12 + BUI YAN NAM rnN

CON NGUOI:
QyENMA�

H Qi nghj the gi&i Ve triet hQC dU'Q'C to chU'C nam

nam m9t Ian, quy tv hang ngan triet gia tU'
nhieu nU'&c. Chu de chung cua h9i nghi Ian thU' 18
(1988, t9i Brighton, Anh) la "Quan ni�m triet hQc ve
con ngU'ai", v&i cac de tai trong cac phien hQp toan
the: con ngU'O'i nhU' la doi tU'qng cua triet h9c; con
ngU'ai: ban tfnh, tinh than va c9ng dong; hi�n t9i va
tU'O'ng lai cua loai ngU'O'i.
Bon h9i nghi tiep theo c6 cac chu de chung lan h.iQ't
nhu sau: h¢i nghi 19 (1993, Moskva - Nga): tu duy phi­
tuyen tinh; h¢i nghi 20 (1998, Boston - My): triet h9c
giao d1;1c; h9i nghi 21 (2003, Istanbul - Tho Nh:i Ky): triet
 TRO rnunH TRl(T HO( + 17

LuAN
. � Vt B1Eu TANG:
.
ANNGUCUA
NHUNG M6N Q1JA.

T rong quan h� giCi'a ngLI'O'i v&i ngU'O'i, qua t�ng

mang th�t nhieu dang ve: co the bang hi�n v�t,
nhU'ng cung CO the la anh mat, nl.) CU'O'i, la SI/ chu y,
quan tam hay la t1nh yeu vo dieu ki�n: "T1nh da cho
khong lay l�i baa giO'" (Xuan Di�u).
Vi�c bieu t�ng c6 the dien ra giua nhung nguoi xa le}.
hay n�c danh nhu trong hanh vi tudng te ho�c ca khi thi
an bat cau bao. Nhung, la hi�n tu<Jng xa h<)i, bieu t�ng
thuong mang ba yeu to: trao t�ng, tiep nh�n va dap t�ng,
18 • BUI VAN HAM �ON

C.111 xem xet trong

Clu'QC
m9t h� thong phuc hQ'p va
da di�n.
Marcel Mauss ( 1872
- 1950), nha nhan hQc
va clan t9c h9c hang c1au
nguoi Phap, b�c thay cua
nhung ten tuoi lung darih
nhu Claude Levi-Strauss,
Radcliffe-Brown v.v. trong Marcel Mauss
cong trinh kinh dien Lu�n ve' bie'u ti;ng ( 1925), da dva vao
cac nghien CUU dan tQC chi, dan ta_vao CUQC du hanh th�t
ky thu cua hanh vi bieu t�ng tu nhung xa h9i co so, thong
qua cac nen van minh co d�i (Hy - La, An D9, Trung Hoa,
Giecmanh ... ) va tu d6, suy nghi ve nhung anh huong cua
n6 den xa h9i hi�n dq.i. Trang cac hinh thuc giao luu khong
thong qua thi trtiong, c6 nhung b9 lq.c co so (nhti tren quan
dao Trobriand 6' Melanesie, chau Phi) su d1_1ng qua t�ng
nhti phtiong ti�n cho mc;,t ffil_lC dich, a6 la tq.O ra Va duy tri
cac moi day lien ket xa hc;,i. Qua t�ng, trong trliong hQ'p
nay, la mc;,t yeu to trong toan be;, h� thong nhung cung ung
ho tliong, boi nglioi ta khong chi bieu t�ng nhau nhung v�t
pham quy bau ma ca tri thuc, nghi le, nhay mu.a ... Mauss
g9i d6 la "h� thong cua nhfing cung ung toan di�n", hay
g9n hon, sl.j t�n hien. H� thong "t�n hien" bao ham ba
nghfa Vl_l bat buc;,c: t�ng qua, nh�n qua ( S\;i tu choi dong
nghia voi chia re, thu dich) va nhat la dap t�ng. Tq.i sao phai
dap t�ng? Day chinh la chia khoa bi m�t duy tri h� thong:
qua t�ng chtia tach roi voi ngtioi t�ng, trai lq.i no mang m9t
phan "linh hon" khien vi�c dip t�ng tro thanh m<;>t nghfa
 TRO CHUYIN TRl[T HO( + 21

CON NGUOI:.
SINH VAT BIET
liANHD(>NG!

" on ngll'ai la thU'O'C do cua V9n v�t" - nh�n dinh

C ay da xac l�p nen man nhan h9c. "Thll'O'C do ay
khong 6' nO'i con ngll'ai ma phai t1m 6' m9t the gi&i
ly tU'O'ng, VU'Q't len tren con ngll'O'i" - quan diem trai
ngll'Q'C nay nang Cao kfch thU'O'C triet h9c CUa van
de. "Hay dU'a the gi&i ly tll'6'ng ay xuong dat de con
ngll'O'i hanh d9ng hgp d<;10 ly''- l�p trU'ang dung hoa
nay mO' dU'ang cha man nhan h9c triet hQC.
Co the n6i, ba each tiep c�n ay - tu thoi co dq.i Hy Lq.p !
- da xay dt;tng nen cai khung ly thuyet ban dau cho m9i tra
van ve con nguoi.
26 • BUI YAN NAM ION

CON NGUOI:
GrO'AHAI THE G1d1

T hong qua giao dvc va dao luy�n (paideia) de

lam "con ngU'O'i d(ch thlfc", do la di san l&n lao
cua tU' tU'&ng Hy L9p. Dung cam bat tay vao vi�c
de thau hieu m�t m9nh Ian m�t yeu cua con ngU'O'i,
do la tinh than La Ma. Khau hi�u "Hay dam biet!"
(Sapere aude!) cua tinh than nay se hoi sinh 6' thO'i
C�n de;1i, sau m9t ch�ng dU'O'ng dai cua thO'i Trung co
va Phvc hU'ng.

"Toi la con ngLPai" ...

Neu tu tuong Hy L�p noi tieng voi tu paideia (giao
d1;1c, dao luy�n) thi van minh La Ma lung danh voi tu
humanitas (nhan van). Khong con ddn thuan huong theo
30 • BUI VAN HAM �OH

PHl)C HUNG:
TR6I DAY
. NHlf
PHlfdNG
. HOANG

C hau My dlf9'C kham pha. May in dlfqc phat

minh. (UQC each m,;mg tran ng�p tinh than sang
t90 trong van hoa, ngh� thu�t, trong van chU'O'ng
va khoa h9c. Kien true, h(>i ho 9, am nh9c... xac l�p
nhfrng chuan ml)'c m&i me cho nhieu the ky ve sau.
a
Thai PhL:JC hU'ng vao cac the ky 15 va 16 chau Au
qua la mQt thO'i ky bat hu trong ljch SU' nhan lo9i.
Tu m9t ke sung tin1 con nguoi chuyen minh de tro
thanh chu the cua nh�n thuc, cong dan cua xa h9i va
nhan each trong luan ly. Tuy nhien, can l�t l�i m<)t vai
trang ljch SU tntoc khi c6 the nh�n r6 slj chuyen bien
l6'n lao ay.
 TRO CHUY!H TRl[T HOC + 35

FLORENCIA:
CHIECNOI
CUA PHl)C HUNG

G iac quan Va dau OC dU'O'ng nhU' dU'Q'C mO' toang,

trO' thanh Cong Cl;I de d�t l9i mQi van de, hU'&ng
den nhfrng ben bO' m&i me VO'i nhfrng CUQC each
m9ng trong kinh te, van hoa, ngh� thu�t. Trong
vong vai th�p ky, b9 ph�n tinh hoa van hoa da tien
hanh m9t CUQC d9i canh tan ve mQi m�t. Ben C9nh
vung Flanders thu9c Hoa Lan, Florencia la chiec n6i
cua thai d9i n/c r& ay: thai Pht;1c hlfng.

