October 15, 2019 Fall 2019 (CHEM 201 1H. Chamseddine Exam 2 - Lecture 1 Fil any container (Vpas = Veontainer) Compressible (Non-Spontaneously) Mix in all proportions | Less dense than liquids and solids (small masses with big volumes) 5. Exert Pressure, Factors of pressure are: ‘a. Number of collisions with the wal b. Energy of collisions. Measuring the Pressure: 1. Atmospherie Pressure: Barometer ‘The barometer isa 1-meter long tube filled with Merew Patm = Gas Pressure: Manometer ap=h Pp-Pa=h Py-Ps Pras — Parm = h Paem — Foas = ht Faas = Patm +h Pyas = Patm — he Notes When dealing with h, the Pressure should be expressed in mm Hg, Conversion of Units: 1 atm = 1.013 x 10% Pa = 760 mm Hg = 760 torr ‘The atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1 atm. Gas Laws: Equation of State of a Gas: Equation that expresses the relation between P, Vn, T Example: PV =n RT is an equation of state of ideal gases Ideal Gas: Gas in which molecules move independently (do not exert forces on each other),1. Boyle's Lan PLVy constant nanT, PV =k Py Va T = cst + Average Kinetic Energy = cst + Energy of Collisions = est + Pressure increases due to an increase in the number of collisions not energy of collisions. 2. Charles Law: At constant n and P, 2 =k Ys Vs nr 3. Gay-Lussae’s Law: At constant n and V, =k ALP Lh 4. Avogadro's Law: Atconsan P and, © 4 5. Weal Gas Law: PV =n RT Latm J a 83 R= 0.08206 = ‘Note: T in the above equations is T(K) not ¢(*C) TOK) = t(@C) + 273.15 Mixture of Gases: In a mixture of gases A, B, C, each gas acts independently (Dalton's Law), Mole Fraction: X, = 24 = 4 = a PV ng RT Pg VnpRT = PeV=ncRT Protat V = Rrorat RTFall2019 CHEM 201 October 15, 2019 Exam 2 — Worksheet 1 Consider the following measurements of gas pressure, In which of them, the measured pressure of the ‘gas in not correct? In all experiments, the atmospheric pressure is 97967.76 Pa, ” f yerH a, 735mm Hg b, 832 mm Hg 712mm Hg @. 792mm Hg 520mm Hg 2. How many liters ofehlorine gas at 25 °C and 0.950 atm ean be produced by the reaction of 12.0 g of Mn0;? MnO yep) +4 HClag) > MnCl gy + 2 HaO ey + Clegg a. 5.36 1079 L b. 0.1381. e. 0.282L a. 3.091 e. 3551 3,00 L of Ne gas initially at 300.0 °C and 4.50 atm and 6.60 1 of He gas intially at 400.0 °C and 3.20 ‘tm are pumped into a 5,00 L container maintained at 298.15 K, What is the partial pressure of Neon (Ne) and the total pressure in the tank when thermal equilibrium is established? a. Pye = 140 atm: Prop = 3:27 atm. b. Pye = 1.87 atm; Por = 5.23 atm, Pye = 2.70 atm; Por = 6.92 atm, a. 90 atm; Proe = 9.80 atm. & 5.10 atm; Pree = 10.50 atm. A small bubble rises from the bottom ofthe lake, where the temperature and pressure are °C and 3.0 ‘aim, to the water's surface, where the temperature is 25°C and pressure is 0.95 atm. Calculate the final volume of the bubble if its initial volume was 2.1 mb, assuming ideal gas behavior. a. 0.72. mL b. 62mL 7.1mL, 4. 22.4 mb ¢ 414mL5 po « ‘What is the density in g/L of Helium (He) in a stratospheric weather balloon at an altitude of 15,000 m, t= —43°C, and P = 66000 Pa? a 0.138 g/L b. 14.01 gt & 138 g/Ls 4, 0.000117 g/t. & Additional information is needed NO is produced by the Ostwald process, according tothe following complete reaction: 4 N Hyg) +5 Oaig) 4 NO(g) + 6 H20(a) ‘The reaction is carried out in the apparatus diagrammed below (ignore the connections volume), at constant temperature, | 3.00LNH; “—4 0.750.atm =; A ‘The stopcock between the two compartments is opened. Calculate the mole fraction of NO in the mixture afte the reaction is completed. a. 0.750 b. 0243, © 0529 4. 0.632 «0393 £ 0336 What would be the height of a column of water that will support a column of Hg to a height of 256 mm? Note that the density of mercury is 13.6 g/cm’, the density of water is 1.00 g/em’* a, 348.cm b. 200 em e. 100mm d, 700 mm e. None of the above ‘A250 L flask at 15.0°C contains a mixture of No, He and Ne at partial pressures 0.320 atm, 0.150 atm and 0.42 atm respectively. Calculate the volume in liters occupied by He and Np at STP if Ne is removed selectively a. 135L b. LL & 1ISL @. 