1. What are passive and active elements?

= passive elements don’t require external source to operate

=active elements such as op-amp, SCR require external power supply to operate

2. In RC ckt

(C) LPF= taking output voltage across C gives us a low pass filter since capacitive reactance
Xc = 1/jwC. At high frequency w is large so Xc is close to zero so C acts as short circuit,
voltage across C is zero. At low frequency w is low, so Xc is very large so C acts as open
circuit , voltage drop in R is zero, hence voltage across C is the input voltage signal.

(R) HPF= taking output voltage across R gives us a high pass filter since capacitive reactance
Xc = 1/jwC. At high frequency w is large so Xc is close to zero, so C acts as short circuit,
voltage across C is zero so using KVL voltage across R is V input. At low frequency w is low,
so Xc is very large so C acts as open circuit , voltage drop in R is zero since current in circuit
is zero.

3. In RL ckt

(R) LPF= taking output voltage across R gives us a low pass filter since inductive reactance
XL = jwL. At high frequency w is large so XL is large , so L acts as open circuit, voltage across
R is zero. At low frequency w is low, so XL is very small so L acts as short circuit , voltage
drop in L is zero, hence voltage across R is the input voltage signal.

(L) HPF= taking output voltage across L gives us a high pass filter since inductive reactance
XL = jwL. At high frequency w is large so XL is large, so L acts as open circuit, voltage across
R is zero so using KVL voltage across L is V input. At low frequency w is low, so XL is small,
so L acts as short circuit , voltage drop in L is zero and across R is equal to input voltage.

4. What is CMRR?

= CMRR is common mode rejection ratio.

5. Advantage and disadvantage of increasing order of passive filter?

6. How to design butterworth filter?

=
7. What is quality factor?

8. What do you understand about the gain-bandwidth product of an op amp?

9. What is nptch filter?

10.Is BJT uni or bipolar?

11.