Nhu,ng Bill Gates cua thai d�i

Bay la thoi d�i cua chu nghfa tu ban sd ky. M9t CUQC
c�nh tranh ac li�t giua cac quoc gia va do thi, giua nhung
 TRO (HUYlN TRlfl HO( + 37

Giao hoang o Roma. Nhung r6i J

c6 le do can rut luong tam vi
nhung "phi Vl,l" mo amJ Cosimo
bo tien tui xay dl,tng nha tho San
Marco} nha tho San Lorenzo.
Ding khen hon het la 6ng con
xay dt,ing thu' vi�n cong c()ng dau
tien cua chau Au va tro thanh nha
CosimodeMedici-BillGatesciothilPh\lhUllg
'bao trQ' cho cac ngh� si va nhieu
tai nang van hoa khic nhau. Chau n9i cua ongJ Lorenzo
il Magnifico ("Lorenzo huy hoang") con Vll'.Q't ca ong rn)i
ve sl,i hao ph6ng va danh tieng. Nguoi chau khong lam an
lay lung nhu ong n<)i - nang ll,tc tai chinh cua nha Medici
dang danxuong doc - nhung lc_1i thanh danh nhu' m<)t chinh
khach va nha cai trt hang dau cua thoi Phl,lC hung. Ong
con du'Q'c yeu chuc;,ng nhu' la ke hao hoa, hang say da dau
cho ngh� thu�t va khoa h9c. Nha Medici cai tri Florencia
bang nhung lien minh chfnh trt c6 mui "mua ban': Ben
ngoai, Florencia la mc;,t nha nu'oc cc;,ng hoa voi ve clan chu,
nhung ben trong la mc;,t do thi duQ'c dieu hanh theo kieu
t�p doan tri cua tai phi�t. Giau c6 va quyen 11,tc, d6 la d.c
thu9c tinh quy tc;,c moi me va OQC dao cua giai doq.n nay.
Nhung, tang lop quy t9c dang bt thach thu'c truoc mc;,t the
hjc q.nh tranh non tre. M9t CUQC each mq.ng dang den gan:
Sl,l thang tien Cua gioi tu' San.

Tu, san dang len

Yeu to quan tn?ng nhat cua thoi Ph1,1c hung chinh la
tinh than c�nh tranh quyet thang. Cac CUQC giao chien
lien mien, cac lien minh thay doi xoanh xo�ch giua gioi
40 t BUI VAH NAM �ON

Slf ra deli cua than V� nu - tranh Sandro Botticelli.

CACDANHTAC
. HUNG
THOI PHUC

N gh� thu�t I� bU'c tranh phan anh tam thU'c con

ngLI'ai & moi thai d9i. Khi cao trao Phvc hLI'ng
chU'a dien ra, ngh� thu�t t9o h1nh & va chau Au v
con dl)'a vao m�u ml)'c cua ngh� thu�t Byzantine &
phfa dong La Ma, chu yeu & d9ng tLI'qng khac dU'c
Kita vinh quang hay dau kho. TLI'qng khac con rat SO'
sai, chU'a thay h1nh anh cua con ngU'ai tl)' nhien. H1nh
anh than linh con bat d9ng, tho cU'ng. ChU'a the co
cam giac khong gian trong loi the hi�n hai chieu nay.
Nhlfng, m9t CUQC each m9ng dang dan manh nha.

Tw tranh kh�c d�n tac phim hc}i ho�

Nhung tranh tu'.Q'ng dau thoi Ph1..1c hung cua Cimabue,
 TRO CHUY(N TRl[T HO( + 41

Duccio de Buoninsegna va Giotto

- trong d6 noi tieng nhat la tranh
Due M� va cic thien than ( 1280)
cua Cimabue - van con la sl;i sap xep
cic hinh tu'.Q'ng mc;,t each tinh t.].i,
bat dc;,ng. Nhung, nhin ky, ta thay
cac duong net da bat dau mem m�i
hdn, giong con nguoi tlj nhien hdn
va bot dan tinh chat khac go. Da c6
slj bien d(mg trong h9i hoc].: tu'.qng
khac dang chuyen minh thanh ho�
pham. Tuy nhien, ngh� thu�t trong
' ·' , - ,
gial· dOq.n Chuyen tlep nay van con Ouc M� voi cac thien than -tranh Cimabue.
lay cac Slj k.i�n trong Kinh Thanh lam nguon cam hung chu
dq.O va du'.Q'c hieu nhu'. cai d�p Ou'.Q'C V�t chat hoa de ngQ'i Ca
ThuQ'ng de. Ngh� thu�t chua c6 khong gian rieng cua n6
0 trong doi song the tl;lC, vi giao duong la ndi duy nhat de
con nguoi c6 the g�p go va chiem ngu'.ong ngh� thu�t.

Vang va khong gian

Vao sd ky Phl;lc hung (1400 - 1500), ngh� thu�t tq.o
hinh bien doi sau sac, bat dau mang tinh ba chieu hien
tht;ic. Vang du'.Q'c SU dl.}ng r¢ng rai nhu'. chat Heu trang tri
mang lc}.i ve 6ng a, huy hoang. Cac khong gian dtiQ'C hinh
thanh. Phong canh duQ'c mo ta voi slj chinh xac theo kieu
ch\lp anh. Con nguoi bat dau mo ta thoi dq.i minh, va nhat
la ch:inh minh nhu la nhan v�t trung tam day kieu hanh.
Florencia la trung tam cua nhung y ttiong sang tc].O:
Donatello voi nhung tac pham t<}O hinh b�c thay, gQ'i lc}.i
mau mljc cua La Ma co dcJ.i; nghe thu�t trang tri n;tc ro
 TRO CHUY(H TRlfT HO( + 45

DEUSIN TERRA:
.ONG TROI CON
TREN�TDAT!
A - �

Tudng David clla Michelangelo

N hLJ' ta da thay, con ngLI'ai t�O'i Phl)C hu1ng tl/ tin

va tl/ giac (Phl)c hLJ'ng: troi d�y nhLJ' phU'Q'ng
hoang, trang 30 ). HQ tl/ xem mlnh la ngu1ai ngh� sT,
nha sang t�o, ke lam chu nhfrng nganh khoa hQC Va
ngh� thu�t. HQ ham th1ch nhfrng tien b9 ky thu�t,
luon quan sat, phan tkh mQi vi�c m9t each sac sao
va chi Ii.
Mon giai phau h9c ra do'i giup con nguo'i hieu r6 ve
than xac cua minh. Phoi canh trung tam (trong hc;,i ho�)
giup con nguoi nhin slj v�t tu the dung cua chu the. Cai
tran the va hoan canh song hi�n thl.jc d<,t nhien tro thanh
48 • BUI m NAM rnN

duo·ng tho'i, cao trao van hoa ay k.hong khac gl S\J bung
tinh khoi ffiQt giac m9ng dai hay S\J ph1,1c sinh CUa ffiQt COD
nguoi moi. Vao cu6i the ky 16, nhin l9i thoi ky rvc ref nay,
nha phe binh ngh� thu�t nguoi Florencia la Giorgio Vasari
da d�t cho n6 m<;>t danh xu'.ng bat hu: "rinascita" (sv ph1,1c
sinh hay ph1,1c hung). Danh xu'.ng nay duQ'c chap nh�n r9ng
rai Vil den nay van con du'.Q'C dung de ton vinh hai the ky
van hoa (15 va 16) cua chauAu.

"Ngh� si thAn thanh": m�u hinh ly tLP&ng

Neu the t1,1c hoa la tinh chat tieu
bieu cua thoi dq.i nay, thi d�c diem
lon nhat cua n6 la vi�c than thanh
hoa con nguoi. Marsilio Ficino:
"Con nguoi hau nhu c6 cung m9t
thien tai sang tq.o nhu'. dang sang the
va c6 the dvng nen ca troi dat neu
CO du'.Q'C trong tay dl,lng Cl,l Va chat
Nha chinh lri, nha van, SU' hQC Machiavelli
li�u sieu the gian. Con ngu'.oi thvc te
ciing dang lam nhu'. the, tuy voi v�t li�u khac, nhung cung
cung m9t trinh t\i': Nguoi "ngh� Sl than thanh" ( artifex
divinus) chinh la "Thien Chua theo mc;,t each nao d6, la
dang sang the tren m�t dat'� nhu loi xung tl,lng cua Pico
della Mirandola!
Bong thoi, con nguoi ciing y thuc du'.Q'C sue ffiq.nh
cua gioi t\i nhien dang rang bu<)c chinh minh. N6i nhu
Machiavelli, "Con ngu'oi tha ho d�t nen nhung tam tham
nhung khong the dut bo nhung duong ta". Vi the,Jesus va
Socrates la mau hinh d<J.O due cua thoi Pht;1c hung: ca hai
du'Q'C thong nhat l;�i nhu'. la mau ffi\iC cho con ngu'.oi thoi
50 • BUI VAH HAM IOH

Bile tranh mieu tel ccinh C. Columbus tu bW nil hoang Tay Ban Nha len duilng tim dot moi.

