I can find a better job.
I try to study so that I can pass the exam.
He hurried so that he wouldn’t miss the train.
Notes: NÕu chñ ng÷ cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh vµ mÖnh ®Ò phô chØ môc ®Ých kh¸c nhau ta kh«ng ®îc dïng Phrase of purpose.

Clauses and phrases 3

 d. C¸c d¹ng bµi tËp:
i. D¹ng 1. Nèi hai c©u cã cïng chñ ng÷ thµnh mét c©u cã côm tõ chØ môc ®Ých hoÆc
mÖnh ®Ò chØ môc ®Ých.
Ex: Mary gets up early every morning. She wants to learn her lessons.
 Mary gets up early every morning to learn her lesson.
 Mary gets up early every morning so that she can learn her lessons.
Ex2 : We learn English . We want to have better communication with other people.
 We learn English to have better communication with other people.
 We learn English so that we will have better communication with other people.
Ex3.: He was in a hurry. He wanted to catch the bus.
 He was in a hurry to catch the bus.
 He was in hurry in order that he would catch the bus.
ii. D¹ng 2 : Nèi hai c©u cã cïng chñ ng÷ nhng sau “ want” cã t©n ng÷ hoÆc tóc tõ.
Ex1: He gave me his address. He wanted me to visit him.
->He gave me his address so that I would visit him.
* NÕu muèn dïng Phrase of purpose ë d¹ng nµy , ta ph¶i theo c«ng thøc sau:

In order for + O + to - inf.

Ex : He gave me his address in order for me to visit him.

iii. D¹ng 3 : §æi mét c©u tõ phrase of purpose sang Clause of purpose hoÆc ngîc l¹i.
ex1. We hurried to school so as not to be late.
 We hurried to school so that we wouldn’t be late.
Ex2: Mary locked the door so that she wouldn’t be disturbed.
 Mary locked the door so as not to be disturbed.
Ex3: He studies hard in order to pass his exam.
 He studies hard so that he can pass his exam.
Notes:
e. Khi ®éng tõ trong mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh ë th× present th× ta dïng will/ can ë mÖnh ®Ò chØ môc ®Ých.
f. Khi ®éng tõ trong mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh ë th× qu¸ khø th× ta dïng would/ could ë mÖnh ®Ò chØ môc ®Ých.
So That , In Order That, In Case………
+ To Inf, In Order To- Inf, so as not to Inf.
Ex: David signed the paper. He wanted to work at the construction company.
-> David signed the paper so that he wanted to work at the construction company.
-> David signed the paper ( in order to ) to work at the construction company.
1/ S1 + V ………………………. S2 + want / hope + To-V1
-> S1 + V ……………………….so that + S2 + can / could + V1
-> S1 + V ………………………. + to/in order to-V1
-> S1 + V ……………………….so as not + to-V1
-> S1 + V ……………………….LEST + S2 + Should + V1
Ex: I hurry home so as not to miss my favorite TV program.
-> I hurry home so that I won’t miss my favorite TV program.
-> I hurry home lest I should miss my favorite TV program.
2/ S1 + V ………………………. S2 + want / hope + O + To-V1
-> S1 + V ……………………….So That + S2 + can / could + V1
-> S1 + V ………………………. + In order for + O + to-V1
Ex: I spoke loudly. I wanted the man to understand what I said.
-> I spoke loudly so that the man could understand what I said.
-> I spoke loudly for the man to understand what I said.
Exercises : Use a phrase or clause of purpose to combine each pair of sentences below.
1. My father drove carefully. He didn’t want to cause accidents.
-> . My father drove carefully so that he wouldn’t cause accidents....
2. Sue dutifully followed her parent’s advice. She didn’t want to cause trouble for her parents.
->... Sue dutifully followed her parent’s advice so as not to cause the trouble for her parents.
3. Mr Thompson is learning Vietnamese. He wishes to read the Tale of Kieu.
->. Mr Thompson is learning Vietnamese in order to read the “ Tale of Kieu”
4. Please shut the door. I don’t want the dog to go out of the house.
->... Please shut the door so that the dog won’t go out of the house.
5. The farmer built a high wall around his garden. The fruits wouldn’t be stolen.
->...............................................................................................................................................
6. The police stopped the traffic every few munutes. The pedestrians might cross the road.
->..........................................................................................................................
Clauses and phrases 4
7. The notices are written in serval languages. Everyone may understand them.
->..........................................................................................................................
8. I wish to have enough money. I want to buy a new house.
->..........................................................................................................................
9. Dick is practising the guitar. He can play for the dance.
->..........................................................................................................................
10. She needs a job. She wants to support her old parents.
->..........................................................................................................................
11. He moved tho front row. He could hear the speaker better.
->..........................................................................................................................
12. She put the meat into the oven. She wanted it to be ready for dinner.
->..........................................................................................................................
13. The boy stood on the benches. They wanted to get a better view.
->..........................................................................................................................
14. We lower the volume of the radio. We don’t want to bother our neighbours.
->..........................................................................................................................
15. I will write to you. I want you to know my decision soon.
->..........................................................................................................................