1051 e 128LFall 2019 CHEM 201 October 17, 2019 H. Chamseddine Exam 2— Lecture 2 ‘The Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT): Applicable to ideal gases not real gases. 1. Vinaividuat gas molecutes = OL 2, ‘The gas particles are in constant random motion. Collisions are the source of pressure. 3. The gas particles do not exert forces on each other. Collisions between them are elastic (no transfer of energy). 4. Average kinetic energy of the gas particles is proportional to the absolute temperature. fotal number of gas molecules (N =m x Nq) sm-=Mass of ONE gas mokule (m= nx M =x =H) a = Average of square speed (Not square of average speed i? # 17), You are responsible for all hind of transformations, Check the Worksheet for exercises. AVERAGE Kinetic Energy of ONE gas molecule Boltzmann constant 1 = 8314, In this lecture, R 3kr_ [3RT Ae lym = n= ge WHERE|M ts in kg tyns = Root Mean Square Distribution of Molecular Speeds: Not all gas molecules travel atthe same speed. They follow a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. Few molecules with very high or very low speeds. The maximum is at the most probable speed Uy ii Ump << Urs = Such distribution is verified experimentally using a velocity selector. = ‘The curve Broadens and Flattens at high T. It becomes narrower at low® ‘VeansQoremations Q Pe ae mut Qe. 4@Qmae Pra Sep mar Meade Consmenar yous Sao Brera, rower malin do 2 Tha mona You. S20 . 4 @©®-> a hod v use) 3 €2 Kony © eave mu uv (cookie hit ah (cadtinwo it 3)Fall 2019 CHEM 201 October 17, 2019 1H. Chamseddine Exam 2~ Worksheet 2 1. Which of the following isa correct prediction by the Kinetic Molecules Theory (KMT) of gases? Note that average speed is a. Average kinetic energy of 3.25 mol of Op at 600 °C is 24.3 Ky. bb. Average speed of a helium (He) atom at 500 K is 1.63 km/s. c.Average momentum of a helium atom at 500 K is 6524 kg ms~* 5. ‘The alstrbutton of molecular speed becomes broader and fatter the more we decrease the temperature fe. Themean fee path (2) of a gas at constant T increases the more we inerease the pressure 2, What is the average kinetic energy of | mol of Oz;4) at 30°C? a 5202 v. 376i, e174 a 20422, estat +3. Consider the following identical flasks A-D containing different gases below. Flask A: Contains CO, at 29°C and 670 torr Flask B: Contains CH, at 38°C and 760 torr Flask C: Contains 0, at 29°C and 780 torr Flask D: Contains He at 38°C and 800 torr The average kinetic energy of gus ports in Flask Ais pester than the average kines enerBy of sas particles in Flask B. be Tnaverage molecular speed of gas particles in Flask As lager than the average specd of Bas particle in Flask C epia average molecular speed of es particles in Flask Bis arger than the average molecular speeds of gas particles in Flask A. a The average kinetic eneruy ofthe gas particles in Flask Ais higher than the average Kins of the gas particles in Flask C. fe The average molecular speed of gas particles in Flask B i the same as the average molecular speed of gas particles in Flask D. 4, Which ofthe folowing gas atoms or molecules as the largest oot mean saute Veli Ym 2 sample of our atmosphere at STP? a. Ar b. COr & Os 4. CH fe. They all have the Same trms OO a ee5. Consider the following diagram representing the distribution of molecular speeds for a gas A temperature 7, and Ty: bay | 9 Soma 90% — Feetion img Ver fan so sgt fh, Umpl VE) Of} gpuy sane wie se ONP~ auth) Mow Unigh oo Which of the following statements can be deduced to be true from the abov a Reh . The fraction of molecules with speed nigh is larger at T; than at T The fraction of molecules with speed tjow is larger at T; than at T, 4. The values of the most probably speed tmp at T, and T; are the same asthe values of the root mean square speeds at T, and T, respectively. ‘e. The molecules are undergoing more collisions at T; than they are at T, f. None of the above. 