Bude vAo THOI CAN

. DAI
.

X a h9i Tay phU'O'ng bat dau do9n tuy�t v&i thai

trung co: khe U'O'C Xa h9i, chu quyen CUa nhan
dan, tam quyen phan l�p, Sl/ tham gia dan chu cua
m9i ngU'ai vao cac dinh che quyen ll)'c cCing nhU' cac
tuyen ngon ve nhan quyen va dan quyen danh dau
m9t bU'&c ngo�t lich sU'.
Nhung, d6 la m<)t ch�ng du6'ng dai suot bon the ky,
neu tinh tu khoi dau th6'i Ph1.,1c hung cho den d<J.i each
m<J.ng Phip.

Cac thai ky cua c�n d�i

Phan ky lich SU la cong vi�c cua cac SU gia, xuat phat tu
nhu cau phan lo<}i va gioi h<}n doi tliQ'ng nghien cuu, vi the,
52 • BUI YAN HAM �ON

nhin van) cac chuyen tham hiem cua nguoi Bo Dao Nha va
Tay Ban Nha tu dau the ky 15 lam thay doi hinh anh ve qua
da\ cung voi phong trao cai each ton giao tu 1517 pha va
sl,i thong nhat cua Giao h9i Kita giao phuong Tay trung
CO: do la ba Sl,i phat trien CO lien quan ch�t che voi nhauJ
dua chau Au buoc vao
thoi c�n d�i. Voi chu
nghia nhan van cua
thoi Phl,lC hung khoi
phvc d.c gia tri cua van
hoa co d�i Hy - La, m9t
hinh anh moi me ve
Johannes Gutenberg viii phat minh Ion cho nhon loQi: chiec may in. con ngu'oi ca nhan hj

quyet da ra doi. Nhu da biet, dong dao cac h9c gia Hy L�p
da tr6n ch�y sang Y vao nam 1453 sau khi thanh
Constantinople bi de che Ottoman chinh phvc da mang
theo nhung di san quy bau cua van hoa co d�i tu'ong da
that truyen. Nho do, the gioi Tay phuong dinh huong theo
cac n9i dung va hinh thuc co d�i trong triet h9c, van
chuong, h(>i ho�, t�o hinh va kien true. Cung voi thoi gian
ay, vi�c tich luy va lan truyen tri thuc du'.Q'c gia toe m�nh
me chu'.a tung co nhovi�c phat minh ra may in cua Johannes
Gutenberg o nu'.oc Due. Phat minh nay con t�o dieu ki�n
cho m9t sv ki�n chan d(>ng: phong trao cai each ton giao
cua Martin Luther. Nam 1517, Martin Luther cong b6 95
lu�n de, nho dva vao vi�c nghien cuu Kinh Thanh tu ngu6n
tieng Hy L�p va Hebro, tuc dl;ia vao nhung c6ng trinh
nghien cuu cua cac nha nhan van chu nghia tru'oc do m<;>t
the ky. Martin Luther cung dich Kinh Thanh sang tieng
Due, va, nho may in, lan truyen r6ng rai trong xa h(>i.
 TRO CHUY!N TRlfr HOC + 55

Phong each Roboco trong mQt nha thd flue.

BUC TRANH VAN H6A

THOICANDAI
. .

T hO'i c�n d�i khong chi la b� phong tl/ nhien cho

thCYi hi�n dc;ii (ke tlf sau dc;ii each m9ng Phap) v&i
tU' each mc)t thCYi ky ljch SU' di trU'O'C. Ve nhieu m�t,
nhat la tLI' tU'6'ng, van h9c, ngh� thu�t, thCYi c�n d9i
d9t t&i mll'c de) "kinh dien" ma the ky 20, v&i nhieu
no llfc each tan, van khong d@ dang VU'9't qua noi.
Th�t kh6 giai thich tr9n v�n ly do cua m(>t thanh tl;iu
van hoa d9c sang nhu the. Va d6 cung la manh dat mau mo
de nhung nh�n thuc moi me Ve COll ngtioi dtiQ'C gieo mam
vanayno.

Cong nghi�p hoa va van hoa

ft c6 thoi dc}.i nao giup ta thay r6 slj gan b6 m�t thiet
56 • BUI YAN NAM rnN

giua kinh te va van hoa nhu thoi c�n d�i. Chinh the quan
chu chuyen che gan lien voi hinh thuc kinh te tr9ng thudngJ
boi nha nu'oc chuyen che tien hanh chinh sach cliong qu6c
Va cac quan h� OOi ngo�i chu yeu dlja VaO Cong C1:} thu'dng
m<;1i va cong nghi�p. Tien trinh cong nghi�p hoa co st;i thay
aoi Cd ban voi vi�c phat minh CO may hdi nlioc OaU tien
cua James Watt vao the ky 18. May hdi nuoc khong chi lam
dao l<)n toan b<) phudng thuc san xuat, nhat la trong cong
nghi�p sat thep, ma ca h<;1 tang giao thong nho du nh�p h�
thong tau hoa va duong sat, bat dau o m.toc Anh vao nam
1825 voi George Stephenson. C6 the n6i, vi�c ra doi h�
thong duong sat da ket thuc giai do<?-n sd ky de di vao thtnh
ky cua thoi c�n d<;1i.

Barack va Rococo
Ngh� thu�t cho ta thay
duQ'c so thich cua thoi d<;1i,
hinh anh con nguoi Ian
nhung d�c diem cua xa h9i
va quan ni�m ve xa h(>i cua
m9t thoi ky lich SU nhat
dinh. Sau thoi Ph1:1c hung,
phong each ngh� thu�t
Cung di�n Versailles (phong each Baroque)
chu yeu cua tho'i c�n d<;1i la
Barock va Rococo, hai ten g9i duqc hinh thanh tu cuoi the
ky 19 (1880) boi Jacob Burkhardt , nha Iich SU van hoa.
Phong each Barock ( 1600 - 1770) gan lien voi st;i Ion m<;1nh
cua nen quan chu chuyen che va phong trao phan - cai each
ton giao, nham bieu dliong sue m�nh va uy the cua the ltjc
moi. Phong each Barock xoa b6 khoang each giua cac I0<;1i
60 • BUI VAN NAM �ON

CONNGUOIVA.
,� �
CHINH TRI. TIEN-HIEN
. DAI
.

T U'ch6 cac nha nhan van chu nghTa thai Phvc hl1ng
bat dau biet ton vinh nhfrng due h9nh cua con
ngl!ai ca nhan va con ngl!ai cong dan cho den quan
ni�m hi�n d9i ve nha nl!O'C nhl1 la Vi�c djnh che hoa
nhan quyen va dan quyen, la m9t hanh tr1nh gian
kho qua nhieu bl!O'C trung gian trong quan ni�m
ve con ngl!ai. Machiavelli (1469 - 1527), Thomas
Hobbes (1588 - 1679) va John Locke (1632 - 1704) la
ba gl!O'ng m�t tieu bieu CUa CUQC hanh tr1nh ay.