IV. Phrases and clauses of result. ( Côm tõ vµ mÖnh ®Ò chØ kÕt qu¶)
I. Phrases of result:
Côm tõ chØ kÕt qu¶ thêng cã Too (Qu¸) hoÆc Enough ( §ñ).
1. Too : ( qu¸ .. kh«ng thÓ)

S + be ( look, seem, become, get...) + too + adj ( + for + O) + To do st.

S + V(Thêng) + too + adv + ( for + O) + to do st.

Ex : He is too short to play basketball.

Tom ran too slowly to become the winner of the race.
This book is too dull for you to read.
Lu ý ; Too thêng ®îc dïng trong c©u cã nghÜa phñ ®Þnh : qu¸.........Kh«ng thÓ
2.Enough: ( ®ñ..... ®Ó cã thÓ)

S + be + adj + enough ( +for + O) + to do st.

S + V + adv + enough ( + for+ O) + to do st.

Ex : Mary isn’t old enough to drive a car.

She speaks English well enough to be an interpreter.
It is cold enough to wear a heavy jacket.
II> Clauses of Result : Adverbial clauses of result.( MÖnh ®Ò tr¹ng ng÷ chØ kÕt qu¶)
MÖnh ®Ò tr¹ng ng÷ chØ kÕt qu¶ lµ mÖnh ®Ò phô ®Ó chØ kÕt qu¶ do hµnh ®éng cña mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh g©y ra.
1. So........That. ( qu¸ ........®Õn nçi).

S + Be + so + adj + that + S + V
main clause adverbial clause of result

Ex : It was so dark that I couldn’t see anything.

The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.
Chó ý : NÕu ®éng tõ trong mÖnh ®Ò chÝnh lµ c¸c ®éng tõ chØ tri gi¸c nh ; “ look, appear, seem, taste, smell, sound.....” , ta dïng c«ng
thøc nh Be.
The little girl looks so unhappy that we all feel sorry for her.

1 Dùng với tính từ và phó từ:

Terry ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.

Judy worked so diligently that she received an increase in salary.

Clauses and phrases 5

She is so beautiful that anyone sees her once will never forget her.
The little boy looks so unhappy that we all feel sorry for him

2 Dùng với danh từ đếm được số nhiều: 

Cấu trúc vẫn là so ... that nhưng phải dùng many hoặc few trước danh từ đó.
I had so few job offers that it wasn't difficult to select one. The Smiths had so many children that they form their own baseball team.

3  Dùng với danh từ không đếm được:

Cấu trúc là so ... that nhưng phải dùng much hoặc little trước danh từ đó.
He has invested so much money in the project that he can't abandon it now.
The grass received so little water that it turned brown in the heat.

4.  Dùng với danh từ đếm được số ít:

S + V + such + a + adjective + singular count noun + that + S + V

HOẶC

S + V + so + adjective + a + singular count noun + that + S + V

It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.
It was such an interesting book that he couldn’t put it down. It was so interesting a book that he couldn’t put it down.

5. Dùng such trước tính từ + danh từ:

S + V + Such a / an + adj + N + that + S +V

They are such beautiful pictures that everybody will want one.
This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.
It was such a hot day that we decided to stay at home.
Exercises:
I> Combine two sentences , using “ so .......that” or “such...........that”
1. The sun shone brightly. Maria had to put on her sunglasses.
-> The sun shone so brightly that............................................................................
2. Deam was powerful swimmer. He always won the races.
->............................................................................
3. There were few students registered. The class was cancelled.
->............................................................................
4. The house was beautiful. I took a picture of it.
-.>............................................................................
5. This coffee is strong. I can’t drink it.
->............................................................................
6. This is a good film. I want to see it again and again.
-> ............................................................................
7. There was alot of guests. There wasn’t enough food.
->............................................................................
8. I ate alot of sandwiches. I felt uneasy.

Clauses and phrases 6

 ->............................................................................
9. There was a lot of food. Everyone ate too much.
->............................................................................
10. David has a lot of work to do. He can’t come tonight.
->............................................................................
II.> Rewrite the sentences below, using “enough” instead of “ too”
1. This book is too dull to read. ->.....................................................................
2. We were too late to get good seats. ->...................................................................
3. Jack is too lazy to make progress in his study. ->...................................................................
4. I’m too poor to help you with the money. _>...................................................................
5. These oranges are to sour for us to eat.-> ...................................................................
6. The shelf is too high for the boy to reach. ->...................................................................
7. This road is too dangerous for her to go at night. ->................................................................
8. The water in this pool is too dirty to drink. ->...................................................................
9. Martha is too ugly to have a boyfriend. ->...................................................................
10. This room is too dark for us to study. ->...................................................................
III.>Fill in the blanks with “ So much” or “ so many”
1. We have................problems that we can’t go to bed early.
3. Why have you got....................furniture.?
4. There was.....................food that everyone ate too much.
5. There were ....................guests that there wasn’t enough food.
6. Why did you buy......................beer?
7. Doctor Simmon has ...............patients that he’s always busy.
8. I ate..............sandwiches that I felt ill.
9. My father has.................work to do that he can’t come back home tonight.
10. Why did he drink....................wine?
11. They drank.................wine that they couldn’t walk.