6. Which of the following relations emerging from the Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) of ideal gases, is incorrect? w= nRT 7. Which of the following expressions derived from the Kinetic Molecular Theory for ideal gases is correct? Energy of one mole of structureless gas partic b. nk ‘molecules, n is the number of moles, 27, where eis Boltzmann's constant 5 particle, N is the total number of 2c, where & is the average kinetic energy of Lr. where denotes the sped of parte Usp > Mrms > H ¢. The fraction of gas molecules travelling ata certain speed 1 is highest at tras8, Which one of the following statements can be deduced from the molecular distribution of speed graphs shown below, corresponding to 3 different gases having different molar masses M; the y-axis corresponds to the fraction of molecules with a particular speed. 19 30050 a. The average kinetic energy per mole of gas must be different fr the three gases. Db. My < Mz [ih Ratet =m |¥, Be |Me 2. Diffusion: Passage of gas molecules into a space occupied by another gas. Itis affected by molecular collisions. ‘Mean Free Path A: Average distance travelled between collisions. In spite of collisions, the rate of diffusion is still governed by Graham’s Law. =. m Concent sked inthe Exam: ato an Ht Sicker log tabe with a coton weted with HCl solution at one en, and anoter cotton wetted with Ni solution a the other end, the NH,Cl rings form at Y meters from the HC end. Upms(NH) _ Distance by Nil, __ [Mi is x-¥ Urms(Hcl) Distance by HCl |Myn, - Y = Mdeality is approached by real gases under: a, Low pressure: Due to having fewer collisions. . High temperature: Due to having a high speed > No time to interact. Real Gases: method to measure a gas’ deviation from ideality a, <1: Negative Deviation from Ideality ideal, For a fixed Pressure, as we Fora fixed temperature, increase the temperature, we we decease the pressure, approach ideality we approach idealityEquation of State: In the KMT, we assumed that Vpgspardcte = OL and there are no attractive forces. In reality, gas particles have a volume and they exert attractive forees on each other. 1, Finite Molecular Volume: Volume available to gas particles < Veontainer Actual Volume = V = nb bb: Volume of 1 mole of gas when it is condensed into the liquid state. = nb) = Unil this point, we did not P (V nb) = nT (Simplified Van der Waals Equation)] Ut es PP __2kT is comected forthe finite volume eee em ofthe particles only nt atactive forces ‘The effect of the volume of the particles results in increasing the pressure. (+ve Deviation) 2. Attractive Forees between gas particles: Due to the attractive forces, the pressure decreases. Poncervea

. larger, smaller smaller, larger 4. smaller, smaller ‘© cannot be answered based on the information given —— than Ne. The b value of Ne is___ than 11, Which of the following statements is wrong fora real gas? a+ The value ofa constant ‘ais higher for CO compared to that of Arigy . The value of constant °bis higher for Nec compared 10 Ky © Using the Van der Waals equation, the pressure exered by 0.500mole of Mg in 1 L container at 25°C is 12.13 atm. For N,, a = 1.39 atm L? mol"? and b = 0.0391 L mol 4. Atlow temperature and high pressure, CH gives postive deviation from ideal gas equation. ‘In real gases, when the intermolecular forces are dominant over the molecular volume correction, the observed pressure is less than the ideal pressure. 12, What can be said about the diffusion and effusion of gases? ‘8. Diffusion is practically not affected by molecular collisions. b. The rate of diffusion increases as the mean free path increases . The molecules effuse in groups of many molecules a. In a 70.0 em long tube, the HCI/NH, diffusion experiment would show the NHCl ring formed at 28.5 em from the Ni end.