Chinh tri va d�o dwc

Trang triet hQC chinh trj cua thoi co d.;,.i Hy - La, cac
 TRO CHUYlN TRlfT HOC + 61

duong l6i chinh trt duQ'c rut ra tu d.c quytac trong hanh vi
cua con nguoi. V6'i each nhin ay, chinh tri chi la m9t phuong
di�n trong doi song con nguoi, lien quan den trach nhi�m
cua ca nhan d6i vo'i c9ng dong. M9t l�p truong nguQ'c l<;1i
cho rang chinh trj la S\,i V�n hanh cua nha nude VUQ't ra khoi
m9i thuo'c do ca nhan. Petrarca - mo man thoi Phl;lC hung
(Phl;lC hung: troi d�y nhu phliQ'ng hoang, trang 30) - tiep
thu l�p trliong co d<;1i nay va doi h6i rang mQi ho<;1t d9ng
van hoa phai g6p phan cai thi�n nen tang d<;10 due cho ca
nhan. Vi the, d6i v6'i chu nghia nhan van so ky, d<;10 du'c
h9c la man h9c clan d<;10 va chi ph6i ca linh Vl.jc chinh trt.
Cac do tht- qu6c gia nhu Florencia - cai n6i cua Phl;lC hung
- xem h<;1nh phuc cua tung ca nhan cong clan la ml;lC tieu
dich thl,ic cua ho<;1t d9ng chinh tri, xem ke thu la nhung ke
b<;1i ho<;1i ve luan ly.
Thoi trung co cung c6 hai
each l�p lu�n khac nhau ve co' so
cua luan ly. Thomas Aquino xem
con nguoi la v�t thl;l t9-o, vi the
phai phl;lC tung lu�t 1� thieng lieng
cua thuQ'ng de. Nhung lu�t 1� vua
thieng lieng vua c6 tinh tl,i nhien
ph6 quat ay la nhung nhan quyen.
Chung khong chi phu hQ'p vo'i lQ'i Thomas Hobbes.
ich cua tung ca nhan ma con xuat phat tu dinh nghfa h;i
nhien ve con nguoi. Wilhelm von Ockham (1285 - 1347),
ngliQ'c l�i, phu nh�n nhung gia tri ph6 quat ay va chi rut
quyen tl,i nhien ra tu y chi ca nhan ma thoi. Hai l�p truong
khac nhau ay se anh huong m<;1nh me den cac h9c thuyet
chfnh tri cua thoi Phl;lC hung va Baro ck.
 TRO CHUYIN TRlfi HOC • 65

"GIAO LUU TR{JC TUYEN"

;(.

VOi HOBBES, LOCKE

VA ROUSSEAU

N gLYO'i dan chlfO'ng tr1nh: MO'i quy vi theo doi

buoi tranh lu�n "trlfC tuyen" (tlfO'ng tlfqng!)
VO'i ba Vi to Slf chung quanh cau hoi: Nha nlfO'C de
lam g1? Dan quyen can dlfqc the che hoa ra sao? Xin
nhi�t li�t gi&i thi�u Cl.J Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712
- 1778) nglfO'i Phap va hai Cl.J tien boi nglfO'i Anh la
Thomas Hobbes (1588 - 1679) va John Locke (1632
- 1704 ).
Nguoi dan: "K.inh lao dac th<?': thtia Ct;i Hobbes, Cl) la
nguoi sang l�p triet h9c ve nha nuoc hi�n d?i. T?i sao Ct;i
d�t ten cho tac pham chinh nam 1651 cua Ct;i la Leviathan?
 TRO CHUHH TRlfT HijC + 79

.... ,.. � ,..

"GAP
. PRAT
. GIET PRAT"
.
RAYVE MOT
. cACH DOC.
KEPHANKITO
? ? A

CUA NIETZSCHE

"G �p Ph�t giet Ph�t, g�p To giet To" la m¢t

loi n6i cua thien tong, gay kinh hai kh6ng
chi cho nhfrng t(n do SO' CO'! Friedrich Nietzsche
(1844 - 1900) cang nhLI' the VI 6ng co loi nghjch
ng6n, nghjch hanh di thU'ang. Cong kfch 6ng kha
de, VI tac pham cua 6ng kh6ng thieu nhfrng mau
thuan, nghjch ly. Ng¢ nh�n 6ng cang d� hO'n khi
nhieu chfr ong dung cove cuong b90, khinh re con
ngU'O'i: "y chf quyen l(/c", "sieu nhan", "danh gia
l9i m9i gia tri" ...
 TRO (HUYlH TRllT HO( + 81

( Kc plian Kita, Lai dau). Doi voi ke yeu thich 6ng, sung bai
L)ng, ong cung canh cao: "Cac ngtiai ton sung ta, nhung
dieu gi se xay ra neu slj sung bai ay s9p do m9t ngay nao
do? Coi chung, ttiQ'ng dai se de chet cac nguoi day!" (Ecce
Homo, loi ttja).

Tri�t ly VO'i cay bua!

"La m9t trai min", roi l<;1i bao
rang "triet ly voi cay bua" (Hoang
hon cua nhang than tuQ'ng, 1889),
Nietzsche cho ta cam ttiang 6ng la
nguoi de bung no va pha phach.
Nhung khong, ong Su'. dl,lng "cay
bua" m9t each tinh te, sac sao,
khong phai de d�p pha VO l6i ma
nhti m9t chiec dua tham am de go
vao tung ngau ttiQ'ng, xem n6 c6
thtjc chat hay rang ru¢t. 6ng tim
nhftng ly ttiong gia m.;to, nhftng Friedrich Nietzsche (1B44-1900)
chan ly nu'a Vo'i, trut bo, lam S,JCh
chung de thay bang cai moi. Thay bang gi thi ong chtia th�t
r6, nhung biet chac m9t dieu: con duo'ng den vo'i chan ly
doi h6i phai d�p VO nhung gi phan chan ly h ay ngur. chan
ly. Tru6'c tien, ong "go" va.o chu nghfa nhi nguyen kieu
Platon, phan doi "ThuQ'ng de" va "the gian'� dan den cha
khinh ghet, thu dich nhung gi la "t\i nhien", la "tran the':
Roi 6ng quay sang phe phan nen luan lyxo' cung, giao dieu
cua Kit6 giao kinh vi�n, trtioc khi phe phan ca phien ban
"Ph�t h9c chau Au" dan den chu nghfa hu vo, phu nh�n
m9i gia tri va chan ly khach quan. Nietzsche nh�n ra Sl,i cap
84 + BUI YAN HAM SON

THAN xAc VA .. TU DO

T r& l�i v&i quan ni�m ve con ngU'O'i, ta kh6ng the

kh6ng nhac den Rene Descartes (1596 -1650) va
Immanuel Kant ( 1724 - 1804). 6ng tn.r&c dU'Q'C ton
vinh la cha de cua triet hQC hi�n d�i. Ong sau cung
la m9t d�i triet gia, dong thO'i la ngU'O'i thl/C Sl.J' khai
sinh man nhan hQC, tU'C khoa hQC Ve con ngU'CYi,
theo nghia hi�n d�i.

"C6 may ngu,ai"?

Ta thuong biet rang Descartes phan chia mQi thu tren
doi thanh hai loc}.i ban the: ban the v�t chat c6 quang tinh
va ban the tu'. duy, vi the ducjc gQi la thuyet nhi nguyen.
V�y, slj ket hQ'p hai lo4i ban the nay ndi con nguoi nhu the
nao? Tru6'c het, nho xet than the con nguoi nhu la m<}t
 TRO CHUYlN TRlfT HOC + 89

Trenh Michelangelo ve con ngtJiJi dau tien dtJQC Thuqng de fQO ra: Adam

MOT
. NEN NHAN HOC
A � A

� �
DAN THAN

S au c6ng tr1nh m6' aU'ang cua Immanuel Kant

(Than xac va... tl! do, trang 84), ta chung kien hai
the ky phat trien ClfC ky soi a9ng CUa man nhan h9c.
Con ngU'ai cang hieu biet nhieu ve chfnh m1nh, cang
hoang mang hO'n trU'O'C tU'O'ng lai da y bat trac.