1. So :
CLAUSE 1 , so + CLAUSE 2

Ex: The traffic was too heavy, so I arrived at the airport a bit late. Tim was too angry, so he left without saying anything.
2. But:
CLAUSE 1 , but + CLAUSE 2

Ex: I tried my best to pass the exam, but I still failed.

3. However:
Sentence 1. However, Sentence 2.
Clause 1; however , Clause 2.

Ex: Studying English is not easy. However, it is very beneficial. Studying English is not easy; however, it is very beneficial.
4. Therefore:
Sentence 1. Therefore, Sentence 2.
Clause 1; therefore, Clause 2.

Ex: He didn’t study hard. Therefore, he failed the exam. He didn’t study hard; therefore, he failed the exam.
NOTES
Ex: I learnt literature very well, but I didn’t like my teacher. I learnt literature very well. However, I didn’t like my teacher.
Ex: The weather was very nice, so we went for a picnic. The weather was very nice.Therefore, we went for a picnic.
Ex: The country had suffered greatly during the war. Moreover/ Furthermore, it had no money.
b/ Otherwise: Ex: Shut all the windows, otherwise it will get too cold in there.
c/ Alternatively Ex: The agency will make travel arrangements for you. Alternatively, you can organize your own transport.
d/ Instead: thay vì,
Ex: Nancy didn’t reply. Instead, she turned on her heel and left the room. We have no coffee. Would you like tea instead ?

Một số cụm từ nối khác:

1 Even if + negative verb: cho dù. You must go tomorrow even if you aren't ready.

2 Whether or not + positive verb: dù có hay không. You must go tomorrow whether or not you are ready.

3 Các từ nghi vấn đứng đầu câu dùng làm từ nối 

Clauses and phrases 7
Động từ theo sau mệnh đề mở đầu phải chia ở ngôi thứ 3 số ít. 
        Whether he goes out tonight depends on his girldfriend.
        Why these pupils can not solve this problems makes the teachers confused.

4 Một số các từ nối có quy luật riêng

And moreover  And thus And furthermore But nevertheless

And in addtion or otherwise And therefore But ... anyway

+ Nếu nối giữa hai mệnh đề, đằng trước chúng phải có dấu phẩy
        He was exhausted, and therefore his judgement was not very good.
+ Nhưng nếu nối giữa hai từ đơn thì không
        The missing piece is small but nevertheless significant.

5 Unless + positive = if ... not: Trừ phi, nếu không. You will be late unless you start at once.

6 But for that + unreal condition: Nếu không thì

Mệnh đề sau nó phải lùi một thời. 

+ Hiện tại
        My father pays my fee, but for that I couldn't be here.
+ Quá khứ
        My car broke down, but for that we would have been here in time.

7 Otherwise + real condition: Kẻo, nếu không thì. 

We must be back before midnight otherwise I will be locked out.

8 Otherwise + unreal condition: Kẻo, nếu không thì.

Sau nó phải là điều kiện không thể thực hiện được, mệnh đề sau nó lùi một thời. 
+ Hiện tại
        Her father supports her finance otherwise she couldn't conduct these experiments (But she can with her father's support).
+ Quá khứ:
        I used a computer, otherwise I would have taken longer with these calculations (But he didn't take any longer).
*Lưu ý: Trong tiếng Anh thông tục (colloquial English) người ta dùng or else để thay thế cho otherwise.

9 Provided/Providing that: Với điều kiện là, miễn là ( = as long as) 

You can camp here providing that you leave no mess.

10 Suppose/Supposing = What ... if : Giả sử .... thì sao, Nếu ..... thì sao. 

        Suppose the plane is late? = What (will happen) if the plane is late?
Lưu ý: 
* Suppose còn có thể được dùng để đưa ra lời gợi ý.         Suppose you ask him = Why don't you ask him.
* Lưu ý thành ngữ: What if I am?: Tao thế thì đã sao nào? (mang tính thách thức)

11 If only + S + simple present/will + verb = hope that: hi vọng rằng 

If only he comes in time. If only he will learn harder for the test next month.

12 If only + S + simple past/past perfect = wish that (Câu đ/k không thực = giá mà)

If only he came in time now. If only she had studied harder for that test

13 If only + S + would + V: 

+ Diễn đạt một hành động không thể xảy ra ở hiện tại
        If only he would drive more slowly = we wish he drove more slowly.

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+ Diễn đạt một ước muốn vô vọng về tương lai:
        If only it would stop raining.

14 Immediately = as soon as = the moment (that) = the instant that = directly: ngay lập tức/ ngay khi mà 

Tell me immediately (=as soon as) you have any news. Phone me the moment that you get the results.
I love you the instant (that) I saw you. Directly I walked in the door I smell

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