. sU'
. v6'i lich
D6i dien
Tntoc het, man nhan h9c phai doi di�n voi y thuc ve
Itch SU va nhung Iy giai khac nhau ve y nghia cua Itch SU.
Dua kich thuoc Iich SU vao vi�c tim hieu con nguoi khong
khac gi chia tay voi quan ni�m ve m(>t "ban chat" bat bien
cua con nguoi va voi chinh Iy do ton t�i cua mon nhan h9c !
Tuy nhien, m<)t khi quan ni�m ve con nguoi da bi tuong
doi hoa thi ciing mo ra kha nang d�t I<}.i moi quan h� giua
92 + BUI YAN HAM �OH

va kiem soat ... Mot "cong vien" dich tht,tc cho con nguoi
chua thay lo d,;rng.

Nhan hQC d�n than

Kha bat ngo khi truck nhung vien
d.nh co ve dang sg ay, triet gia Karl
Rahner ( 1904 - 1984) lc:1i cho ta mc)t
cai nhin lc:1c quan va mot thai de) tich
ctjc. Neu "ban chat" cua con nguoi la
co the (tt,t) leo lai chinh minh J thi ciu
Trietgio llllc:Korl Rohner (1904-1984) hoi "se di Ve dau ?" van la mQt ciu hoi
de ng6 va khong ai du'gc phep "h9p
thuc hoa" hay "chinh dang hoa" ve m�t luan ly cho 1n9t tinh
trc:1ng C\l the nao do nhu' la cau tra loi chung quyet. Dap l�i
thai d9 dc:10 due suong (con ngu'oi khong du'cjc phep lam
tat ca nhung gi minh c6 the lam!) ho�c thai d9 hoai nghi
(con nguoi kh6 ma chun tay khi thay c6 the lam du'gc!) la
m9t thai d<) dan than.
Thai d9 dan than xuat phat tu nhung nh�n djnh tinh
tao: bat ky stj quy hoq.ch hay ke hoq.ch hoa nao cung lam
xuat hi�n cai khong dugc quy ho.).ch1 cai bat kha thi. "M9t
h� thong tuy�t doi hay dugc kiem soat m9t each tuy�t doi
chi CO the du'.gc kien tq.O boi ke nao ding tuy�t doi dung
ben ngoai n6. Ngay ca m9t co may biet tt,t thich nghi va
biet tl.j dao tq.O thi neu no khong dong nhat vdi VU tr\},
cung chi lam dugc dieu ay trong m(>t phq.m vi hfiu hq.n ma
thoi': M�t khac, 4ch SU la con du'ong m<;>t chieu. Khong
nen hinh dung nang hjc thao tung cua con ngu'oi theo mo
hinh CUa m9t CUQC th£ nghi�m khoa h9c hq.n h�p, tha ho
dieu khien cac qua trinh toi lui theo y muon ma khong g�p
94 • BUI m HAM m

Tranh John William Waterhouse (1849 - 1917)

ve Diogenes, dien lich ve SI/trove v6i hf nhien.

GrO'A TU NHIEN
vA.vANHoA

C on ngU'O'i song trong long tt.f nhien va giCJ'a the

gi&i van hoa. Khong c6 g1 r(>ng l&n ma gan gui,
thiet c�n hO'n hai tht.fc tc;=ii ay. NhU'ng neu hieu van
hoa la nhCJ'ng g, do con ngU'O'i sang t90 va tai t90 th)
n6 khac va th�m chf doi l�p lc;=ii v&i tt.J' nhien. Do d6,
nh�n thU'c tt.J' nhien va phe phan van hoa hau nhU' la
hai cong vi�c thU'O'ng xuyen trong ljch sU'.

Tu,. nhien - van hoa - sieu tu,. nhien

0 phudng Tay, cung voi st;t ra doi va anh huong m�nh
me cua cac ton giao tlj nhien, tu' tu'ong co d�i Hy L�p
 TRO CHUYfH TRlfT HOC + 99

Theo Rousseau, nhon tinh chi hinh thcmh khi con ngucli rcli vucln djo dang.
Trenh VIIIJn dja dang cua hog sl flO'c Lucas Cranach (the ky l S).

VANHoA
NHU LA. .. THA HOA

P he phan van hoa bao gia cung nham bao v�

va phat huy van hoa. Nhlfng khi nhan danh tl/
nhien hay lay tv nhien lam chuan mlfc de phe phan
van hoa (ta g9i la "tl/ nhien lu�n") (Gifra tl/ nhien
va van hoa, trang 94), th1 thanh qua van hoa chi co
the CO dlfQ'C bang each thoat ly khoi t1nh tri;;)ng tl;J'
nhien tho l�u.
N 6i each khac, can dtja vao phan tich ctjc cua t\t nhien
de phe phan van hoa, dong thoi phe phan phan tieu cl,tc
cua tt;i nhien de bao v� van hoa. Tu vien tu'.qng hj nhien
lu�n,JeanJacques Rousseau (1712 - 1778) da ket hqp hai
nhi�m V\l c6 ve nghich ly nay nhu'. the nao?
104 • BUI VAN NAM �OH

Trang bile tranh ncly, triet gio J.J. Rousseau

nhlf mQt phon cua thien nhien trong lanh.

�
KHAIMINH
VE ... KHAI MINH

L a m9t trong nhCi'ng ngU'O'i cha tinh than cua d9i

each m9ng Phap, J. J. Rousseau 19i dan dau cong
CUQC phe phan van hoa (Van hoa nhU' la... tha hoa,
trang 99), tan Cong VaO nhCi'ng trl) CQt tU' tU'O'ng CUa
phong trao khai minh, linh hon CUa CUQC each m9ng
ay. V�y, Rousseau la ai?

M9t khai minh ti! phe phan

Phong trao khai minh rat hj hao vi da tien hanh m(>t
cong CUQC phe phan van hoa VO tien khming h�u: da kich
Sl,i me mu9i, me tin hang ngan nam, xien dudng ly tri, de
cao khoa h9c, ky thu�t, cong nghi�p va thudng nghi�p. Khi
 TRO CHUYIN TRJ!T HO( • 1 09

Triet gio Immanuel Kon I ( 1724 - 1804)

THA HOA
NHU I.A .. VA.N HOA

Immanuel Kant ( 1724-1804) da thl/C hi�n m9t cu9c

each m�ng ca trong ITnh Vl/C triet h9c ve van hoa.
Tuy c6 tiep thu nhieu tlf tlfang cua J. J. Rousseau
(Khai minh ve ... khai minh, trang 104 ), nhlfng Kant
da dao nglfqC quan ni�m Ve Sl/ tha hoa.

Thay vi lay tt;t nhien Lim chuan mljc ue phe ph.:in van
hoa nhu Rousseau (Van hoa nhu la ... tha hoi, trang 99 ),
Kant hieu st;t tha hoa nhu la hi�n tuQ'ng thu.in tuy noi t�i
trong linh vl;tc van hoa, khong lien quan d�n t\,t nhien.
Mo hinh "van hoa lu�n" cua Kant ve tha hoi nhu la ...
van hoa khac Vo'i mo hinh "tt;t nhien lu�n· cua Rousseau
nhti the nao?
114 + BUI VAN NAM �ON

Triet gio Ollc, Johann Gottfried Herder, nguili c6

y muon ket hQp von hon vlli tinh than don toe

....
VANttoA
....
VA VAN MINH

S au khi mo h1nh tU' nhien luan cua Rousseau ve

Sl/ "tha hoa" da dU'Q'C Immanuel Kant cai bien
bang mo h1nh van hoa lu�n (trung l�p hoa vai tro
cua tl/ nhien va tl/ trj hoa vai tro cua van hoa (Tha
hoa nhU' la ... van hoa, trang 109), Cong CUQC phe
phan van hoa khong con dlfa tren thU'&c do O' ben
ngoai van hoa nfra, trai l9i, la chuy�n n9i b9 cua van
hoa. Phai dung chfnh van hoa de phe phan van hoa!
V�y, thU'O'C do nao day?

RU'Q'U chat hao hing ch8ng Iii ... Coca-Cola?

Tat nhien, cac hi�n tuc;,ng van hoa rat da dq.ng va c6 khi
trai nguc;,c nhau, nhting tat yeu phai c6 m(>t cai gi d6 trong
 TRO (HUY(N TRlfl HOC + 119

Sa gia, triet gia fl(tc Oswald Spengler ( 1880- 1936),

nglf<li xem van minh la giai dogn loo suy cua cac CACTHUdcoo
- ,.,,.
nen van hoa. ?

CUA VAN HOA

P he phan van hoa tU' ban than van hoa chi co the
tien hanh bang each lay m(>t [nh VlfC lam mau mlfC
va dung no lam thU'&c do cho cac [nh Vl/C khac. Lay
"van hoa" doi l�p v&i "van minh" (Van hoa va van
minh, trang 114) chfnh la each lam quen thu(>c ay. Ta
thU' diem l9i ba mo h1nh tieu bieu trong vi�c doi l�p nay
nO'i Immanuel Kant, Friederich Nietzsche va Oswald
Spengler, trU'&c khi den v&i nhCi'ng no llfc gan day
nham VU'Q't ra khoi C�p doi l�p "van hoa - van minh".

Kant va vi�c d�o dU'C hoa van hoa

"Y ni�m ve d�o due thu9c ve van hoa. Con vi�c SU dt.ing
y ni�m van hoa chi vi danh v9ng va ve tao nha be ngoai thi
124 + BUI VAN NAM �OH

C6 HAI VAN HOA?

B a mo h1nh ly giai van hoa (Cac thU'&c do cua van

hoa, trang 119) nhU' cai g1 "cao hO'n" va co "gia
tri hO'n" van minh da khong con thfch hQ'p de co the
mo ta va phan tfch hai khai ni�m nay m9t each khach
quan va "trung l�p ve gia tri" theo yeu cau cua man
van hoa h9c hi�n d9i. Tuy nhien, di t1m nhfrng each
ly giai khac khong co nghTa la tLI' bo tinh than phe
phan van hoa.

"Hai n�n van hoa" va "n�n van hoa th(J' ba"?

Nham m1,1c dich mo ta hdn la danh gia, C.P. Snow
( 1905 - 1980) de ra lu�n diem ve "hai nen van hoa" song
hanh va chi phoi toan be) doi song tinh than hi�n d<}.i: "van
hoa" hu'ong ve khoa h9c tl,t nhien, ky thu�t va "van hoa"
 TRO CHUYfN TRlfT HOC + 129

Triet gio Boe Arthur Schopenhauer (1788 - 1860).

VAN HOA VA DOI SONG?

W' ,,,. ' ' �

G ifra SI/ ngon ngang CUa Cong CUQC phe phan van
hoa kh&i di tLr J. J. Rousseau (Van hoa nhlf la ...
tha hoa, trang 99), ta da thay noi len khai ni�m "dai
song" nO'i Friedrich Nietzsche va Oswald Spengler
(Cac thU'&c do cua van hoa, trang 119).
Khac voi each hieu thong thuong ve "doi song" nhu'.
la CUQC song thu'.ong ngay, "doi song" 0 day la nguyen tac
va chuan mvc de danh gia mQi hi�n tuQ'ng van hoa. La
c(>i nguon cho triet h9c cua Schopenhauer, Nietzsche,
cha xa h9i h9c cua Max Weber (1864 - 1920), m9t
trong nhung ong to cua xa h9i h9c hi�n d<}.i, tam phan
h9c cua Sigmund Freud cha den triet h9c sinh th.ii cua
Hans Jonas va. "ly thuyet phe phan" cua tnto'ng phai
Frankfurt... , each hieu nay cho thay anh huong I6'n lao
134 • BUI VAN HAM rnH

. LY CUA VAN HO.A

NGHICH

K hi dU'9'C tai ket hqp VO'i mo h)nh phe phan CUa

Rousseau ve Sl)' tha hoa, triet h9c dO'i song se
mang l9i m9t tam thU'c m&i, d�c trU'ng cho ca m9t
thO'i d9i tU' gifra the ky 19 den t�n ngay nay: tam
thU'c bi trang (Van hoa va dCYi song? trang 129). Neu
mQi h)nh thU'c van hoa (y thU'c, tinh than, khoa hQC,
kinh te, chfnh trj ... ) deu la nhfrng hi�n than khach
quan cua dO'i song, th, con ngU'O'i thO'i d9i doi di�n
VO'i Sl/ th�t: tat ca chung deu trCY nen xa l9 VO'i dO'i
song va, th�m chf, la nhfrng ll)'c IU'qng doi l�p 19i
dO'i song.
Con nguoi danh mat chinh que huong cua minh, qua
rat nhieu each dien ta khac nhau: y thuc nhu la chiec gai
nh9n dam vao xuong thtt doi song; tinh than tro thanh
doi thu cua tam hon (Ludwig Klages); con nguoi la "can
 TRO CHUY(N TRln HOC + 139

VAN HOA HIEN

. DAI
.

T rong thai tien - hi�n d9i, bao gia cGng chi co m9t
nen van hoa duy nhat: nen van hoa cua chfnh
m1nh! Nh�n ra rang nen van hoa cua m1nh chi la m9t
trong nhieu nen van hoa khac nhau, va, them vao
do, van hoa la m9t b9 ph�n ben C9nh Va CO the doi
l�p l�i cac b9 ph�n khac la m9t kinh nghi�m tieu
bieu cua thai hi�n d9i. V�y, kinh nghi�m ve tfnh "da
the", tfnh "so nhieu" nay nhU' the nao?

Hai d�c di�m cua van hoa hi�n d�i

Trang Heh su, thuyet "t<;>c nguoi trung tam" (xem
chung t9c va van hoa cua minh la... so mc)t!) hau nhli la
chuy�n dudng nhien, nhat la ndi cac nen van hoa Ion. Van
hoa Hoa H� cua Trung Hoa xem tu phudng deu la man, di,
nhung, djch. Van hoa Hy Lc}.p xem tat ca nhung ai khong
144 • BUI VAH HAM �OH

Prometheus bj lrllng phgt vi dd lay Illa IQng

loai nglldi - tronh Jacob Jordoens ( 1640).

VAN HOA PHAN TiNH

H ai d�C diem CO' ban CUa Van hoa hi�n d9i Va Cung
la hai dieu ki�n cua cong cu9c hi�n d9i hoa van
hoa la Slf phi -trung tam hoa Va Sl/ phan tinh toan
di�n. Neu phi -trung tam hoa (xem Van hoa hi�n d9i,
trang 139) t90 dieu ki�n cha Sl/ h1nh thanh y thll'C
ve tl/ do va tfnh chu the cua con nglfai hi�n d9i, th,
phan tinh toan di�n Se Cung CO thanh qua ay Va la CO'
s& cho nang llfc phe phan va each tan van hoa. V�y,
van hoa hi�n 09i da "phan tinh" nhlf the nao?

Nhln l�i chinh minh

Con nguoi nh�n ra khuon m�t minh khi ngau nhien
soi minh trong m�t nuoc hay m9t v�t c6 khi nang phin
 TRO (HUY(N TRl(T HOC + 149

Hinh llnh Plato, nglfdi cha do dou cho mQi thif "Irie! hQC - M thong" ve sou, Irony lranh Raphael.

�
TRIETHOC
VA HIEN
. DAI
. HOA

T riet h9c, nhU' la tU' duy phan tinh cao de), da vase
dong gcSp g, vao tien tr1nh hi�n d�i hoa van hoa?
Hi�n d�i hoa va sl.j hinh thanh thoi hi�n d�i khoi dau o
phuong Tay, roi dan dan Ian toa khap the gioi. La mc;,t b9
ph�n Cd ban cua tien trinh ay, triet h9c Tay phudng nghiem
nhien c6 vai tro d�c bi�t can khao sat. Nhin th�t khai quat,
khemg the khong thay rang triet h9c, trong heh SU cua no,
da tham gia vita tich cljc, vita tieu CljC vao cong CUQC hi�n
d,}.i hoa van hoa.
154 • BUI YAN NAM �ON

.KANTVA
VAN HOA HIEN
. DAI
.

L a d9ng h/c thuc day tien tr1nh phi - t�p trung hoa
cua van hoa hi�n d9i, ban than triet hQC da trai
nghi�m tien tdnh nay nO'i chfnh m1nh. Triet hQC trO'
thanh nhieu nen triet h9c. Tu nay, no ton t9i ben
C9nh CclC nganh khoa hQC khac Va phai tl/ xac djnh
ch6 dlf'ng Va nhi�m Vl;J CUa m1nh.

Con dw6'ng di d�n Slf phan tinh hoan toan

Song hanh voi phi - t�p trung hoa, stj phan tinh la d�c
diem thu hai cua van hoa hi�n d<J.i. Ngay tit dau, triet h9c
da la moi tntong phan tinh ve van hoa, nghfa la, hj dien giai
minh nhu la m(>t hi�n tu'.Q'ng van hoa, tho.it ly kh6i than
tho<}.i va cac the Ive sieu nhien. The nhung, khong phai
 TRO mum TRlfl HO( + 159

Trietgiafluc Georg Hegel (1770-1831).

KANT VA. HEGEL:
HAI MO HINH TV DUY

L u�n diem CO' ban (xem tU': Van hoa hi�n d9i): cac
nen van hoa chi tr& thanh hi�n d9i khi con ngU'ai
nh�n ra Sl/ da dc;ing Va Sl/ hU'U hc;in cua chfnh m1nh
va song phu hQ'p v&i nh�n thU'c ay. 0ong thai, dieu
nay lc;ii doi hoi nen van hoa phai CO m9t cau true CO'
ban de giup con ngll'O'i de dang nh�n ra hai tfnh chat
tren. Nhll' da thay, cau true ay chfnh la Sl/ phan tinh.

S(J' phi - t�p trung hoa va ... quan h� qui>c t�

Henry Kissinger, trong quyen Ban ve' Trung Quoc ( On
China) moi day dua ra nh�n xet kha chinh xac: "Quan
nit$m phu'.o'ng Tay hi�n d 9-i ve quan h� qu6c te dti{JC hinh
thanh tu the ky 16 - 17, khi cau true cua xa h9i .Au chau
thoi Trung co bi pha VO tha.nh mot nh6m cac nha ntioc voi
164 + BUI VAH NAM �ON

Triet gia My Thomas Nagel CHUTRINH

CON MOT CHUT NAY...

T oi khong dinh noi den nang Kieu. Cuoi nam, nhac

den nang, buon lam! V�y, xin ke tiep cau chuy�n
kho khan ve van hoa, va cang kho khan hO'n, ve chU'
trinh cua... triet h9c trong nen van hoa hi�n d9i, de
t�m khep l9i m9t chu de.

Trung thanh v6'i cai toan bQ

Van hoa va triet h9c deu da du9c hi�n dq.i hoa, nghia la,
ca hai deu da du'.Q'c phi - t�p trung hoa va tro nen phan tinh
hoan toan. Van hoa khong con c6 m9t trung tam duy nhat,
dong thoi khong dt,ia vao m9t co so nao khac ( tl,i nhien,
than linh, quyen uy) ngoai ban than van hoa. Triet h9c -
nhu la b9 ph�n va tam guong soi cua van hoa - cung tro
176 • BUI VAN NAM �OH

TIEN BO. KY THUAT:

.
PHUC HAY HOA? .

T he gi&i ky thu�t dang bao quanh chung ta. No

khong chi gifr vai tro then chat trong dai song
ma con chi phoi m�nh me quan h� cua ta v&i tl/
nhien, xa h9i. Khong the ban ve van hoa hi�n d�i
va con ngU'ai - ke ca ngU'<Yi trf thU'c - trong nen van
hoa ay ma khong IU'u y day du den tac d9ng cua ky
thu�t - cong ngh�. The nhU'ng, ta thU'ang lang quen
va cang ft co dip suy nghT ve no.

Ngu,ai thQ' h6't t6c va may g�t d�p lien hQ'p

Phan l6"n nhan loq.i dang song trong m9t "the gi6'i nhan
tq.o': Hang ti nguoi suot tuan, suot thang khong d�t chan
 TRO (HUY!H TRlfT HOC + 181

Nho khoa hQc Phelp Rene de Reaumur ( 1683-17 57 J Nho khoang hQc Due Giorgius !1494-1555)

NHUNG CHANG DUONG

CONG NGHE

T U' "cong ngh�", theo nghia hi�n dc;li, xuat hi�n

Ian dau tien vao nam 1776 trong tac pham
HU'&ng dan ve cong ngh� hay kien thU'c ve thu cong
va san xuat hang hoa cua Johann Beckmann, m9t
n6 ll/C tien phong de thiet l�p "cong nghf' nhU'
m<;>t nganh khoa h9c. Trang 250 nam, cong ngh� da
CO nhfrng bU'O'C tien VU'Q't b�c, Viet nen nhfrng trang
SU' m&i cua nen Van minh Cong nghi�p.

TLP "quy lu�t cong ngh�"

Tu nhung kien thuc khoa h9c va ky thu�t, cemg ngh�
 TRO (HUYfN TRlfT HOC + 187

Hinh tll�ng khong may thi�n ccim cim than ren Hephaistos,
bieu lll�ng ky thuijt Cd khi trong than thogi Hy Lgp

KY THU.AT
. HIEN
. DAI:
.
. vA DANG so.
KY DIEU

B a d�C diem C<Y ban Cua ky thu�t hi�n d9i la: tfnh
ky thu�t, tfnh toan cau va tiem ll)'c pha ho9i.
Ben C9nh gi&i tl)' nhien, chU'a bao giO' nhan lo9i co
them m9t the gi&i thU' hai VU'a ky di�U VU'a dang
SQ' den the. Bang ng�c nhien h<Yn la ngU'O'i ta con
ft suy tlfang ve no m9t each nghiem tuc, nhat la ttr
giac d9 triet h9c. Mon "triet h9c ky thu�t" vtra m&i
dl.J'Q'C dl.J'a vao CclC trl.J'O'ng d9i hQC ky thu�t each day
chlfa lau!

Tinh ky thu�t
The gioi cu.a nhung d1;ing Cl;l, thiet bi, may ffiOC ciing
192 • BUI YAM NAM ION

KYTHUA.TVANGH� THUA.T,
PHUdNGTIENVAMUC
. . DICH

"p hong ky thu�t" ( di�n dam, am thanh...) bi tn.,1c

tr�c co the lam hong m9t h9i nghi, nhU'ng neu
no v�n hanh trO'n tru, h9i nghi van chU'a chac da
thanh cong tot d�p. Ky thu�t ca nhan xuat sac cua
cau thu khong baa dam d9i bong gianh chien thang.
f)ieu ay cha thay: ky thu�t la ITnh Vl/C cua phU'O'ng
ti�n, chU' khong phai cua ml:)c dfch. Va cung chfnh
dieu ay lam cha ky thu�t khac v&i ngh� thu�t

Ky thu�t va quy t�c

Hai vi d\1 tren day xac nh�n rang: m9i ho�t d9ng cang
each xa ffi\lC dich du(Jc theo duoi bao nhieu, cang thUQC
ve l:inh V'l;iC phudng ti�n bay nhieu. Vi the, khac voi ngh�
thu�t VOn lay chfnh minh lam ffi\lC dich, ky thu�t, duoi mat
Max Weber, gan lien voi kinh te boi kinh te cung di tim
 TRO (HUYIN TRlfT HO ( + 197

MQI gian trong boo tong khoa hqc London, Anh

KY THU!T CHI LA
KHOA HOC
. UNG DUNG?
.

K y thu�t la phU'O'ng ti�n,phai tuan thu quy tac

nham d9t mvc dfch, theo c6ng thU'c: "Hay lam
dieu A, neu muon dC;lt dieu B". NhLYng sau ILYng cong
thU'C "ky thu�t" CO tfnh thl/C dvng ay r,hai la Cong
thU'c "khoa h9c" pho bien co trnh ly thuyet: "Neu A,
thl B" ho�c ft ra: "Neu A, thl rat co the la B". V�y, hai
Cong thU'C ay hay noi khac di, ky thu�t Va khoa hQC,
quan h� v&i nhau nhU' the nao?

"Fundamentum in re"
Tu Latinh vui mat ay co nghia la "cai C-0 sci cot loi trong
si;t v�t': M(>t quy tacky thu�t hay ho la nho di;ta vao si;t dung
198 • BUIVAHHAM�OH

din ci1a dtnh lu�t khoa h9c. Dinh lu�t khoa h9c la "cd so
cot loi" cua quy tac. Nhung sl.j dung dan cua djnh lu�t khoa
h9c cung tuy thu9c vao vi�c tuan thu quy tac, boi sl.j thanh
cong nay la m9t Sl.j xac nh�n tinh dung dan cua djnh lu�t.
V�y phii chang ky thu�t khong gi khac hdn la "khoa h9c tl.j
nhien ung dl.)ng"?
Thu'.a, c6 phan dung, nhu'.ng cung c6 phan khong dung?
Tni6'c het, djnh lu?t khoa h9c dung m9t each "ttj nhien",
khong can chd ducjc ap d\lng. Ta c6 quyen ch9n ho�c
khong ch9n quy tac A de d�t ml.)C dich B, nhung quan h�
giua Ava B la c6 san tu tru'.6'c. D6 chinh la ranh gi6'i cua
quyen nang ky thu?t: n6 c6 the t?n dl.)ng m6i quan h� giua
A va B, nhung khong the tl.j minh kien tc::io hay cai bien
quan h� ay du'.cjc.
Them nua, each n6i "ky thu�t
la khoa h9c tlj nhien ung dl.)ng"
cung qua h�p. Vi�c phat bieu dinh
lu�t khong phai la d9c quyen cua
khoa h9c tl,t nhien. Cac mon khoa
h9c nhan van (nhu'. tam ly h9c) va
khoa h9c xa h¢i cung doi quyen
Nha triet h9c, Kinh te chinh tri h9c ngllifi ay. Tu the ky 19, cao trao thtjc
Anh John Stuart Mill (180-1873) chung lu�n (Auguste Comte, J. S.
Mill) va nhieu nha ly lu�n xa h¢i khac cung muon cong
Cl.) hoa cac ly thuyet thanh ke hoq.ch Cai bien xa hQi hay,
nhu trong the ky 20, du'.Q'C g9i la "cong ngh� Xa h9i" ( social
engineering).
Roi ngay trong linh Vl;tc "ky thu�t cung", quan h� cua
no Vdi khoa hQC tlj nhien ding CO nhieu d�c diem dang chu
 TRO (HUY(N TRl[T HOC + 203

Hinh c\nh ngulli nguyen thuy lgi vi�n Mox Planck (flue): Ill nhiJng cong cv dou lien, con ngulli da
Igo ro nhiJng cong cv ky thug! vi/QI khoi nhu cau th�c dvng, tro th<'mh cai toi thu hoi clio minh.

TAI TINH CHI LAM ' �

CHO TROI DAT GHEN

T rang doi thoc;ii Protagoras, Platon ke 1 9i cau

chuy�n than tho9i: Prometheus va Epimetheus
nh�n nhi�m Vl) trang bi cho muon loai. Epimetheus
hao phong den ml.Ye dc;ii d9t trao het nanh vuot
cho muong thu, rut eve, con ngU'O'i "tran truong,
khong giay, khong ao, khong co vCi khf phong
than". Prometheus phai len t�n trai cao, danh cap
"tai kheo va ca IU'a" tLI' than Hephaistos va nCi' than
Athena de ban t�ng cha con ngU'O'i, con phan m1nh,
ganh chju SI/ trU'ng phc;it khung khiep.
204 • BUI YAN NAM m
. thi�u th6n" va "sinh vat
"Sinh vat . dU' thU'a"
Con nguoi can c6 ky thu?t c1e bu c1ap cho st;( yeu kem
barn sinh ve nang 11.;(c h;l v� va chien c1au J giong nhu'. can
CO van hoa Ge nang cap nhfing "chu'.ong trinh" Ou'.Q'C Cai
c1�t san theo ban nang. Tu m(>t "sinh v�t thieu th6n1 bat
toan" theo each nhin nhan h9c cua Herder va Gehlen1
con ngu'.oi tro thanh "sinh v�t du'. thua" nho vao tri tu�
tht;(c hanh ky thu?t du'oi mat Waldenfels.
Doi di�n voi thien nhien thu c1ich1 con nguoi khong
chi yeu c1u6i ve v�t chat (khong c6
be) long gifi amJ khong c6 nanh
vuot ben nh9n va ngu quan tinh
tu'ong) ma ca ve ban nang (khong
d�t noi tam lu'oi nhu' con nh�nJ
chiec t6 nhu' con ong... ). The
nhu'ngJ con ngu'.oi l;�i c6 the d�t va
xay VO van nhfing tam luoi hay
Nh/Jnhanh�c0ilcArnoldGehlen(1904-1976) chiec t6 "ph6 bien" (Marx) cho
nhfing mlfC c1ich het sue khac nhau. Chinh nho biet thoat
ly khoi ban nangJ biet gifi khoang each voi chinh minh,
dong thoi co nghia la coi mo tntoc the gioiJ con ngu'ai moi
c6 Cd may thich nghi linh ho�t trong ung XU va nhu cau.
Gifi khoang each voi chinh minh cung la dieu ki�n tien
quyet de kiem che d\lC VQilg Va St;( huong th\l tuc thoi, CO
nang 11.;(c dt;( bao va dt;( phong, c6 nang 11.;(c h9c hoi va kien
tri theo c1u6i m\lC dich. Sinh v�t yeu c1u6iJ bat toan ay c6
quyen tro thanh "chu nhan va chu so hfiu cua thien nhien"
nhu' Rene Descartes1 trong Lu�n ve'phudng phap (1637)1
c1a VO ngt;(c t\i hao !
208 • BUI VAH HAM ION

Triet gia Francis Bacon

"TRI THUC LA sue MANH"

V ao buoi btnh minh CUa khoa hQC - ky thu�t hi�n

d9i, Francis Bacon ( 1561 - 1626) neu cong thCrc
ngan g9n Va cap tien: "tri thU'C la SU'C m�nh".
M1;1c tieu cua khoa h9c va kythu�t la "regnum ho minis",
sl,i thong tfi cua con nguoi, khoi ph\lC lq.i Vlio'n dia dang da
mat, khi con nguoi dau tien (Adam va Eva) d�t ten cho
muon loai va khang dinh quyen 11,ic cua minh mc)t each de
dang.
M<;>t "khong tu'ong" ve ky thu�t ra doi, loi cuon
phu'ong Tay, va roi ca nhan loq.i, di vao CUQC d<;ti tniong
chinh moi me.
 TRO mum TRlfl HOC + 213

Ky thugt lcl each de con ng11di tim IQi canh nhdn nha tr11oc khi bi trvc xuat
khoi vlldn dja dong - tranh Lucas Cranach

QVAT�G � A

CUA THANH NHAN

?

K hi Prometheus len trai danh cap l&a va tai kheo -

ky thu�t ve cho con ngU'O'i de con ngU'O'i lam chu
thien nhien Va muon loai, do qua VQi Va (an tr9m
luc nao cOng VQi va!), Prometheus khong kip danh
cap them m9t thl.J' quan tr9ng! Thieu thll' nay, con
ngU'O'i, v&i tai nang ky thu�t, tha ho chem giet nhau.
Thu'dng h;,ii tni6'c kha nang t\f huy di�t cua loai nguoi,
than Zeus danh ban t�ng not m6n qua quy ay cho con
nguoi: ludng tam va y thuc ve cong ly. Nhti the, theo tinh
than cau chuy�n than tho;;ti dtiqc Plato ke l�i, cau h6i ve
gi6'i h�n cua ky thuµ da s6'm dtiqc d�t ra khi con ngtioi biet
xau ho ve luan ly va thay can c6 nhung chuan mljc cho doi
s6ngchung.